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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 54
Backbone Cabling Backbone cabling (or vertical cabling) interconnects TCs and equipment
rooms Runs between floors or wings of a building and between buildings Frequently fiber-optic cable but can also be UTP When it connects buildings, it is usually fiber-optic
Multimode fiber can extend up to 2000 meters Single-mode fiber can reach distances up to 3000
Between equipment rooms and TCs, the distance is limited to 500meters for both fiber-optic cable types
From the main cross-connect to equipment rooms, fiber-optic cable canrun up to 1500 meters
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 55
Entrance Facilities
An entrance facility is the location of thecabling and equipment that connects acorporate network to a third-partytelecommunications provider Can serve as an equipment room and the main
cross-connect for all backbone cabling It is also where a connection to a WAN is made and
the point where corporate LAN equipment ends and
a third-party providers equipment and cablingbeginsalso known as the demarcation point
Wi l N t ki
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 56
Wireless Networking:Intangible Media
Wireless technologies continue to play anincreasing role in all kinds of networks
Since 1990, the number of wireless options hasincreased, and the cost continues to decrease
Wireless networks can now be found in most townsand cities in the form of hot spots, and more homeusers have turned to wireless networks
Wireless networks are often used with wirednetworks to interconnect geographically dispersedLANs or groups of mobile users with stationaryservers and resources on a wired LAN Microsoft calls networks that include both wired
and wireless components hybrid networks
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 57
The Wireless World
Wireless networking can offer the following: Create temporary connections to existing wired networks
Establish backup or contingency connectivity for existing wirednetworks
Extend a networks span beyond the reach of wire-based orfiber-optic cabling, especially in older buildings where rewiringmight be too expensive
Enable users to roam with their machines within certain limits(called mobile networking)
Th Wi l W ld
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 58
The Wireless World(continued)
Common wireless applications include: Ready access to data for mobile professionals Delivery of network access into isolated facilities
or disaster-stricken areas
Access in environments where layout and settingschange constantly
Improved customer services in busy areas, such ascheck-in or reception centers
Network connectivity in structures where in-wallwiring would be impossible to install or tooexpensive
Home networks where the installation of cables isinconvenient
Th Wi l W ld
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 59
The Wireless World(continued)
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 60
Types of Wireless Networks
Three main categories Local Area Networks (LANs)
Extended LANs
Mobile computing
An easy way to differentiate among these uses is todistinguish in-house from carrier-based facilities Mobile computing typically involves a third party that
supplies transmission and reception devices to link themobile part of a network with the wired part
Most often, the company providing these services is acommunications carrier (such as MCI or AT&T)
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 61
Wireless LAN Components
NIC attaches to an antenna and an emitter At some point on a cabled network, a
transmitter/receiver device, called a transceiveror an access point, must be installed to translatebetween the wired and wireless networks
An access point device includes an antenna anda transmitter to send and receive wireless traffic,but also connects to the wired side of the network
Some wireless LANs use small transceivers, whichcan be wall mounted or freestanding, to attachcomputers or devices to a wired network
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 62
Wireless LAN Transmission
Wireless LANs send/receive signals broadcastthrough the atmosphere Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum Frequency of the wave forms is measured in Hz
Affects the amount and speed of data transmission Lower-frequency transmissions can carry less data more slowly
over longer distances
Commonly used frequencies for wireless datacommunications
Radio 10 KHz (kilohertz) to 1 GHz (gigahertz) Microwave 1 GHz to 500 GHz Infrared 500 GHz to 1 THz (terahertz)
Wireless LAN Transmission
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 63
Wireless LAN Transmission(continued)
Higher-frequency technologies often use tight-beam broadcasts and require a clear line of sightbetween sender and receiver
Wireless LANs make use of four primarytechnologies for transmitting and receiving data Infrared
Laser
Narrowband (single-frequency) radio
Spread-spectrum radio
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 64
Infrared LAN Technologies
Infrared light beams send signals betweenpairs of devices
High bandwidth (10 to 100 Mbps) Four main kinds of infrared LANs
Line of sight networks Reflective wireless networks Scatter infrared networks Broadband optical telepoint networks
Infrared transmissions are being usedincreasingly for virtual docking
IrDA: Infrared Device Association
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Narrowband Radio LAN
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 66
Narrowband Radio LAN Technologies
Narrowband Radio LAN
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Narrowband Radio LAN Technologies (continued)
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 69
802.11 Wireless Networking The 1997 802.11 standard is also referred to as Wireless
Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Current standards include 802.11b and 802.11g running at a 2.4 GHz
frequency (11 Mbps and 54 Mbps, respectively), and 802.11a, whichspecifies a bandwidth of 54 Mbps at a 5 GHz frequency
802.11 wireless is an extension to Ethernet using airwaves as the
medium; most 802.11 networks incorporate wired Ethernet segments Networks can extend to several hundred feet
Many businesses are setting up Wi-Fi hot spots , which are localizedwireless access areas
Wireless Extended LAN
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 70
Wireless Extended LAN Technologies
Wireless MAN: The 802 16
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 71
Wireless MAN: The 802.16Standard
One of the latest wireless standards, 802.16 WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , comesin two flavors: 802.16-2004 (previously named 802.16a), orfixed WiMax, and 802.16e, or mobile WiMax Promise wireless broadband to outlying and rural areas, where last-
mile wired connections are too expensive or impractical because of rough terrain
Delivers up to 70 Mbps of bandwidth at distances up to 30 miles
Operates in a wide frequency range (2 to 66 GHz)
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 72
Fixed WiMax: 802.16-2004
Besides providing wireless network service tooutlying areas, fixed WiMax is being used todeliver wireless Internet access to entiremetropolitan areas rather than the limited-area hot spots available with 802.11
Fixed WiMax can blanket an area up to a milein radius, compared to just a few hundredfeet for 802.11
Los Angeles has begun implementing fixedWiMax in an area of downtown thatencompasses a 10-mile radius
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 73
Mobile WiMax: 802.16e
Promises to bring broadband Internet roaming to the public
Promises to allow users to roam from area to area withoutlosing the connection, which offers mobility much like cellphone users enjoy
The mobile WiMax standard is not yet finalized Expected to be approved in late 2005 or early 2006
Fixed WiMax is expected to be the dominant technology forthe next several years, but mobile WiMax will win out in theend
Microwave Networking
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Microwave Networking Technologies
Microwave Networking
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Microwave Networking Technologies (continued)
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 76
Summary
Working with network media requires attention torequirements, budget, distance, bandwidth, andenvironmental factors
Cabled networks typically use one of two transmissionschemes: broadband or baseband
For wired networks, the primary choices are twisted-pairand fiber-optic cables Twisted-pair cable can be unshielded or shielded Fiber-optic cable: highest bandwidth, best security and
resistance to interference, but the most expensive
Structured cabling facilitates troubleshooting, modifying,and expanding a network cable plant
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AMIT KUMAR BHARDWAJ,LMTSOM 77
Summary (continued)
Wireless networking is gaining popularity A typical wireless network acts like a wired network, except that
wires arent needed to carry the signals Wireless networks use a variety of electromagnetic frequency
ranges (narrowband, spread-spectrum radio, microwave,infrared, and laser transmission)
802.11 family promises to make wireless networkingcommonplace in homes and corporate environments
802.16 provides up to 70 Mbps of bandwidth over longdistances (30 miles) and can be used to create MANs
Mobile computing involves using broadcast frequencies andcommunications carriers to transmit and receive signals with
cellular or satellite communications techniques
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Signal Transmission
Baseband Transmission Broadband Transmission
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Managing and Installing the
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Managing and Installing thecable plant
Structured Cabling
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Wireless Networking Intangible
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Wireless Networking Intangiblemedia
The wireless world
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Types of Wireless Network
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Wireless LAN components and
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Wireless LAN components and Transmission
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802.11 Wireless Networking
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Wireless extended LAN
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Wireless extended LANtechnologies
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Wireless MAN: the 802 16
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Wireless MAN: the 802.16Standard
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Microwave Networking
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Microwave Networking Technologies
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