Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE) Libraries MCoE HQ Donovan Research Library Fort Benning, Georgia Report date: October 1944 Title: Pathfinders – Organization and Training Author: U.S. Army Air Forces, IX Troop Carrier Command, Pathfinder Group (Provisional) Abstract: The following are: 12 October 1944 – Training of Pathfinder teams; 15 October 1944 – Organization and training of Pathfinders; 21 October 1944 – Staff and training, Pathfinders; 26 October 1944 – Map distribution for Pathfinders; and 24 October 1944 – Pathfinder training. Number of pages: 15 p. Notes: From the MCoE HQ Donovan Research Library, Fort Benning, GA. Documents collection. Call #: D809.15 .U509-B. Classification: Unclassified; Approved for public release
Transcript
Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE) Libraries MCoE HQ Donovan Research Library
Fort Benning, Georgia
Report date: October 1944 Title: Pathfinders – Organization and Training Author: U.S. Army Air Forces, IX Troop Carrier Command, Pathfinder
Group (Provisional) Abstract: The following are: 12 October 1944 – Training of Pathfinder
teams; 15 October 1944 – Organization and training of Pathfinders; 21 October 1944 – Staff and training, Pathfinders; 26 October 1944 – Map distribution for Pathfinders; and 24 October 1944 – Pathfinder training.
Number of pages: 15 p. Notes: From the MCoE HQ Donovan Research Library, Fort Benning, GA. Documents collection. Call #: D809.15 .U509-B. Classification: Unclassified; Approved for public release
•15 Pathfinders- Orgn & Training509-B 439 4W
.DLoqs j9d Ct
HEADQUATERSIX TCC PAT-FIINIDER GROUP (PROV)
APO 155 U.S. ARM12 Oct 1944
* SUBJECT: Training of Pathfinder TeamsTO Co .wanding General, TIII Corps (Airborne)
Following recommendations relative to organization and Training ofPathfinder Teams are hereby submitted in accordance with verbal instruct-ions received from Chief of Staff, XVIII Corps 11 Oct 1944.
1 All initial training of Pathfinder Team members will be conducteda t IX TCC Pathfinder Group Headquarters inasmuch as equipment nedded forsuch training as wvell as aircraft for training flights and jumps are avail-able at this station,
2. Pathfinder Teams il remain at the Pathfinder School duing a fourwveek training period. ffter graduation all members will retirn to theirunits.
3. It shall be the responsibility of each Division to insure that onePathfinder Team is available from each Parachute' Infantry Battalion at alltimes.
4. Training of individuals "of initial teams shall be such that eachindividual is qualified to fill av position in a Pathfinder Team.
5. Pathfinders shall be 'trained to serve as instructors for Infra-RedA ssemb!y Lights and the Derey Adapted Radio and it shall be their duty toconduct such training in usc of the above aids as is necessary to make theirunits proficient in the use of same.
ro Pathfinder Teams for employment in an operation will report to theCor~s Pathfinder Officer at the designated airdrome at least tevent'y two hoursprior to an operation. Inasmuch as time for preparation and briefing is ii-portantV the Pathfinders should report as soon as possible :rior to a con.temp)lated operation,
7, Alli equlpment used for marking LZ or DZ' s will be suppli ed byr the ..Pathfinder Group Radar Section and it shall be the respoonsibility of the CorpsPathfinder Officer to insur~e that such equip~ment is la ced in the hands of theDivision Pathfinder Officer prior to an operation.
9s., I,. Distribution shall be the respons ibility of the Corps PatthfinderOfficer.
(1)
AB
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9, It shall be the responsibility of the Corps Pathfinder Officerto prepare a Training Memorandum covering in detail all equipment and theoperation thereof used by Airborne Pathfindle s. Changes and annexes to bedistributed as progress is made. Above -Miemorandum to be distributed to in-clude each Battalion Headquarters in each Airborne Unit.
10. Designs for bags, ebbing, etc., used for jumping Pathfinder equip-ment to be drawn up and distributed to Parachute Maintenance Sections with-in the Crps, each Division to fabricate an equal amount of equipment, suchequipment will then be delivered to the S-4, IX TCC Pathfinder Group forissue to Pathfinder Teams as required. Miaintenance and replacement of suchequipment will be arranged for by the Corps Pathfinder Officer,
11. All repair work on Pathfinder Equipment will be preformed by theRadar Section, IX TCC Pathfinder Group. Under no circumstances ill un-authorized personnel tamper with or attempt to make adjustments to technicalaids. Defects or suspected defects will e reported and the equipmentturned in for replacement.
12. Personnel within each Battalion shall be trained to operate theBeacons and Infra-Red Light equipment so that two complete sets may be putinto operation. One such to be jumped -ith the Battalion Commander and thecther with the Battalion Eixec tive Officer, Men normally assigned to theBattalion Communications Section could most easily be trained to pform thisduty. It is not deemed advisable for the Pathfinder Team whose initialmission is to mark the DZ to be charged with this function. Normally the bq-uipment carried by the Battalion ComnandersI stick would be set up. In theevent his ship was lost or his stick neutralized the Battalion ExecutiveOfficer would cause the equipment jumped in his stick to be set into operation.
13. Troops from Airborne Units within the Corps, when on duty zwith IXTCC bathfinder Group for training, may be used to assist with exyerimentaloperations carried on by the Corps or by TCC in addition totheir normal dutiesas students,
14. Provisions for obtaining equipment and materiel for experimental
work done by this headqurters should be made by Corps, subject to approvalof the projectconcerned by the C.G.; XVIII Corps.
15. Personnel to be used as instructors shall be dravwn from units withinthe Divisions. Qualified members of Pat finder Teams with t o or more combatPathfinder jumeps are av ailable. Division Pathf'inder Officers may serve in thiscapacity in addition to their other duties, The number of Airborne troopskept on duty with IX TCC Pathfinder Group will be kept to an absolute min-imum at all times,
13o It shall be the privilege of a r unit commander to request that ar=renemets e mde orequpment and aircraft for employmnent of his Pathfind ers
on a test drop and exorcise at any time, Such requests to be made throughthe Pathfinder Officer of the unit concerned, Conversely, i* shall be theprivilege of the Corps Patlhfinder fficer to request that a team from a~g unit
(2)
16,(contvd)
in the Corps report to this base writh seventy two hours prior notice toparticipate in e test drop in order to insure that trained Pathfinder teamsare available at all times Reports on such tests to be forwarded, t hrough °
channels to the unit concerned.
17o Request that copies of any memoranda, reports of operations, etc.,concerning Pathfinder i ork no, in the hands of Division or lower headquartersbe furnished the undersigned so that a standardized procedure may be adopted.
FRAINIK L. BROWtNCaptp 501st Prcht. Inf.
HLADQURT Th S
IX TCC PATHFTiPDER GROUP (PROV)
APO 5 U.S. RJ15 Oct 44
SUBJECT: Organization and Training of PathfinderseTO : Co~mranding General,. Corps (Airborne)
Pursuant to verbal orders from the Chief of Staff, XVIII Corps Head-quarters, the follo Iwing recommendations as to organization and trainingof Pathfinders is hereby subnitted-
1 .Organizationa. Inasmuch as an Airborne Division is the smallest self-sus-
taining Unit in the Corps it is deemed Cadvisable to have a Pathfinder Coi-pany as an integral part of each such division.
b. In the event a Division shoid be detached from Corps for aseparate mission or to be moved to a different Theater of Operations thePathfinder Conpany (as a part of such Division) wovid accomi arny same, where-as, if Pathfinders are organized on a Corps basis it roulfd be necessary toeither detach a Pathfinder detail from the Corps Unit or to train Pathfinderswit i..n the Division.
c. The strength of the Division Pathfinder Company w ould be indirect accordance with the ntimber of Parachute Battalions in the Division,i.eo, one Pathfinder Team consisting of one officer and nine eklisted men,for each Parachute Battalion Basis for this statement is the fact that thenLmber of Parachute Infantry Regiments vary in different. Divisions rrhich'iltim ately leads" to the ein-loyment of more or less Drop Zones to be markedfor a combat operation,
(see following page)
d Proposed organzation of Division Pathfinder Company is shovm belowT:
11-94
DIVISIONPATHFINDER: CO4IPAI\
PATFIFNIDER E PATfilT 1ERPLATOON PLATOON
2-3]cO01,1A- DGROUP
Capto C 0o DivoPoF. Officer (TSDG)1st Lto q M"-0 (TSaIrG)1st Sgto (TSNG)S/Sgt, Operations (R)S/Sgt, CorrunI iceti on (R)
e. The TO above is based on an Airborne Division containing threeParachute Infantry Regiments. The strength is based on the niunber of Pathfind-ers used in the Normandy and Holland operations,
f. It will be noted that one First Lieutenant and two Second Lieu-tenants are assigned to each Pathfinder Platoon, likewise only one Staff Ser-geant is assigned and Duty Sergeants are assigned as Assistant Team Leadersin Teams #2 and "3. The First Lieutenant in Team #1 of each platoon wouldserve as Platoon Leader, the Staff Sergeant in Team il would be Platoon Ser-geant,
2. Trainingao T& be conducted at IX TCC Pathfinder Group. Students to return
to Units upon graduation for further training in secondary missions.
3. DEmtpoyment of Pathfindersa. Daylight Drop.
(I) It is recomPmended that two teams, a total of two officers andeighteen men, each team flying in a separate aircraft, be dropped by IX TOOPathfinder Group on each DZ a maximum of twenty minutes prior to arrival ofthe mEin serials, Teams $jl and 'j 2 are to preform this mission.
(2) Team j~o, flying in an aircraft from IX TCC Pathfinder GroupwouId lead the first formatin - f planes to the assigned DZ and in the eventTeams #1 and #2 had been neutralized vould mark the DZ in the normal mannerafter displaying colored smoke first for the planes in their own formation.Smoke gernades may be discharged while the jumper is still in the air,
b. Tight Drop.(1) Here the same procedure is used as in 3 a. except Drop Timefor Pathfinders should be a maximum Bf thirty minutes prior to Drop Tire for
main serials to allo-v. time forassembly of Pathfinders at night. Lights areto be used instead of smoke and panels,
c, Subsequent Landings, Parachute and Glider.(1) Each member of - Pathfinder Platoon committed to a DZ mustknow exactly what landings are scheduled for his DZ after the initial Drop.
The,-senior officer or man in the Pathfinder Platoon committed to a DZ wrillbe responsible for marking the DZ or LZ for such landings.d. Resu rply.
(1) Normally resupply missions ill be scheduled in the same manneras Drops and Landings. The platoon orginally committed to a DZ will be bried-ed to mark for scheduled resuply on their DZ. The platoon will be prepared tomove to and mark DZ for an emergY resupply upon receipt of orders fromthe Seni or Connander under vhoin tiey are operating.(2) Due to the nature of Airborne operations, i.e., the liklihood
of being cut off fromi supporting troo s, a Battalion or R,_ejment al Commanderforeseeing such a possibility should request Pathfinder personnel and ecquip-mont be attached to his unit and remain ther e~ith" unti l- such danger is no long-or evident.
(3) A t least one platoon of Pethfinders should remain pTith theDivision Forward OP and one ith the Division Rear OP in order to fulfill anemergency resupply, landing of reserves, reenforcements, etc. o
e. Final Disposition of Pathfinder Troops.
(1) It is contemplated that the Division P thfinder Officer (C,..of Division Pathfinder Company) and the eompany Comand Group droop with Team4 and ,12 on the DZ marked for D:vision Headuaters, His duty during theoperat-ion being to coordinate the ork of the Pat'finder Platoons of his compaiy.
(2) Pathfinder Troops, having fulfilled -11 missions as such willrevert to Division or Corps control,
(5) Inasmuch as p.O.77, form a definzite problem to Airborne troops(In Holland one Regiment captured approximately one thousand Germans in threedays, part of which time this unit was completel:y cut off from the rear echelonof the Division, Three hundred such prisoners ere evacuated at dusk throughthe German lines by a PLthfinder Team led by a Lte Col.) it is suggested that menassigned as Pathfinders be used to glaard and escort P.O.k.. Due to the size ofthe YIilitary Police Platoon of a Division Headquarters and to the traffic andpolice probleme, the assistance given by Pathfinders should prove welcome,
(4) Under normal conditions deta-ched Pathfinder Platoons or Teamsmay be given local security missions, they should be employed as Teams orPlatoons under their own officers. Reason for above statement is that casualtyrates of Pathfinder units are extremely high and inasmuch as the men are act-ualiy trained technicians it is advisable to save as many as possible forfuture operations. Following examples drawn from person experience in Normandyand Holland are quoted,
(a.) In Normandy: Twenty seven men and three officers belongingto Division Pathfinder Company (Prov.) dropped on DZ "C" at 044 6 June 44 withresults as follows:
KIA OR HiA 18 EMVS I1A 10STIA 2 EMPOW 10
TOTIL LOSS 22 6 & EM
(b.) In Holland. Eighteen men and two officers departed for DZ"A " with Drop time set at 1245:
KIA 8 EMPOW I EM
TOTAL LOSS 9 EMDIn both cases Pathfinders established aids for the incoming serials.
(5) Attention is invited to Operation Memo, "o. 12 SHEAF dated 1$March 44 and armmendment No. 1, therto, dated 8 June '44, Par'2. a. states thatPathfinders shall rocede the main column by not less than thirty minutes. Thistime was successfully cut to sixteen minutes by the Pathfinders on DZ "A" inHolland, As stated in Par $.a.(l ti s letter, taenty minutes maxdmum time fora daylight drop is sufficient for the mission an. is more in accordance withsecurity measur eso
(6) Division Pathfinder Companies will, when the Division is a partof XV!II Cor's, operate under the Corps. Pathfinder Officer who shall be •respon-sible for coordination rTith IX TCC Pathfinder Group re orders, missions, equip-Iment and aircraft assignments for all operations,
FRALIK L° BROFINCaptain, Infantry
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BIP DQUJRTFRSIX TCC PATFINDER GP UP (PROV)
Officer of the Cors Pathfinder Officer
APO 135 U..S I2RfTY21 October 44
SUBJTFCT: Sta.f and Training, Pathfinders.
TO : Go rending Cd nors1 XVIII Corps
1. Request tht follo-cng Officer and enlisted men be transferred toHead1uarters XVIII Corps (Airborne) to serve as assist"ants to Corps Peth-findr Officer:
Sgt John P. O',h0. hnesy Jr. 15574795 501st PExchut e infantry
2. If the above request is approved all personnel concerned tT-o-uld bebased at IX TCC Pathfinder Group Airdrome to sf7re as instructors of Air-borne troops attendLir school.
in ad_,ition to serving as Pssistant Corps Pathfinder Officer,Lt. Faith ill be charged 4Vth ffaintenance of all ara chutes and allied go rused to jum; Pthfindr equipment. Lt, Pait isia tq uE, a 1qual f ie d PR- .a chu--Lt e Ri er
b. evil ct &.s Custodil ndLlitin Offi.cr for irboe troopsbased at this ai rz one for traoining or ile p reparink for e combat mission.
c. H ill oct as Assi.tant to S-4 IX TCC Pa t fi1derrouioas ezipment (sohe, .ne!... lihts, jun; cas.s- , etcSS ,) for a tcorbat jLni is co:..e-ed,d. ...1i .... if? ar: eit ith any e>;:-:ent~l yor being carried on at
thiE base,e. gt. ilton lsrve o s Cor uniczaticns Irn&-ructor to Pirborne---.... 7.-1 r o0r nStuciL ent s.f. He <3, somrve as Cu,- iy Crgant to irbolone trooEs t +his base
• Serre, hi : uepu .y.ugies, ,-eir--e au QOeratios oere .- foro,-c t-t_-r Activitie,
h ,e r'ilU 1be chrcd ':ith keood-np of records of l1 students grades.1-he i- cle-i-htoCorsF; t ror fficer,
The -3.ovs ers ns e ro- on 7 from EClet firbo~ ae Divisim a ma- v ... , ,..r :ove cai-ci!ties, £.!! concoere cdesire t~o tr .ncfer adlare yL ioc-i........ om tb.e ccit~i, ns cach of tc: above havye x-ade tr o conbvt, jm"s
4.~~A z-u se .t to ver-ba!3 orders fin.o .... r ,.- X VIII Cors.,s t.. p.eri od of t-nL. i n-...m..for ....t...... Ctuo~osnts he s been shortened so a s to r cequircenl y tT- o .re,-k s
(1)
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at thisbas e. .ecctb o hours Inaurs a1loted thereto are sho,!-n belo:
Dreka
Code e h
Ccm brcd F-Inel SystemDID1Scke .,.rotechnicsIfra -Rod C i ht.
TotI1
I!n s~ddit±ior to above jc student -111 made threeone jp Y-.ne at dusk; nd C* one at nighte
2. Ft Ther -.- I "Ir, of Pfthfinders i-e rap .nd. ena
Scoutina a..-d 7-trollirL must be done by the unite to 1TT.ichthis bs-e.
7. It is requested that11ith f, estiyte as to numberprori ae teat ot'ot peCrornelnece clr -rnrinments my be
Photo re clinfotheyy rtunf: on
each Airborne Divisicn fu-nish this He- dqjuErtersof Pathfinder personnel-tobe trcPined nd ap-
wi1J be availab1e for such training o thetr1Cd- o acco--od.te same0
3. It is fuxther reCueetotd that all R dar and s-iniai r Navigational Aids,nov,, in the hands of tro6ps of the -, III Corp .but not in actAml.use, be re-tnrned t" Group Radwr Officer, IX TCC P-thfirder Croup for initenmance checksnd storas)e I o . notific-tion of loca tion of such etsuimenthis ilecurt-
is porepered to disptch V-ircrft .ith officer courier, to secure sane' Thisdoes not o.. y tov e, uiJTein s1ct-uEi ;,s or in Cstand-by state.
FRI I!TX L, BROVJT'Ca ptain, Infe: ntrCorps P thfinder Officer
8 hrs8 11r s
24 hrs2 hrs8 hrs7 hrs1 hr8 hrs
12 hrs71 Trs-
.. 4
. I
Definitions and Training
t Training of the Pathfinder Compary (Prov.) shall be the responsibility ofthe Division Pathfinder Officer, A Team shall consist of nine men and oneofficer. A P:latoon shall consist of three such teams... The senior Team leadermay also serve as Platoon Leader. Normallyc an entire Platoon is assigned themission of marking a single DZ or LZ. Dhen a mission is assigned the threeTeams are designated as follows:
Base Team:- Commanded by senior officer. This stick will mark theDZ. The other two teams furnish security.
Prima17ry Team: Acts as secu-rity and marks DZ in the event of neutral-ization of Base Team.
k9ternate Team: Acts as security and marks DZ in event both Baseand Primery Teams are neutralized. Drops from lead plane of mein serial.
Combat experience has shorn that such heavy energy resistance may be en-coiurtered that only fragL-ents of each Testa are left operative. in such casethe senior man pr esent ,ill take charge and put in instelltions -ith the follo -ing priority, governed by the sit-oB-tion encountered: First the D7reka, secondthe C. 4 third; lights or ?nc s .. ind sn k ,c eP el d i' or rhether L. y or nightj~0 25 invole TO a ... rfl U i is reco erde -Y) -ol1 t-f4 er rdre
, e. 2itO parachutes to further mark he D" If vhite T 5 main ssemblios erenot avei thI-e the .bi.e reseve my ebe ssend rL th rudsr-..... r. E,-,0, or the groi)nd EFsan.id-to Ion .ti: to oces the dr p zone.
Tra .. o- of e Pathirder Te-m i sFroot ea,. 5J_2 cor "shed by e.lo nl- theserofthe. teu to d.evote t eir fDlj tim t o trai ning for .Iriod of ap-
omtelyfour e Trn.ing ,tire rTill h1bcoverned hy the mount of tifel vaibe before P thfird e2s are to be enployed on a cembat 1-ission A list
eof lbjedts sith ti(eo llotted to each subject is give eeo:
SUBJECT HOURS
5Lureka 8CPJT-4 8Code Pro eticd 24Pale .1 .i.hno Lig-ht 2.Combi ned Peci ... stem6
P r Phot & ?Hop Reading 12Scoutin'g end Pa trolling 14Physi ce Trairirg 24Dorey Adapted Radio 7Smoke & rrotechmics 1Infra=Red Lights 8Field %rking 12
*Total 126
(1)
Definitions and Training (cont 1d)
Approrimatoy f ifty hours free time is left, This time sbould be util* ized to Icn . ma e six jumps, three dayr lroblems and three night problems
Teams should be rotated during the courses of the jumps so that each Teamis designp-ted Es Base Teem forgone day jump and one night jump.
Commonsenseshould6.beused in planning each consecutive eeks' train-
ing so that repetition of instruction wTith hich the men have become thor-oughly familiar is avoided,
Arrangements ith Radar Officers to allow men to see the Radar and CRN-4installations in operation in C-47 type airplanes during fliEht vill add in-terest and aid undcerstanding.
SECURITY- Attention is invited to the fact that all equipment and methocs.used during instruction and operations are SEORET. PYen should be warned againstdiscussing operations and equipment with unmuthorized persons.
Personnel
Each officer and man selected for training as a Pathfinderi must be intell-igent, c'urageous and have a high degree of initiative. He must be thormughlytrained in map reading, use of individual <.eapons, and scouting and patrolling.Knowledge of commurmicatiens is highly desirable. Preference should be givento qualified men w<,ho volunteer for such training. In no case should an officeror man be placed on du.r as a Pathfinder because he is a misfit elsewlhere,The fact tht the tea has only a small amount of -work to do on e; ch combatmission should not detract from the im-i.ortance of the mission.
Use of Pathfirders after the landing of the main body is i accordancewrith the wishes of the Senior Commander, If resup)ly by air is contemplated,Pathfinders ill be needed to mark DZ for same. Eathianeers during the Invasionof France and Holland ,ere used as,,re-olacements in Battalion Headqurters Com-munications, Intelligence and Operations Sections in many cases, Due to prev-ious training these men preformed excellenty as such replacements,.
Personnel of Pathfinder Team
a Team Leeder= n officer, inasmuch as the job carries a great aountof responsibility. This officer may serve as a Battalion Staff Oficer afterra combat mission. He shoild be readilty available at all times in the eventhe is needed to mark a DZ or LZ for subsequent lndings or resupply missionsA knoV!edge of commuications is desirable. Jumps CRN-4
b Asset Team Loader- A non-commnisioned officer preferably a Staff Sgt.or Sgt. He must be aggrose~ive, courageous, 1~ossess a high degree of initiat-ive and be prepared a nd cqua-lified to assume comma{nd in the event the Team Leaderbecomes a casua! ye lie must be thoroughly trained in the use of the Haliphane
O Zone Indicator Lights, panels -nd pyrotechnics as used for masrking D7 and LZ's.U He is in charge of the 11ight end pnel team . .. endi is resnonsible for the fumnct
(2)
Personnel (Contd)
ioning of stmo. He must have a orking knowledge of Horse code but a high
ode speed is not necessa5e, This man should have a knorledge of commlmicat-
ions. Dependent on the type of marking to be done, this rern will carry eith er
a Haliph ne Light or Panel Set on the jump.c Eureka Operator- A non-compmissioned officer of the grade of Cpl.
Jumps Eureka, sets up and operates same. Ifust have some commtunications train-ing ancl must know the 1Pforse code although a code spped of more than five wordsper rinute is not necess.ry. He must be thoroughly trained in the operationof the CPT1-I 4 and the Eureka.
d Assistant Eureka Operator- Same qualifications necessary as for rekaOperator except he rsy be a Tec 5 or Private Finest Class. . umps Eureka.
e Light I[en= 4st have thorough knoi!edge of use of Haliphane Lights,
Panels and :protechnaics rs used for marking of DZ or LZ. Usually a Privateof a Private First Class. Six light men are required in each Teeam in additionto the Ass t t Team Leader r.ho acts in a double capacity initially. These sixmen jump one *Haliphane Light eaclh or a panel set as the conditions warrant.Seven lights or panel sets make up the light team mhich includes the Ass't.Team rLeader.
f Security Detail- A security detail may be attached to each -athfinder
Team if the Cormmxanding Officer deems it advisableo ItCl% y consist of anOfficer and any number of enlisted men up to seven. The sole mission of thesecu:ity detail iF to protect thi Pathfinder Team during the in'stclationand operation f the Pathfinder equipment. Irnediately after the arrivialof the main 5erials, the ,ission of the security detail having been accom-plished, tlhey report to their own organization unless they hve received otherinstructions front their organziation or urnit commander prior to take-off.This detail may be varied as to 1TFeapons carried by the individuals, dependingon intelligence reports furnished prior to an operation, If it is eqected
that armor will be encountered a rocket launcher team plus riflemen may beadded.
(~)
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IX TC PAIIINUih GROUPW yff ice f the. Cop :tfiiderOfficer
E$ October 44
sct ~tp 4*3rintiio fo ?t",indet*
to c Z Readquarters X I op ibre
X.Ecpetfollown mpditMiuitX Ir ele o v idr& q watea rat -lcmat prto.
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