Matter

Matter • anything that has mass and takes

up space (volume)– Examples:

• a brick has mass and takes up space • a desk has mass and takes up space• a pencil has mass and takes up space• air has mass and takes up space

All of the above examples are considered matter because they have mass and take up space. Can you

think of anything that would not be considered matter?

Mass vs. Weight

Atoms• smallest possible unit

into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties

• over 100 different kinds of atoms exist (≈ 90 occur naturally and ≈ 25 made in labs)

• cannot be seen by the naked eye or even an optical microscope

• can combine, or bond, to create additional types of matter

• always moving when above the temperature of absolute zero

For example, what is the smallest possible unit

into which a long essay can be divided and still have some meaning?+

+ +-

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Taking a closer look will reveal that atoms are composed of

smaller parts

Atoms are so small that…• it would take a stack of about

50,000 aluminum atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of aluminum foil from your kitchen.

• if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide as the US, each of its atoms would be only about 3 cm in diameter – about the size of a ping-pong ball

• a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.

• a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion atoms.

• a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms.

• it would take you around 500 years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt.

www.deckersfoods.com

C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more

1 trillion atoms

. Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms

Just one of these grains

Let’s Experiment

1. Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half.2. Place one half on the table.3. Cut the remaining piece in half.4. Continue cutting and placing the

strips on the table as many times as you can.

5. Make all cuts parallel to the first one.

In order to try to gain an idea of how small an atom really is, you will complete the following activity.

1st cut

2nd cut3rd

cut

Results• How many cuts were you able to

make?• Do you think you could keep

cutting the paper forever? Why or why not?

You would have to cut the paper in half around thirty-one (31) times to

get to the size of any atom.http://www.miamisci.org/af/sln/phantom/papercutting.html

Building Molecules/Compounds

• Use the molecular model kit to build and analyze the following molecules/compounds

H – O - H

H

H

C

H

H

HC

H

H

H C

OH

H

C

H

OH

HC

H

OC

OH

H

C

H

OH

C

H

OH

C

Water(H2O)

Propane(C3H8)

Glucose(C6H12O6)

O = O

Oxygen Gas(O2)

Which of these are

molecules? Compound

s? Both?

Structural DiagramsShow atomic

arrangement of molecule/compound

Chemical SymbolAbbreviation for the

element/atom

Chemical BondLink holding

atoms together

Combining Atoms• There are over one hundred different types of atoms

and they oftentimes combine to make new substances known as molecules and compounds

Molecule Results from the

bonding (covalent) oftwo or more atoms

CompoundA substance that

contains two or more different elements

(atoms)

Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

Example – Oxygen Gas (O2) Example – Water (H2 O)

Molecule, Compound, or Both?

H2

Hydrogen

NO2

Nitrogen Dioxide

Cl2Chlorine

O2

Oxygen

NO

Nitric Oxide

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

N2

Nitrogen

H2O

Water

CH4

Methane

Comparing Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, and Elements

Atom

Element Compound(or

molecule)

MoleculeWhat’s

the matter?

Combining Molecules/Compounds

• a combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically, but remain the same individual substances is known as a mixture

• can be separated by physical means• two types

• Heterogeneous• Homogeneous

Based on the prefixes“hetero” and “homo,” what do you think are characteristics of thesetwo types of mixtures?

Creating Mixtures – Part 1• Procedures/Questions

1. Describe and draw what you see in the cups.2. Pour the contents of cups A and cup B into a

beaker and mix with a glass stirring rod. 3. Describe and draw what you see in the

beaker after cups A and B are combined.4. Using any means necessary, try to separate

the mixture back into its original parts. Was it possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?

Heterogeneous Mixture• “hetero” means different• consists of visibly different substances

or phases (solid, liquid, gas) • a suspension is a special type of

heterogeneous mixture of larger particles that eventually settle

• Example:

Trail MixNotice the

visiblydifferent

substances

Creating Mixtures – Part 2• Procedures/Questions

1. Describe and draw what you see in the cups.2. Pour the contents of cups C and cup D into a

beaker and mix with a glass stirring rod. 3. Describe and draw what you see in the

beaker after cups C and D are combined.4. Using any means necessary, try to separate

the mixture back into its original parts. Was it possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?

Homogeneous Mixture• “homo” means the same • has the same uniform appearance and

composition throughout; maintain one phase (solid, liquid, gas)

• commonly referred to as solutions• Example:

Salt WaterNotice theuniform

appearance

Physical Properties of Matter• any property of matter that can be

observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter

• Examplescolor shapetaste

state/phasedensity D = m

V

Chemical Properties of Matter

• any property of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance

• Examplesflammability

reactivity with vinegarreactivity with oxygen

Iron + Oxygen Iron oxide (rust)4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

Chemical or Physical Property?

1. Paper is white

2. Boiling point of H2O is 100oC

3. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates hydrogen gas

4. Nitrogen does not burn

5. Sulfur smells like rotten eggs

Physical Property

Physical Property

Physical Property

Chemical Property

Chemical Property

Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties

Substance/Matter Physical Property Chemical Property

Helium Less dense than air Nonflammable

Hydrogen Less dense than air Flammable

Wood Grainy texture Flammable

Baking soda White powder Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles

Powdered sugar White powder Does not react with vinegar

Rubbing alcohol Clear liquid Flammable

Red food coloring Red color Reacts with bleach and loses color

Iron Malleable Reacts with oxygen

Physical Change• a change in shape, size, color, or state• a change without a change in chemical

composition• a change that is reversible

– The Mixtures Lab• Examples

tearing paper cutting your hair change in state

Changes in States(Physical Changes)

Melting

Vaporization

(Evaporation/Boiling)

Freezing

Condensation

All changes in state require a change in energy

Sublimation

Bose-Einstein

Solid

Liquid

Gas

PlasmaDesposition

Why do you think Bose-Einstein and plasma are not equally distanced

from the other three states of matter?

Ionization

Recombination

Phase Changes Simulation

• PhET

• Harcourt School

• Pearson

This is what happens when energy is added and/or taken away from matter

Chemical Change• a change in which a substance becomes another

substance having different properties• a change that is not reversible using ordinary

physical means • Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light,

odor, fizzing/foaming, color changesYou usually need more than one of the above

characteristics to be considered a chemical change!

• Examplescombining sulfuric acid and sugar

burning a piece of woodsoured milk

Chemical or Physical Change?

1. Bending a Paper Clip

2. Baking a cake

3. The sublimation of carbon dioxide

4. Crushing an aluminum can

5. Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and water

Physical Change

Chemical Change

Chemical Change

Physical Change

Physical Change

Mass vs. WeightMass

• a measure of how much matter an object is made of

• does not change, regardless of where something or someone is

Weight

• the force of gravity on an object

• equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity

http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html

Why do you think

the person’s weight is

less on the moon?

Mass = 59 kg Mass = 59 kg

Weight = 579 N Weight = 96 N

Misconception Alert!

Does gravity always pull

things down?

Element• a pure substance made up of one kind of

atom• cannot be broken down or separated into

simpler substances by physical or chemical means

• Over 100 kinds of elements exist– 90 occur naturally on Earth– 25 were made by scientists in labs

http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html

5 Physical States of Matter

•Bose-Einstein

•Solid •Liquid•Gas

•Plasma

(Newest State)

Bose-Einstein Condensate• exist at extremely

cold temperatures (around absolute zero or -460 oF) which are achieved by scientists in labs

• particles are super unexcited

• particles lock or “clump” together so firmly that they move as a single unit

• definite shape and volume (?)

Solid• particles are

tightly compact• particles vibrate

without the ability to move freely

• definite shape and volume

• Solid Animation

Liquid• particles are

tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other

• no definite shape, but definite volume

• Liquid Animation

Gas• particles can

easily spread out or move close together

• particles move freely and with a lot of energy

• no definite shape or volume

• Gas Simulation

Plasma• exist at extremely high

temperatures (several million degrees Celsius)

• particles are broken apart• particles move freely and

with extremely high energy

• this form is not too common on Earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe

• No definite shape or volume (?)

• Examples: florescent and neon lights, lightning, aurora borealis

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-

-

Why do you think this is the most common

form/state of matter in the universe?

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+

Energy and the States of Matter• The physical states of matter result from the

amount of energy the particles composing the matter have. Basically, more energy means more movement for the particles and less energy means less movement.

• Energy/Temperature and Matter Simulations– PhET– BEC: Temperature and Absolute Zero

If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam created from boiling water, which would you think has more energy?

States of Matter Continuum

Taken from: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_becondensate.html

What about this continuum could be considered a little misleading?

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-

-

++

+

State the Phase

Plasma Solid B.E.C.

Liquid Gas

Layering LiquidsUsing a test-tube and the eyedroppers, try to layer the four different colored liquids so that the colors don’t mix and show distinct layers.

1. Hold the test-tube in your hand at a 45 degree angle.2. Using the eyedropper from one of the colors, slowly place the

liquid into the test-tube.3. Repeat step two using the other three liquids until you get them

layered. Record the order of the colors.

If you don’t get clear separation of the colors, you should empty the contents of the test tube down the drain and start again. These steps may need to be repeated several times until you discover the correctorder of the colors.

*Placing white paper behind the straws will help you see the divisions

Layering Liquids - Discussion1. Were you capable of layering the four

liquids? If so, what was the correct order from the bottom up?

2. What difficulties did you experience when performing this activity?

3. Why do you think the liquids created layers when putting them in the test tube in the correct order?

4. Because these liquids are miscible, or partially miscible, they did not really create distinct layers. What do you think it means to be miscible?

Density• a measure of the amount of matter (mass)

present in a given volume of a substance• typically expressed in the following units:

– grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids– grams per milliliter (g/ml) for liquids

• does not depend on how much of a substance you have (intrinsic property) – in other words, the density of a gold bar would be the same as the density of a gold flake

• can change as temperature and pressure change

Which do you think is more dense? Why?

Calculating Density• Density can be calculated by dividing

the mass of an object by its volume

D = m V

Sample ProblemTimothy found a solid metal blockthat has a mass of 100 grams and a volume of 25 cm3. What would be

the density of the block?

D = =

100 grams25 cm3

4 grams cm3

Practice Problems1. Find the density of a substance with a mass

of 27 g and a volume of 7 cm3.

2. A block of maple has a mass of 20 grams and a volume of 26.5 cm3. What is the density of the block?

D = m V

D = m V

D =

=27 g7 cm3

3.86 grams cm3

D =

20 grams26.5 cm3 = 0.75 grams

cm3

The Density Triangle

D V

m

.

D = m VV = m Dm = D

V.