MatterMatterWhat is What is Matter?Matter?

Section 2.1Section 2.1

MatterMatter•Matter is what the Matter is what the

world is made of. world is made of.

•Matter has mass Matter has mass and volumeand volume

•All objects consists All objects consists of matter.of matter.

MassMass

•A measure of the quantity A measure of the quantity of matter in an objectof matter in an object

•Measured by grams (g) and Measured by grams (g) and kilograms (kg)kilograms (kg)

•Doesn’t change due to Doesn’t change due to locationlocation

WeightWeight

•Weight is the response of Weight is the response of mass to the pull of gravity. mass to the pull of gravity. Metric unit of weight is the Metric unit of weight is the Newton (N).Newton (N).

•Does change due to Does change due to locationlocation

Mass vs. WeightMass vs. Weight

•Weight = mass x Weight = mass x acceleration of gravityacceleration of gravity

•Mass kg X 9.8 m/sMass kg X 9.8 m/s22 = Weight = Weight (on earth) N(on earth) N

•What is your weight on What is your weight on earth?earth? (Remember 1 kg = 2.2 lbs) (Remember 1 kg = 2.2 lbs)

What is your weight What is your weight on earth?on earth?

• mass X 9.8 m/smass X 9.8 m/s22 = Weight = Weight (on earth)(on earth)

•(Remember 1 kg = 2.2 lbs)(Remember 1 kg = 2.2 lbs)

VolumeVolume

•The amount of space an The amount of space an object takes up is called its object takes up is called its volume.volume.

•Volume is measured in Volume is measured in liters (L), milliliters (mL), liters (L), milliliters (mL), and cubic centimeters (cmand cubic centimeters (cm33))

ChemistryChemistry

• The study of matter and The study of matter and how it changeshow it changes

Element Element

•A substance that cannot A substance that cannot be broken down into be broken down into simpler substancessimpler substances

•EverythingEverything is made ofis made of elementselements

AtomAtom

•Smallest particle of an Smallest particle of an elementelement

•Has all the properties of that Has all the properties of that elementelement

•UniqueUnique

MoleculeMolecule•Smallest unit of a compound Smallest unit of a compound

that exhibits all the properties that exhibits all the properties and characteristic of that and characteristic of that compoundcompoundElement Element

•a substance that cannot be a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler broken down into simpler substancessubstances

CompoundCompound

•A substance A substance made of made of atoms of atoms of more than more than one element one element bound bound togethertogether

Earth’s CompositionEarth’s CompositionEarth's Composition

34.6

29.5

15.2

12.7

2.4

1.9

1.1

2.6

Iron

Oxygen

Silicon

Magnesium

Nickel

Sulfur

Calcium

All other elements

Chemical FormulaChemical Formula •Chemical symbols and numbers Chemical symbols and numbers

indicating the atoms contained indicating the atoms contained in the basic unit of a substance in the basic unit of a substance

•A formula that represents one A formula that represents one molecule of a compoundmolecule of a compound

• Empirical formula is the Empirical formula is the simplest formula of a compoundsimplest formula of a compound

• Molecular formula is a simple Molecular formula is a simple multiple of its empirical formulamultiple of its empirical formula

Elements in the Human Elements in the Human BodyBody

Elements in the Human Body

65%

17.50%

10.20%

2.40%1.60%0.90%0.40%0.30%0.20%1%Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Calcium

Phosphorus

Potassium

Sodium

Sulfur

All other elements

Chemical FormulaChemical Formula

•ExamplesExamples CC1616HH1010NN22OO22

IndigoIndigo CC1212HH2222OO1111

SugarSugar

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Classification of MatterClassification of Matter

Pure SubstancePure Substance

•Any matter that has a Any matter that has a fixed composition and fixed composition and definite propertiesdefinite properties

MixtureMixture

•A combination of more A combination of more than one pure substancethan one pure substance

•Blending together of pure Blending together of pure substancessubstances

MixtureMixture

•HomogeneousHomogeneousSame kind Same kind Uniform in Uniform in structure or structure or composition composition throughoutthroughout

MixtureMixture•HeterogeneousHeterogeneous

Different kinds Different kinds Not complete Not complete mixedmixed

Consists of Consists of dissimilar dissimilar elements or partselements or parts

Marble

MixturesMixtures

•MiscibleMiscible Able to dissolve into each Able to dissolve into each other in various proportionsother in various proportions

MixturesMixtures

•ImmiscibleImmiscibledescribes two describes two or more liquids or more liquids that do not that do not mix into each mix into each otherother Oil and Water

Platform Holly Oil Spill  Platform Holly Oil Spill  November 1981November 1981

MatterMatterMatter and Matter and Energy Energy

Section Section 2.22.2

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

1. 1. Think about the properties of ice. It Think about the properties of ice. It is somewhat hard and cannot be is somewhat hard and cannot be compressed easily. Which drawing do compressed easily. Which drawing do you think represents a solid? Why?you think represents a solid? Why?

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

2. Think about the properties of 2. Think about the properties of gases. They are not hard, and gases. They are not hard, and they can be compressed. Which they can be compressed. Which drawing represents a gas? Why?drawing represents a gas? Why?

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

3. 3. In which state(s) of In which state(s) of matter are the particles matter are the particles touching?touching?

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

4. 4. In which drawing do you In which drawing do you think the particles have the think the particles have the least effect on one another? least effect on one another? Why?Why?

Kinetic TheoryKinetic Theory•All matter is made up of atoms All matter is made up of atoms

and molecules that act like tiny and molecules that act like tiny particlesparticles

•Tiny particles are always in Tiny particles are always in motion. The higher the motion. The higher the temperature the faster they movetemperature the faster they move

•At the same temperature heavier At the same temperature heavier particles move slower than lighter particles move slower than lighter particlesparticles

States of MatterStates of Matter

•Four phases of matterFour phases of matterSolidSolidLiquidLiquidGasGasPlasmaPlasma

GasesGases

•Do not have a regular Do not have a regular shape shape

•Nor a regular volume Nor a regular volume

•Take on the shape of their Take on the shape of their containercontainer

Particles of a GasParticles of a Gas•Move fast enough Move fast enough

to overcome nearly to overcome nearly all of the attraction all of the attraction between thembetween them

•The particles move The particles move independently of independently of one anotherone another

GasGas

PressurePressure

•ForceForce exerted per exerted per unit unit areaarea on on a surfacea surface

•PP = = FF / / AA

PressurePressure• Gas particles Gas particles

exert pressure exert pressure by hitting the by hitting the walls of a walls of a balloon.balloon.

• The balloon pops The balloon pops because the because the internal pressure internal pressure is more than the is more than the balloon can hold.balloon can hold.

LiquidsLiquids

•Have a definite volume Have a definite volume

•Do not have a definite shape Do not have a definite shape

•Take on the shape of their Take on the shape of their containercontainer

•ViscosityViscosityThe resistance of a liquid to flowThe resistance of a liquid to flow

Particles of a LiquidParticles of a Liquid

•Move fast enough Move fast enough to overcome to overcome some of the some of the attraction attraction between thembetween them

•The particles are The particles are able to slide past able to slide past one anotherone another

LiquidLiquid

SolidsSolids•definite shapedefinite shape•definite volume definite volume •Crystalline SolidsCrystalline Solids

In many solids, the particles In many solids, the particles are arranged in a regular, are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a repeating pattern called a crystal. crystal. (i.e. salt, quartz)(i.e. salt, quartz)

CrystalsCrystals

SolidsSolids

•Amorphous solids Amorphous solids lose their shape under lose their shape under certain conditions certain conditions •(i.e. tar, candle wax, glass)(i.e. tar, candle wax, glass)

Amorphous Solids:Amorphous Solids:Candle Wax Candle Wax

Particles of a solidParticles of a solid

•Do not move fast Do not move fast enough to enough to overcome the overcome the strong attraction strong attraction between thembetween them

•So they are held So they are held tightly in place.tightly in place.

•The particles The particles vibrate in place.vibrate in place.

PlasmaPlasma

•Rare on earth. (lightning) Rare on earth. (lightning)

•Most common phase in the Most common phase in the universeuniverse

•Stars, like our SunStars, like our Sun

•Matter in plasma phase is high Matter in plasma phase is high in energy, and is dangerous to in energy, and is dangerous to living thingsliving things

PlasmaPlasma

PlasmaPlasma

EnergyEnergy•Ability to change or move matterAbility to change or move matter

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

•MeltingMelting

•FreezingFreezing

•VaporizationVaporization

•CondensationCondensation

•SublimationSublimation

Phase Changes Phase Changes are Physical are Physical

ChangesChanges

MeltingMelting

•The change The change from solid from solid to liquidto liquid

FreezingFreezing

•Liquid To Liquid To Solid Solid

•When a liquid When a liquid loses heat loses heat energyenergy

Liquid to GasLiquid to Gas

•Vaporization Vaporization change from a change from a

liquid to a gas liquid to a gas

•Evaporation Evaporation Vaporization at Vaporization at

the surface of a the surface of a liquidliquid

BoilingBoiling

•Process by Process by which which particles particles inside the inside the liquid travel liquid travel into the air.into the air.

CondensationCondensation

•The change The change of a of a substance substance from a gas or from a gas or vapor to a vapor to a liquidliquid

Sublimation Sublimation

•To change phase (from a To change phase (from a solid or gas) without solid or gas) without becoming a liquidbecoming a liquid

VaporizationVaporization

•To be converted from a To be converted from a liquid into vapor/gasliquid into vapor/gas

Evaporation Evaporation

•Vaporization that occurs at Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquidthe surface of a liquid

Changes of State Changes of State Graph For WaterGraph For Water

Conservation of MassConservation of Mass

Law of Conservation Law of Conservation of Massof Mass

•Mass cannot be created Mass cannot be created

or destroyedor destroyed

Law of Conservation Law of Conservation of Energyof Energy

•Energy cannot be Energy cannot be created or destroyedcreated or destroyed

MatterMatterProperties of Properties of

Matter Matter

Section Section 2.32.3

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties

•describes the way a describes the way a substance reacts with others substance reacts with others to change into a different to change into a different substancesubstance

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

Reactivity Reactivity

•the ability of the ability of a substance a substance to combine to combine chemically chemically with another with another substancesubstance

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

•characteristics that can be characteristics that can be observed or measured observed or measured

•without changing the identity without changing the identity of the object.of the object.

Shape, color, odor, texture…Shape, color, odor, texture…

Melting PointMelting Point•Temperature at Temperature at

which a solid which a solid changes to a changes to a liquid.liquid.

•Aluminum M.P. = Aluminum M.P. = 660 °C 660 °C

•0000 C for water at C for water at sea levelsea level

Freezing PointFreezing Point

•Temperature at Temperature at which a liquid which a liquid changes to a changes to a solidsolid

•Water F.P. = 0 °C Water F.P. = 0 °C at sea levelat sea level

Boiling PointBoiling Point

•Temperature a liquid boils at.Temperature a liquid boils at.

•B.P. of a liquid is related to B.P. of a liquid is related to pressure above it.pressure above it.

•Water BP = 100 °CWater BP = 100 °C

•Table Salt BP = 1413 °CTable Salt BP = 1413 °C

•Diamond BP = 4200 °CDiamond BP = 4200 °C

General Properties of General Properties of Matter include Matter include

•MassMass

•WeightWeight

•VolumeVolume

•and densityand density

DensityDensity

•Density is the mass per Density is the mass per unit volumeunit volume

DensityDensity

•density = mass / volumedensity = mass / volume Or DMVOr DMV

•UnitsUnits Mass – gMass – g Volume – cmVolume – cm33

Density – g/ cmDensity – g/ cm33

ProblemProblem

•If 96.5 grams of gold has a If 96.5 grams of gold has a volume of 5 cubic volume of 5 cubic centimeters, what is its centimeters, what is its density?density?

SolutionSolution

•Step 1 Write the formula Step 1 Write the formula d=m/v d=m/v

•Step 2 Substitute given Step 2 Substitute given numbers and units d = 96.5 g/ numbers and units d = 96.5 g/ 5 5 cmcm33

•Step 3 Solve for unknown Step 3 Solve for unknown variable d= 19.3 g / variable d= 19.3 g / cmcm33

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

•1. If 96.5 grams of aluminum 1. If 96.5 grams of aluminum has a volume of 35 cmhas a volume of 35 cm33, what , what is the density of aluminum?is the density of aluminum?

•2. If the density of a diamond 2. If the density of a diamond is 3.5 g / cmis 3.5 g / cm33, what would the , what would the mass be if the volume is 0.5 mass be if the volume is 0.5 cmcm33??

SolutionSolution•Step 1 d=m/v Step 1 d=m/v

•Step 2 rearrange dStep 2 rearrange d..v= mv= m

•Step 3 Substitute given Step 3 Substitute given numbers and units 3.5 numbers and units 3.5 g/cmg/cm3 . 3 . .5cm.5cm3 3 = m= m

•Step 4 Solve for unknown Step 4 Solve for unknown variable m= 1.75 gvariable m= 1.75 g

BuoyancyBuoyancy

•The force with which a The force with which a more dense fluid pushes a more dense fluid pushes a less dense substance less dense substance upward.upward.

Archimedes’ Archimedes’ PrinciplePrinciple

•The buoyant force on an object is The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. displaced by the object.

•Therefore if an object increases Therefore if an object increases it’s density it will sink, and if it’s density it will sink, and if decreases it’s density it will float. decreases it’s density it will float.

Density LabDensity Lab

Does it Float?Does it Float?

Does it Float?Does it Float?

•The density of water is 1 gram The density of water is 1 gram per milliliter, 1g/mL.per milliliter, 1g/mL.

•If the object’s density is If the object’s density is greater than 1g/mL, then the greater than 1g/mL, then the object will sink.object will sink.

•If the object’s density is less If the object’s density is less than 1g/mL then it will float.than 1g/mL then it will float.

Does it Float?Does it Float?•In this activity you will measure the In this activity you will measure the

mass and volume of several objects mass and volume of several objects to obtain their densities.to obtain their densities.

•density = mass / volumedensity = mass / volume

•Volume of cube=length x width x Volume of cube=length x width x heightheight

•Volume of cylinder=Volume of cylinder= r r22 h h=3.14=3.14

Remember Remember

1 cubic 1 cubic centimeter = 1 centimeter = 1

mLmL

Volume of CylinderVolume of Cylinder

•Volume = Volume = r r22 hh

Volume of a CubeVolume of a Cube

•Volume= L x W x Volume= L x W x HH

Lab Report FormatLab Report FormatDescriDescriptionption

MaMass ss (g)(g)

VoluVolume me (mL)(mL)

DensDensity ity (g/m(g/mL)L)

DoeDoes it s it floafloat?t?

Quiz Quiz

•What What kind of kind of

solid is in solid is in the the

picture?picture?

QuizQuiz•What kind What kind of matter of matter phase is in phase is in the the picture?picture?

Name the Name the PhasePhase

Name the Name the PhasePhase

Name the Name the PhasePhase

Name the Name the PhasePhase

Gas – Pressure, Gas – Pressure, Temperature and VolumeTemperature and Volume

•Boyle’s Law – if volume is reduced, Boyle’s Law – if volume is reduced, pressure will increase. Ppressure will increase. P11VV1 1 = P= P22VV22 or Por P11/P/P2 2 = V= V22/V/V11

•Charles’s Law – if temperature of a Charles’s Law – if temperature of a gas changes but pressure is the gas changes but pressure is the same, then volume of the gas same, then volume of the gas changes. Tchanges. T11VV22=T=T22VV11 or T or T11/T/T22=V=V11/V/V22