Life Impact The University of Adelaide Slide 1
Media Discipline Seminar Presentation11 August 2011
“Orientalising Terror: Representations of onscreen Arab terrorists pre- and post-September 11,
2001”
Presented by: Jay Reid, MPhil Candidate
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
0-6 months• Literature review &
theoretical framework developed
• Journal article published (Reid & Cover, 2010)
• Submission of CCSP
6-12 months• CCSP redrafted into
‘Chapter One: Introduction’
• First draft of ‘Chapter Two: Orientalist reading of Cinematic Terrorism’
• Presented ‘Chapter Five: Effects of 9/11 on Film Series’ at ANZCA 2011 conference in New Zealand
• Elected to ANZCA executive committee as Postgraduate Representative
Slide 2
THE FIRST TWELVE MONTHS...
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION• Why study terrorism?• Why study Hollywood
depictions of terrorism?• Brief history of terrorism• History of cinematic
terrorism• Literature review• Significance of this study• Theoretical framework &
methodology• Thesis structure
• (Adapted from CCSP)
Slide 3
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
CHAPTER TWO: ORIENTALIST READING
• Introduction– Oriental discourse– Arab media images– Theoretical framework
• Analysis– Villains– Sheikhs– Maidens– Cameos
• Conclusions
Slide 4
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
ORIENTAL DISCOURSE• Edward W. Said and
Orientalism• One of the most influential
figures in Eastern studies (Gardaz, 2004: 93-5; Khawaja, 2007: 690-704)
• Middle East as a single region or geographical unit, it’s inhabitants violent, backwards, obsessed with religion and undemocratic (Said, 2003: 36-347)
• Imagery dates back to Homer, Dante and Shakespear (Said, 2003: 31-69)
• Is human construct, not scientific fact (Said, 2003: xii-331)
Slide 5
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
ARAB MEDIA IMAGES• Jack G. Shaheen, Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a
People and Guilt: Hollywood’s Verdict on Arabs after 9/11• Covers over 900 films released over the past century (Shaheen:
2001: 14; 36, 2003a: 176, 2003b: 77)• Identifies a number of common themes and character
archetypes• “...the first comprehensive review of Arab screen images ever
produced,” (Shaheen, 2001: 1)• Majority of portrayals are negative, some neutral, very few
positive (~12)• Arabs have been labelled enemies of the West since cinema’s
inception• Images well rooted within Hollywood (Dodds, 2008: 1633)
Slide 6
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• Shaheen identifies seven character archetypes, this study has reduced this to four
• Closely linked with Orientalist notions as described by Said
• These character troupes change over time, some disappear and reappear, others are re-imagined
Slide 7
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
VILLAINS• Hollywood stars have battled Arabs for over a century (Shaheen,
2003a: 17-71; 2003b: 80; 2008: xi)• 1st Movement: Palestinians (1991-2000)
– Bumbling fanatics attack the US and are undone by own stupidity
• 2nd Movement: Egyptians (2001-2007)– Innocent Arabs seduced by ‘evil’ Islam to carry out attacks in
the Middle East• 3rd Movement: Generic (2008-2011)
– Terrorists depicted as knowing and willing participants and linked to real world organisations
Slide 8
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
SHEIKHS
• Imagery has shifted over time (Hall, 1997)
• Re-imagined: Hook-nosed oil barons on top of thrones replaced with militant clerics (Shaheen: 1987, 148-51; 2003a: 19; 180-2; 2003b: 76; 2008: 30-2)
• Manipulate religion and linked to monetary excess
• Important to plot post-9/11, but can be observed in pre-9/11 films as minor element
• Changes in imagery can be linked to Osama bin Laden
Slide 9
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
MAIDENS
• Post-9/11 phenomena• Belly dancers and silent
veiled women replaced with fanatic bombers (Shaheen, 1987: 150; 2001: 22-3; 2003a: 182-4; 2008: 30)
• Seen as manipulative liars who are violent, obsessed with religion and exploit their own sexuality
• Framed as being more dangerous than male counter-parts (Pickering & Third, 2003)
Slide 10
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
CAMEOS
• Inserted into 120 films released between 1980 and 2001 (Shaheen, 2001: 27; 2008: 32-4)
• Appear even when the film has nothing to do with their region of the world
• Always first suspects when terrorist plots are uncovered
• Shown as backward due to upbringing
Slide 11
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESULTS
• Images have appeared, disappeared and been re-imagined over the past two decades
• Why? External factors and real world acts of terrorism
• Still, long standing Orientalist notions exist to this day
Slide 12
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
EFFECTS OF 9/11 ON FILM SERIES (1)
• Presented at ANZCA 2011 in New Zealand (link: http://bit.ly/nPuahu)
• Argued that by using the Die Hard franchise as an example and merging ‘terrorist’ wave theory’ (Rapoport) with film studies techniques one could examine the effects of 9/11 on a Hollywood film series
• Forms basis of Chapter 5
Slide 13
1st Wave: Anarchists
2nd Wave: Nationalists
3rd Wave: Leftist/Marxist
4th Wave: Religious
5th Wave: ???
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
EFFECTS OF 9/11 ON FILM SERIES (2)
• (Rasler & Thompson, 2009: 31)
Slide 14
Wave Primary strategy Target identity Precipitant Special
characteristics
Anarchists1870-1910s
Elite assassinations, bank robberies
Primarily European states
Failure/slowness of political reform
Developed basic terror strategies
Nationalists1920-1960s
Guerrilla attacks on police & military targets
European empirePost-1919 delegtimization of empire
Increased international support
Leftist/Marxist1960-1980s
Hijackings, kidnappings & assassinations
Governments; increases US focus
Viet Cong successIncreased international training & funding
Religious1970-2020s
Suicide bombings & attacks
U.S., Israel & secular Muslim populations
Iranian Revolution, USSR withdrawal form Afghanistan
Casualty escalation, decline in number of groups
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
EFFECTS OF 9/11 ON FILM SERIES (3)
• Changes to the onscreen mediation of the following elements were observed:
• Terrorists– Motives, organisational
structure & composition• Attacks
– Methods, escalation & timing
• Heroes– John McClane &
media/law enforcement agencies
Slide 15
Life Impact The University of Adelaide Slide 16
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
THE NEXT TWELVE MONTHS
• Publish ANZCA article
• Chapter Two: Terrorists as ‘the Other’
• Chapter Three: Masculinity and the Hero
• Upgrade to PhD
Slide 17
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
TIMELINE
Slide 18
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
REFENCES & WORKS CITEDDodds, Klaus (2008). "Hollywood and the popular geopolitics of the War on Terror". Third World Quarterly 29.8: 1621-
1637.
Gardaz, Michel (2004). "Twenty-fifth anniversary of Edward Said’s Orientalism". Religion 34: 93-7.
Hall, Stuart (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE Publications.
Khawaja, Irfan (2007) "Essentialism, Consistency and Islam: A Critique of Edward Said’s Orientalism". Israel Affairs 13.4: 689-713.
Pickering, Sharon & Third, Amanda (2003). "Castrating Conflict: Gender(ed) terrorists and terrorism domesticated". Social Alternatives 22.2: 8-15.
Rasler, Karen & Thompson, William R. (2009). "Looking for Waves of Terrorism". Terrorism and Political Violence 21: 28-41.
Reid, Jay & Cover, Rob (2010). "The Art of War Reporting: Theorising Contemporary Embedded Journalism as Public Discourse". Reconstructions: Studies in Contemporary Culture 10.4.
Said, Edward W. (2005) “Orientalism”. England: Penguin Group
Shaheen, Jack G. (1987) "The Hollywood Arab: 1984-1986". Journal of Popular Film and Television 14.1: 148-57.
Shaheen, Jack G. (2001) “Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilified a People”. New York: Olive Branch Press.
Shaheen, Jack G. (2003a). "Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People". Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science 588: 171-93.
Shaheen, Jack G. (2003b). "Unkindest Cuts" Index on Censorship 32.3: 76-81.
Shaheen, Jack G. (2008) “Guilty: Hollywood’s Verdict on Arabs after 9/11”. Massachusetts: Olive Branch Press.
Slide 19
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK
Slide 20