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mires. Once demonstrate that a conclusion arose naturallyout of the facts and the whole of the facts, and hewas willing to advise Government to take action acordingly,but not otherwise. Hence his value as a public servant.And yet what an immense deal he did to advancesanitary science! Sanitation always had with him a

direct and practical aim and object-viz., that of providingpure air and water, salubrious sites and wholesome dwell-ings-in short, a healthy environment. In the army espe-cially the range of modifiable conditions affecting healthhas first of all to be determined, and then the attainableconditions have to be secured. To a consideration of thesesubjects he gave great thought ; they formed the occupa-tion of his life. To say that some disease or otherwas solely attributable to contagion or depended upona bacillus, and to stop there, as seems to be so muchthe tendency of these days, brought little satisfactionand no comfort to a practically minded man like Dr.Sutherland. He was born in Edinburgh in December, 1808,educated at the High School, and was a medical graduateof the University of that city. He spent much of his earlylife on the Continent, and as a young man he practised fora short time in Liverpool, where he edited the Health ofTowns Journal. In 1848 he entered the public service, onthe first board of health of which the Earl of Carlisle was thechairman, and was employed under the Home and ForeignOffices until 1855. He conducted several special inquiries,notably that of the cholera epidemic of 1848-9. He was sentas the head of a Commission to several foreign countries toinquire into the law and practice of burial; and he went tothe Paris Conference on Quarantine Law of 1851-2, whereLouis Napoleon, then President of the French Republic, pre-sented him with a gold medal commemorative of the event.At the request of Lord Palmerston and Lord Panmure hewent out to the Crimea in 1855 as head of the SanitaryCommission, and became associated with Miss Nightingalein Turkey. At Lord Panmure’s request he returned toEngland in August for consultation as to the contemplatedsanitary arrangements for the army, and in September hehad the honour of joining the Royal dinner party atBalmoral, in order that Her Majesty the Queen andH.R.H. the Prince Consort might be informed of the stepstaken for the benefit of the troops at the seat of war. Hewas a member of the Royal Sanitary Commission on theSanitary State of the Army, and took an active partin preparing the report, dated 1858 ; also of the RoyalSanitary Commission for India, the report of whichwas published in 1863. Subsequently he was a member ofthe Barrack and Hospital Improvement Commission, withMr. Sydney Herbert as president and Captain (now Sir ’,Douglas) Galton, and Dr. Burrell of the Army Medical ’’,Department as members. Dr. John Sutherland was mostmaterially assisted in his work in the Crimean inquiry byMr. (now Sir Robert) Rawlinson and Drs. Gavin andMilroy. Dr. Sutherland and Captain Galton visited andreported on the barracks and hospitals of the Mediterranean Istations, which at that time included the Ionian Islands. ’iThese reports were all presented to Parliament. The labourthey entailed was very great ; the beneficial, and progres-sively beneficial, change they brought about was enormous,and will be best understood by a comparison between the vitalstatistics of the army prior to the time of the Crimean Warand those of the present date. In Dr. Sutherland’s time it was Ia question of providing the essentials for the health of the ’,army ; now we have gone further, and something is being ’,done for the soldier’s comforts also. In 1865 Dr. Sutherland ’’

visited Gibraltar and Malta, and made reports on the choleraepidemics at those places. In 1866 he went on a commission ’’to Algeria, and reported on the French army serving in thatcountry. Besides serving on various other committees, Dr.Sutherland was a member of the Army Sanitary Com-mittee up to the date of his retirement in June, 1888. In !conjunction with Sir Douglas Galton he contributed someexcellent papers on hospital construction to THE LANCET.His deafness prevented his taking part in discussions, butof the services he rendered to the State, the soldier, and thepublic generally there can be no manner of doubt.

THE BRIGHTON WoRKHOUSE.-The two new in-firmary blncks to this workhouse are now completed. Theywill provide room for the greatly needed better classificationof ti- e sick in the existing waros, and give improved accom-modation for the imbeciles. The old infirmary buildings

will in future be utilised for the aged and infirm poor. ,

Medical News.EXAMINING BOARD IN ENGLAND BY THE ROYAL

COLLEGES OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.-The followinggentlemen passed the Second Examination of the Board inthe subjects indicated at a meeting of the Examiners on the14th inst.:-Anatomy and Phyciology.-Cuthbert H. J. Lockyer, student ofCharing-cross Hospital; William D. Knocker, of St. Thomas’s Hos.pital ; William E. N. Dunn, H. Watson Southey, and George A.Harrison, of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital ; Henry J. Dean, John W.Sames, and R. Hamilton Townend, of London Hospital; LancelotH. D. Hale and Edward J. Blackett, of St. George’s Hospital;Charles Ryall, of Westminster Hospital.

Anatomy only.-Harold F. Humphreys, W. Warner Henson, and F. H.Loveless Cloud, of Guy’s Hospital; W. Spinks Webb and George A.Hayden, of London Hospital; Gwilym Lewis, of St. Mary’s Hospitaland Mr. Cooke’s School of Anatomy and Physiology ; J. ClaudiusYoung, of Buffalo University, U.S.A.

Physiologyonly.-Oswald Challis, of St. George’s Hospital ; DebonnaireF. Maunsell, Fred. W. Waters, and Michael A. Teale, of St. Thomas’sHospital; R. Withers Gilmour, of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital;Sidney H. L. Archer, of London Hospital.

Passed on the 15th inst.:-Anatomy and Physiology.-Sidney Hughes, Alfred Miller, and John

C. V. Wilkins, of Guy’s Hospital ; William J. Evans, Roger K.Hamilton, Louis E. Dartnell, Charles A. Jone", Richard Jones, andJames H. Jolley, of London Hospital; Henry H. P Cotton and B.Nitch-Smith, of Westminster Hospital ; Gerald R. Baldwin andChristopher D. Dawes, of St. George’s Hospital; Archibald H. P.Dawnay and Charles H. Dissent, of University College.

Anatomy only.-James E. Jones and Archibald W. Lamb, of St. Bar.tholomew’s Hospital; William Drake and Frederick H. E. Anning,of University College ; Hubert Hope Thomas, of Charing-crossHospital; Rees G. Jones, of London Hospital.

Physaology only.-Gwilym Lewis and Joseph E. S. Old, of LondonHospital; Walter Mawer, of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; MatthewCarter, of Charing-cross Hospital.

Passed on the 16th inst.:-Anatomy and P7zysiology.-Joseph C. S. Peatson, of Guy’s Hospital ;

Cecil B. Simpson, of St. Thomas’s Hospital ; Frederick C. Simpsonand Henry R. Andrews, of London Hospital; Frederick W. Kerbey,of London Hospital and Mr. Cooke’s School of Anatomy and Phy-siology ; Albert 0. Bobardt, of Melbourne University; Charles H.Russell, of Charing. cross Hospital: Clement A. Newbald, of St. Bar.tholomew’s Hospital; Robert H. Hogg, of Otago University.

Anatomy on7y.-Francis J. Loveday, of London Hospital; FredericV. Elkington, of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital and Mr. Cooke’sSchool of Anatomy and Physiology ; Walter L. Roberts, of St. Mary’sHospital; Walter H. Morgan and William R. Larbalestier, ofCharing-cross Hospital.

Physiology Only.—Edward G. Frederick, of King’s College ; CharlesW. Lanphier, William Escombe, and Arthur Godfrey Ince, ofCharing-cross Hospital; Francis E. Bromley, Philip G. Williams,and Dan Davies, of London Hospital; Walter L. Stuart, of Guy’sHospital; John H. Campbell and John B. Yelf, of St. Mary’s Hos-pital ; Arthur M. Wilkinson, of Westminster Hospital; LeonardHarman, of St. Thomas’s Hospital.ROYAL COLLEGES OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS,

IRELAND : CONJOINT SCHEME.-The following have passedthe Second Professional Examination :-G. H. Ayres, J. Behane, J. G. Burne, Moore Betty, J. F. A. Bu]nn,

J. Campbell, W. Coneys, J. J. Costello, T. E. Cottu, W. S. Crosthwait,M. J. Cuffe, J. J. Dolan, C. P. Hannen, R. J. Harvey, G. J. Houghton,R. D. Jephson, P. King Joyce, F. J. Matthews, H. H. Moffatt,Denis Molyneux, J. R. O’Brien, J. H. Power, W. F. Roe, CharlesSkelly, R. Somerville, Hubert R. Sweeny, W. Taylor, Elizabeth A.Tennant, A. R. Twigg, H. G. Thompson, and J. R. C. Whitley.

SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON. - Thefollowing candidates have passed the recent Primary Exa-minations in the subjects indicated :-Surgery.-C. C. S. Barry, St. George’s Hospital ; E. H. Bingley,

St. Mary’s Hospital; F. Dove, J. Kyffin, and M. C. Langford,London Hospital; W. F. L. Green, King’s College ; A. E. E. Jones,Middlesex Hospital; F. W. Pogson, Yorkshire College, Leeds;E. G. Renny, D. Sims, G. C. W. Williams, and E. H. Willock,St. Thomas’s Hospital; A. Richardson, University of Edinburgh;P. J. Ryan, University College ; C. C. Vigurs, Cambridge Universityand St. Mary’s Hospital.

Medicine, Forensic Medicine, and Midwifery.-W. Anderson, Uni.versity of California; A. C. Dornford, London Hospital; J. George,King’s College ; W. C. Hindu, Middlesex Hospital; E. J. Steegmann,St. Mary’s Hospital.

Medicine and Midwifery.-E. H. Bing ley and C. F. Warren, St. Mary’sHospital; R. A. Earle, Middlesex Hospital; T. H. English, LondonHospital; H. J. Forster, Westminster Hospital ; A. F. Gervis,St. Thomas’s Hospital; T. W. Smith, King’s College.

Forensic Medicine and It[idwifery.-A. G. Haydon, St. Bartholomew’sHospital; A. W. C. Herbert, St. Mary’s Hospital ; S. Melville, Uni-vtrsity College.

Medicine.-H. C. Coopland, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; C. O’Sullivan,London Hospital.

Forensic Medicine.-R. Jackson, London Hospital ; G. C. W. Williamsand E. H. Willock, St. Thomas’s Hospital.

Midwifery.-S. A. E. Griffiths, Middlesex Hospital; G. F. Knipe..University College, Liverpool ; P. G. Laver, St. Thomas’s Hospital.

To Messrs. Anderson, Coopland, Dornford, George, Jackson,

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Knipe, Melville, Richardson, Ryan, Williams, and WIllockwas granted the Diploma of the Society, entitling them topractise Medicire, Surgery and Midwifery.VICTORIA HOSPITAL, HULL.—The Marchioness of

Salisbury formally opened on Wednesday the Victoria Hos-pital for Sick Children, Hull.

DEATH OF A CENTENARIAN.-Mr. R. W. J. Evans,the medical officer of health, has reported to the WrexhamTown Council the death of Mrs. Bj,ker, a resident in theborough, who lived to the advanced age of 101 years.She had always been an active woman ; and, except-ing failing eyesight, her senses were perfect and hermemory good.GIBRALTAR WATEft-SUPPLY. - The question of

water-supply at Gibraltar has long been a difficulty, andone with which the authorities must sooner or later deal.We learn that owing to the scarcity of water at the presenttime the Governor has placed the garrison upon shortallowance, adults receiving a gallon daily ana childrenhalf a gallon.LIQUID OXYGEN.-Professor Olszewski, of Cracow,

recently succeeded in producing 200 grammes of oxygen ina liquid state. The experiment was made in the pre-sence of numerous members of the Polish Naturalists’Congress, and the explanations given as to the qua,litiesof the new fluid are said to have made a profoundsensation.

WEST LONDON MEDICO-CfJIRURGICAL SOCIETY.-The tenth annual meeting was held on July 10th, Mr. T.Gunton Alderton in the chair. The report of the Counciland balance-sheet were adopted, and the following officersfor 1891-92 were fleeted. President: Dr. Charles Wells.Vice-Presidents: Drp. Clippivgdale, Abraham, and Ball,and Mr. R. Lloyd. Council: Messrs. Benham, Blenkinsop,Edwards, Clemow, Batten, Mal k Dunn, Schacht, Masters,Fennings, Mansbridge, and Coutts. Treasurer: Mr. T.Gunton Alderton. Secretaries : Dr. Symons Eccles andMr. J. H. Menzies. Librarian: Dr. Schacht.

SOCIETY OF MEDICAL OFFICERS OF HEALTH.-Dr. E. W. Hopf, assistant medical officer of health forLiverpool, presided over a meeting of the North-WesternBranch of this Society on the 17th inst. A paper entitled" The Appointment, Position, and Tenure of uffice of theMedical Ufficer of Health" was read by Dr. Hirst (Prestwich).He pointed out that at present about two-thirds of themedical officers received salaries of not over £50 per year,and more than one-fifth of them had salaries less than JE20.Medical officers, he contended, should be under tbe controlof a central authority, should work in unison, and shouldbe protected in their duties.

PRESENTATIONS. - Mr. J. Rogerson, L.R.C.P.,L.R.C.S. Edin., of Cambuslang, Glasgow, who has recentlyleft the district for an appointment at Dalserf, has beenpresented by his friends at Cambuslang with a ca.e ofsurgical instruments and a purse of sovereigns as tokens ofesteem. - The members of the branch of the St.. JohnAmbulance Class at Chatham, formed among a number ofladies of that towu, have presented Mr. Walter Buchanan,M.R.C S , of Paddock House. Chatham, with a testimonialconsisting of a complete set of brass ornaments for a writingtable, in appreciation of his lectures and instruction onFirst Aid."

ACTION AGAINST THE NATIONAL MEDICAL AIDSOCIETY, LIMITED (LONDON).-The SusfJex Daily News hasthe following aragraph:-"At the Tunbridge Wells CountyCourt, Messrs. Beale and Abbott, surgeons, of TunbridgeWells, sought to obtain an injunction against the NationalMedical Aid Society, Limited (London), to restrain themfrom making misrepresentations, whereby patients of theplaintiffs were induced to believe that the Society employedthem as their medical men and so gained an accessionof membership by such statements, which were said tobe false. The case excited great interest His HonourJudge Homusham Cox entered a non-suit, being ofopinion that the case was one of slander, which could notbe tried at his Court. Counsel for the defendant deniedthe allegations made."

THE ROYAL VACCINATION COMMISSION.—LordHerschell presided at the meeting of this Commission heldon Wednesday. Mr. Biggs, of the Leicester Board ofGuardians, was re-examined and cross-examined upon theevidence he had previously given against compulsory vacci-nation.

CLAYTON HOSPITAL, WAKEFIELD.-The 104threport of this excellent charity has just been issued. Duringthe year 1890, 504 in-patients and 3595 out-patients weretreated. Reference is made to the bequests of 91000 eachfrom Mr. Andrew Packard and his sister, Miss Packard,both of Ossett. On the year’s finance a balance remainedin hand of £135 12.

NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR THE PARALYSED AND EPI-LEPTIC -On Saturday the Duke of Westminster, accom-panied by the Duchess, formally opened the new mrgicalwing of this institution. It now contains 190 beds. Theout-patient attendances for the past year numbered 25,000.The annual expenditure is about 1:13,000, and of this sum£8000 has to be raised in contributions. His Grace havingdeclared the wing open, the Duchess received presentationpurses to the amount of nearly £100. To complete the newbuilding about j6250 more are required.ARBROATH INFIRMARY.-This infirmary is in a.

very favourable state. The report for the past year showsthat the number of patients treated was 207. In additionthere had been 234 dispensary accidfnts. The financialposition shows a small deficit. The endowment fund (ex-clusive of the Panmure annuity of £50) now amounts to£10,107 8s. 10d. Aliusion is made to the opening of a Con-va!eseent Home, near Arbroath, which has been provided’by the generosity of two gentlemen who are natives of thetown. The income of this home shows a balance overexpenditure of £ 16 17s. 10d., which was carried to thecapital account.

LIBELLING A MEDICAL MAN.-At the DurhamAssizes, on July 15 th, Mrs. Patchett was charged withwriting a series ot filthy letters libelling Mr. Square ofSunderland. The prosecution was undertaken on behalf ofMr. Square by the Medical Defence Union (Limited). The

mod-zss operandi pursued was to send letters of a grosscharacter to ladies whom Mr. Square attended profession--ally accusing them of improper lelations with the surgeon;by the same post the lady’s husband, if she were married,was so informed by the same means; and simultaneouslythe surgeon received a letter telling him that these lettershad been sent, and threatening to continue these attentions*to every patient until he was driven from the town. In.

consequence of the efforts of the Union in 1890 the annoy-ance temporarily ceased, but was resumed in May last.After long continuous efforts most convincing evidence was.obtained against the prisoner, who at the Assizes pleadedguilty, and was bound over in her own recognisances and!two sureties to be of good behaviour.

METROPOLITAN ASYLUMS BOARD.

Return of Patients remaining in the several Fever Hospitalsof the Board at Midnigh,t on July 21st, 1891.

i fi

SMALL-Pox.-Atlas hospital ship, 1.