Mediterranean World

Indo Europeans2 theories

Anatolian brought farming independent farming techniques

Megaliths First about 4,000BCE Throughout EuropeLarge stones in circles or lined up in rowsAstronomical associations

Hittites1600-1200BCEWestern AsiaIron Users

Phoenicians120 mi. along PalestineGreat tradersCarthageAlphabet

HebrewsMonotheistic-

JudaismNomadic peopleMigrated from

Mesopotamia to Palestine

HebrewsSaul first King (1020-1000BCE)David (1000-970BCR)- settled people to

farmingSolomon (970-930BCE)- temple of Jerusalem/

expanded political militaryAfter Solomon divided 2 kingdoms- Kingdom

of Israel/ Judah Israel over run by Assyrians Judah conquered- Assyrians, Chaldeans,

Persians, Macedonians, Rome

AssyriansOn the upper Tigris riverUsed Hittite iron weaponsEmpire established about 700BCE

Areas revolted and fell in 605BCERuled by kings

Efficient administration and communicationWell organized army

AssyriansUnified languageReligion Few significant

citiesTrade secondary

CultureHybridizedRelief sculptures

PersiaNebuchadnezzar II (605-562BCE)

Empire based in BabyloniaFell to Persians unified by Cyrus the Great

(559-530BCE)

Satrapy- province, Satrap governorCollect tributeJustice and securityFill military levies

Persian Government20 satraps from

Egypt to India Satrapy- province,

Satrap governor Collect tribute Justice and security Fill military levies

Well maintained roads

King considered divine

All subjects kings servants

Capital Susa

Persian Religion Zoroastrianism

Zoraster born 660BCE prophet revealed true religion

Zend AvesteMonotheistic

Ahuramazda vs. evil spirit Ahriman