Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis

Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis

Volume 7

For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/8172

Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis

Volume 7

Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and PrognosisGeneral Overviews, Head and Neck Cancer and Thyroid Cancer

Edited by

M.A. HayatDepartment of Biological Sciences,Kean University, Union, NJ, USA

ISBN 978-90-481-3185-3 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3186-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009941464

© 2010 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Printed on acid-free paper

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EditorM.A. HayatDepartment of Biological SciencesKean UniversityUnion, NJ, USA

New technology, for better or for worse, will be used, as that is our nature.

Lewis Thomas

You have been given the key that opens the gates of heaven; the same key opens the gates of hell.

Writing at the entrance to a Buddhist temple

vii

Contributors

Domenico Adorno Instituto CNR per I Trapianti d’Organo e l’Immunocitologia (ITOI)-P.le Collemaggio-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

Huguette Albrecht School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCDMC Cancer Center, 2800 Bidwell St #3, Davis, CA 95618, USA

Katsuyuki Aozasa Department of Pathology, Osaka University School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Enke Baldini Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy

Aubin Balmer Hopital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Avenue de France 15, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland

Niall Barron National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Mirco Bartolomei Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Martin Béhé Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Baldingerstasse, 35042 Marburg, Germany

Thomas M. Behr Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Baldingerstasse, 35042 Marburg, Germany

Anna Maria Berghella Instituto CNR per I Trapianti d’Organo e l’Immunocitologia (ITOI)-P.le Collemaggio-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

Donald Bodenner Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA

A.H. Brouwers Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. Box 20.001 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands

vii

viii Contributors

Marco Chinol Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

William C.S. Cho Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Room 1305, 13/F, Block R, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR

Brett Clarke Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Suite 543, Little Rock, AR 77205-7199, USA

Martin Clynes National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Ida Contasta Instituto CNR per I Trapianti d’Organo e l’Immunocitologia (ITOI)-P.le Collemaggio-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

Marta Cremonesi Division of Health Physics, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Massimino D’Armiento Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy

Hanna Dahlstrand Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

Yeumeng Dai Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Suite 543, Little Rock, AR 77205-7199, USA

Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Tiziana Del Beato Instituto CNR per I Trapianti d’Organo e l’Immunocitologia (ITOI)-P.le Collemaggio-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

Padraig Doolan National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Mahila Ferrari Division of Health Physics, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Stephen P. Finn Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology and Loda Lab, Room JF215H, Jimmy Fund Building, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Sophie D. Fosså Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway

Contributors ix

Alex Gaither Developmental and Molecular Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Lucia Garaboldi Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Martin Gotthardt Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Chiara Maria Grana Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Obi L. Griffith Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3, Canada

Lalle Hammarstedt Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

Steven J.M. Jones Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3, Canada

Mathew C. Kiernan Institute of Neurological Science, Princes of Wales Hospital, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia

Deanne King Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thyroid Clinic, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA

K.P. Koopsmans Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. Box 20.001 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands

Wooin Lee Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University, 777 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA

Li Li State Key Laboratory in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Dong Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guang Dong, People’s Republic of China

T.P. Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. Box 20.001 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands

Li-Zhi Liu State Key Laboratory in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Dong Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guang Dong, People’s Republic of China

x Contributors

Craig Lockhart Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Siteman Cancer Center, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA

Jeffrey P. MacKeigan Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA

John R. Mackey Department of Internal Medicine, Hotel Dieu, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 69288 Lyon Cedex 02, France

Luigi Martano Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Joshua McElderry Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Suite 543, Little Rock, AR 77205-7199, USA

Jai Prakash Mehta National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Adrienne Melck Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V5Z 4E3

Rahmawati Minhajat Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga City, Saga 849-8501 Japan

Daisuke Mori Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga City, Saga 849-8501 Japan

Eiichi Morii Department of Pathology, Osaka University School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan

Sanjay Mukhopadhyay Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA

Eva Munck-Wikland Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

Francis Munier Hopital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Avenue de France 15, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland

Takashi Nakamura Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan

Michel R. Nasr Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., 6227 RCO, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

Lorraine O’Driscoll National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Contributors xi

Jan Oldenburg Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway

John J. O’Leary Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology and Loda Lab, Room JF215H, Jimmy Fund Building, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Giovanni Paganelli Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Stefano Papi Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Sussana B. Park The University of New South Wales, Institute of Neurological Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia

Patrizia Pellegrini Instituto CNR per I Trapianti d’Organo e l’Immunocitologia (ITOI)-P.le Collemaggio-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

T.T.H. Phan Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. Box 20.001 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands

Selina Raguz MRC Clinical Services Centre Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom

Laura Ravasi Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

Sanziana A. Roman Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA

Rahel Sahli Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland

Pascal Sève Department of Internal Medicine, Hotel Dieu, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 69288 Lyon Cedex 02, France

Neelam G. Shah The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Aswara, Ahmedabad 380 016, Gujarat, India

Orla M. Sheils Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology and Loda Lab, Room JF215H, Jimmy Fund Building, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Julie Ann Sosa Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA

xii Contributors

Brendan C. Stack Jr., Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Suite 543, Little Rock, AR 77205-7199, USA

Misa Sumi Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan

Osamu Tokunaga Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga City, Saga 849-8501 Japan

T.I. Trivedi The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Aswara, Ahmedabad 380 016, Gujarat, India

Salvatore Ulisse Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy

Istvan Vajtai Section of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, P.O. Box 62, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland

Marc Van Cauteren Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan

H.H.G. Verbeek Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. Box 20.001 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands

Tracy S. Wang Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA

Sam M. Wiseman Saint Paul’s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Room C303, Burrard Bldg, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z1Y6 Canada

David T. Wong UIC College of Dentistry, CMBOD (MC860), 801 S. Paulina Street, Room 530C, Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA

Ernesto Yagüe Department of Oncology, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom

Ichiro Yasuda First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Hospital, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan

Jian-Hui Ye Department Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Suite 543, Little Rock, AR 77205-7199, USA

Contributors xiii

Tianwei Yu UIC College of Dentistry, CMBOD (MC860), 801 S. Paulina Street, Room 530C, Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA

Xiaofeng Zhou UIC College of Dentistry, CMBOD (MC860), 801 S. Paulina Street, Room 530C, Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA

Leonidas Zografos Hopital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Avenue de France 15, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland

Preface

There are more than 100 types of cancers affecting all parts of the human body. More than 11 million people are diagnosed with cancer every year, and it is estimated that there will be 16 million new cases by the year 2020. In 2005, 7.6 million peo-ple died of cancer, that is, 13% of the 58 million deaths worldwide. It is estimated that 9 million people will die from can-cer worldwide in 2015 and 11.4 million will die in 2030. More than 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. These statistics underlie the fact that cancer is the deadliest of all human diseases. The enormity of the glo-bal healthcare costs as a result of cancer cannot be overemphasized.

This seventh volume in the series, Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, presents an overview of the molecular basis of cancer, cancer biomarkers, tumor angiogenesis, use of imaging techniques for cancer diagnosis, treatments using chemotherapy, radiation, radioimmunotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies. Part I presents an overview of the pharmacogenomics into cancer therapy, cancer stem cells, and translation of in vitro cell lines results into clinical practice.

In Part II, head and neck cancer is dis-cussed. The global number of annual new cases of this malignancy is ~500,000. These malignancies include oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary gland tumors, tonsil-lar cancer, tongue cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and retinoblastoma, which are detailed. In Part III, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma are dis-cussed. The global number of new cases of thyroid cancer is ~141,000, and the number of worldwide thyroid mortalities is ~35,375. The number of new cases of this cancer in the United States is ~33,550. Molecular genetics of thyroid cancer, gene expres-sion markers for diagnosis, papillary thy-roid carcinoma diagnosis, and use of PET imaging for diagnosing thyroid cancer are detailed. Detection of metastasized medul-lary thyroid carcinoma using radiolabeled gastrin analogs is included. Prognosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma based on stage and age are included.

As in the previous six volumes of this series, each chapter is written by distin-guished, practicing clinicians/surgeons/pathologists who provide detailed method-ologies for diagnosis and treatment of the two types of cancer. The volume is divided into three major parts, with each of the two

xv

types of cancers further subdivided into diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. This volume was written by 89 oncologists representing 16 countries. Their practical experience highlights their writings, which should build and further the endeavors of the readers in this important field. It is my hope that the current volume will join the preceding volumes in this series in form-ing a more complete understanding of globally relevant cancer syndromes. There exists a tremendous public demand on the scientific community to address can-cer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and, hopefully, cures.

I am grateful to the contributors for their promptness in accepting my suggestions, and I respect their dedication and diligent work in sharing their invaluable knowl-

edge with the public through this series. Each chapter provides unique individual, practical knowledge based on the expertise and knowledge of the authors. The chap-ters contain the most up-to-date practical and theoretical information, and I hope that these volumes will assist the practic-ing readers in their clinical work.

I am thankful to Dr. Dawood Farahi and Dr. Kristie Reilly for recognizing the importance of scholarship (research, writing, and publishing) in an institu-tion of higher learning and for providing the resources for completing this project. I appreciate receiving expert help from Myrna Ortiz and Erin McNally in prepar-ing this volume.

M.A. HayatMarch 2009

xvi Preface

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Volume 1

1. Breast Cancer: An Introduction

2. Breast Cancer: Computer-Aided Detection

3. Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Breast: Clinicopathologic Features

4. Breast Cancer: Detection by In-Vivo Imaging of Angiogenesis

5. Breast and Prostate Biopsies: Use of Optimized High-Throughput MicroRNA Expression for Diagnosis (Methodology)

6. Familial Breast Cancer: Detection of Prevalent High-Risk Epithelial Lesions

7. Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Papillary Lesions of Breast: Excisional Biopsy or Stereotactic Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy (Methodology)

8. Multicentric Breast Cancer: Sentinel Node Biopsy as a Diagnostic Tool

9. Breast Cancer Recurrence: Role of Serum Tumor Markers CEA and CA 15-3

10. Breast Cancer Patients Before, During or After Treatment: Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood Detected by Multigene Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction

11. Breast Cancer Patients: Diagnostic Epigenetic Markers in Blood

xvii

xviii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

12. Breast Cancer Patients: Detection of Circulating Cancer Cell-Related mRNA Markers with Membrane Array Method

13. Prediction of Metastasis and Recurrence of Breast Carcinoma: Detection of Survivin-Expressing Circulating Cancer Cells

14. Node-Negative Breast Cancer: Predictive and Prognostic Value of Peripheral Blood Cytokeratin-19 mRNA-Positive Cells

15. Breast and Colon Carcinomas: Detection with Plasma CRIPTO-1

16. Breast Cancer Risk in Women with Abnormal Cytology in Nipple Aspirate Fluid

17. Tissue Microarrays: Construction and Utilization for Biomarker Studies

18. Systematic Validation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers Using Tissue Microarrays: From Construction to Image Analysis

19. Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast: The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis

20. Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Prognostic Assessment Using Immunohistochemistry

21. Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma: Detection Using Histology and Immunohistochemistry

22. Invasive Breast Cancer: Overexpression of HER-2 Determined by Immunohistochemistry and Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification

23. Operable Breast Cancer: Neoadjuvant Treatment (Methodology)

24. Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

25. Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Role of Chemotherapy in Improving Prognosis

26. Relevance of Dose-Intensity for Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 xix

27. Advanced Breast Cancer: Treatment with Docetaxel/Epirubicin

28. Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Using Toxicity Data to Inform Decisions

29. Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Who Received Adjuvant Anthracyclines (An Overview)

30. Estrogen Receptor-Negative and HER-2/neu-Positive Locally Advanced Breast Carcinoma: Therapy with Paclitaxel and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor

31. Breast Cancer: Side Effects of Tamoxifen and Anastrozole

32. Breast Cancer: Expression of HER-2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor as Clinical Markers for Response to Targeted Therapy

33. Young Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Breast-Conserving Therapy: Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2

34. Radiation Therapy for Older Women with Early Breast Cancer

35. Acute Side Effects of Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: Role of DNA-Repair and Cell Cycle Control Genes

36. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography in Primary Breast Cancer: Factors Responsible for False-Negative Results

37. Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery During Prophylactic Mastectomy (Methodology)

38. Breast Conservation Surgery: Methods

39. Lymph Node-Negative Breast Carcinoma: Assessment of HER-2/neu Gene Status as Prognostic Value

40. Multifocal or Multicentric Breast Cancer: Understanding Its Impact on Management and Treatment Outcomes

41. Are Breast Cancer Survivors at Risk for Developing Other Cancers?

xx Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

42. Distant Metastasis in Elderly Patients with Breast Cancer: Prognosis with Nodal Status

43. Concomitant Use of Tamoxifen with Radiotherapy Enhances Subcutaneous Breast Fibrosis in Hypersensitive Patients

44. Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Is Adjuvant Radiotherapy Necessary?

45. Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Multidrug Resistance

46. Breast Cancer: Diagnosis of Recurrence Using 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

47. Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Diagnosis and Methodology

48. Breast Conservation Treatment of Early Stage Breast Carcinoma: Risk of Cardiac Mortality

Volume 2

Part I General Methods and Overviews

1. Metabolic Transformations of Malignant Cells: An Overview

2. Detection of Recurrent Cancer by Radiological Imaging

3. Tumor Gene Therapy: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

4. Assessment of Gene Transfer: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Techniques

5. Role of Mutations in TP53 in Cancer (An Overview)

6. Personalized Medicine for Cancer

7. Radiation Doses to Patients Using Computed Radiography, Direct Digital Radiography and Screen-Film Radiography

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 xxi

8. Cancer Vaccines and Immune Monitoring (An Overview)

9. New Insights into the Role of Infection, Immunity, and Apoptosis in the Genesis of the Cancer Stem Cell

10. Successful Cancer Treatment: Eradication of Cancer Stem Cells

11. Overexposure of Patients to Ionizing Radiation: An Overview

Part II Lung Cancer

12. Lung Carcinoma

13. Extra-Pulmonary Small Cell Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

14. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lung: Automated Segmentation Methods

15. Peripheral Lung Lesions: Diagnosis Using Transcutaneous Contrast-Enhanced Sonography

16. Small Pulmonary Nodules: Detection Using Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography

17. Secondary Primary Cancer Following Chemoradiation for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

18. Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Second-Line Treatment with Docetaxel

19. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastases: Platinum-Based Chemotherapy

20. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: EGFR Gene Mutations and Response to Gefitinib

21. Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Acquired Resistance to Gefitinib

22. Prognostic Significance of [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake on Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Pathological Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma

xxii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

23. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognosis Using the TNM Staging System

24. Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Pleural Effusions: Methylation Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis

25. Pathological Distinction of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma from Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Using Immunohistochemistry

26. Differentiating Between Pleuropulmonary Desmoid Tumors and Solitary Fibrous Tumors: Role of Histology and Immunohistochemistry

27. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastasis: Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutation

Part III Prostate Cancer

28. Prostate Carcinoma

29. The Role of Intermediary Metabolism and Molecular Genetics in Prostate Cancer

30. Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization in Prostate Cancer: Research and Clinical Applications

31. Prostate Cancer: Role of Vav3 Overexpression in Development and Progression

32. Prostate Cancer: Detection and Monitoring Using Mitochondrial Mutations as a Biomarker

33. Prognostic Markers in Prostate Carcinoma

34. Prostate Cancer: Detection of Free Tumor-Specific DNA in Blood and Bone Marrow

35. Prostate Carcinoma: Evaluation Using Transrectal Sonography

36. Prostate Cancer: 16b-[18F]Fluoro-5α-Dihydrotesterone(FDHT) Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography

37. Effects of Standard Treatments on the Immune Response to Prostate Cancer

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 xxiii

38. Vinorelbine, Doxorubicin, and Prednisone in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer

39. Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence After Radiotherapy: Use of Cyclic Androgen Withdrawal Therapy

Volume 3

Part I Gastrointestinal Cancers

1. Introduction: Gastrointestinal Cancer

2. Metastatic Gastrointestinal Cancer: Safety of Cisplatin Combined with Continuous 5-FU Versus Bolus 5-FU and Leucovorin (Methodology)

3. Gastrointestinal Cancer: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)

4. Gastrointestinal Epithelial Neoplasms: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)

5. Inoperable Abdomino-Pelvic Tumors: Treatment with Radio-Frequency Ablation and Surgical Debulking

6. Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Diagnosis Using Gastrin Receptor Scintigraphy

Part II Esophageal Cancer

7. Distal Esophagus: Evaluation with 18F-FDG PET/CT Fusion Imaging

8. Endoscopic Ultrasound and Staging of Esophageal Cancer

9. Esophageal Cancer: Role of RNASEN Protein and microRNA in Prognosis

10. Esophageal Cancer: Initial Staging

xxiv Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Part III Gastric Cancer

11. Automated Disease Classification of Colon and Gastric Histological Samples Based on Digital Microscopy and Advanced Image Analysis

12. Early Gastric Cancer: Prediction of Metachronous Recurrence Using Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)

13. Helicobacter pylori-Infected Neoplastic Gastric Epithelium: Expression of MUC2 as a Biomarker

14. Gastric Cancer: Role of Intestinal Metaplasia by Histochemical Detection Using Biopsy Specimens

15. Gastric Cancer: Antitumor Activity of RUNX3

16. Early Gastric Cancer: Laparoscopic Gastrectomy (Methodology)

17. Gastric Cancer: Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 as a Prognostic Factor

Part IV Pancreatic Cancer

18. Pancreatic Cancer: Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor as a Prognostic Factor

19. Pancreatic Cancer: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography as a Prognostic Parameter

20. Imaging and Pathologic Findings of Peculiar Histologic Variants of Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors

21. Periampullary Adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis and Survival After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

22. Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Concurrent Chemotherapy

Index

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 xxv

Volume 4

Part I Colorectal Cancer

1. Introduction: Colorectal Cancer

2. Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: (Methodology)

3. Colorectal Cancer: Immunohistochemical Diagnosis with Heterogenous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K

4. Metastases and Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer: Diagnostic Role of Immunoscintigraphy

5. Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Using DNA Levels in Blood and Stool

6. Colorectal Carcinoma: Identification of MicroRNAs Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

7. Colorectal Cancer: Optimization of the Combination of 5-Flouroracil and Irinotecan

8. Detection of Abdominal Abscesses After Colorectal Surgery: Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Gallium Scan

9. Antimetastatic Therapy in Colorectal Cancer: Role of Tumor Cell Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (Methodology)

10. Endoscopic Resection of Early Colorectal Tumours: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques

11. Role of Stromal Variables in Development and Progression of Colorectal Cancer

12. Quantitative Assessment of Colorectal Cancer Perfusion: Perfusion Computed Tomography and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

13. Colorectal Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography

14. Prognostic Significance of Protein Markers in Colorectal Cancer Stratified by Mismatch Repair Status

15. Colorectal Cancer: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity as a Prognostic Marker

xxvi Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Part II Colon Cancer

16. Detection of Tumor Cells in Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients Using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction

17. Colon Cancer: Laparoscopic Surgery

18. Sentinal Node-Based Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer

Part III Rectal Cancer

19. Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Staging Using Endorectal Ultrasonography (Methodology)

20. Rectal Cancer: Spectral Imaging and Immunohistochemistry of Thymidylate Synthase

21. Cancer of the Rectum: Abdominoperineal and Sphincter-Saving Resections

22. Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer

23. Resectable Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Short-Course Radiation

24. Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Allows for Local Control in Rectal Cancer, but Distant Metastases Remain an Unsolved Problem

25. Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Combined Chemotherapy During Preoperative Radiation Therapy

Part IV Colorectal Liver Metastases

26. Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Neoadjuvant Therapy with Bevacizumab

27. Colorectal Liver Metastases: Radiofrequency Ablation

Part V Anal Cancer

28. Anal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Diagnosis Using p63 Immunohistochemistry

29. Anorectal Melanoma: Prediction of Outcome Based on Molecular and Clinicopathologic Features

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 xxvii

Volume 5

Part I Liver Cancer

A. Diagnosis

1. Applications of Positron Emission Tomography in Liver Imaging: An Overview

2. Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Liver: Imaging Features

3. A Radial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method for Imaging Abdominal Neoplasms

4. Liver: Helical Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Part II Resectable Liver Cancer

A. Diagnosis

5. Selection of Patients for Resection of Hepatic Colorectal Metastases: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography

B. Treatment

6. Ultrasonography During Liver Surgery

Part III Unresectable Liver Cancer

A. Treatment

7. Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatic Tumors

8. Surgically Unresectable and Chemotherapy-Refractory Metastatic Liver Carcinoma: Treatment with Yttrium-90 Microsphere Followed by Assessment with Positron Emission Tomography

B. Prognosis

9. Unresectable Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Methodology and Prognosis with Radiofrequency Ablation

xxviii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Part IV Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A. Diagnosis

10. Screening with Ultrasonography of Patients at High-Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Thrombocytopenia as a Valid Surrogate of Cirrhosis

11. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Contrast-Enhanced Sonography

12. Focal Liver Lesion: Nonlinear Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging

13. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

14. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation with Radiologic Findings

15. Detection of Small Hepatic Lesions: Superparamagnetic Oxide-Enhanced Diffusion-Weighted T2 FSE Imaging

16. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

17. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Effect of Injection Rate/Injection Duration of Contrast Material on Computed Tomography

18. Detection of Combined Hepatocellular and Cholangiocarcinomas: Enhanced Computed Tomography

19. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Adenomatous Hyperplasia (Dysplastic Nodules): Dynamic Computed Tomography and a Combination of Computed Tomography and Angiography

20. Hepatocellular Cancer in Cirrhotic Patients: Radiological Imaging

B. Treatment

21. Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Thalidomide: Assessment with Power Doppler Ultrasound

22. Perfusion Scintigraphy with Integrated Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Management of Transarterial Treatment of Hepatic Malignancies

23. Postoperative Interferon Alpha Treatment of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Expression of p48 Using Tissue Microarray

Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 xxix

C. Prognosis

24. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Overexpression of Homeoprotein Six 1 as a Marker for Predicting Survival

25. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: KiSS-1 Overexpression as a Prognostic Factor

26. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prognosis Using Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Immunohistochemistry

27. Hepatitis C Virus-Related Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Predictive Markers Using Proteomic Analysis (Methodology)

Part V Metastases

A. Diagnosis

28. Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Ultrasound Imaging

29. Preclinical Liver Metastases: Three-Dimensional High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging

30. Colorectal Liver Metastases: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography

Part VI Biliary Cancer

A. Diagnosis

31. Biliary Cystic Tumors: Clinicopathological Features

32. Cholangiocarcinoma: Intraductal Sonography

B. Prognosis

33. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma: Role of the p53 Protein Family

34. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma: Mucin 4, a Poor Prognostic Factor

C. Treatment

35. Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Photodynamic Therapy and Stenting

xxx Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Part VII Splenic Cancer

A. Diagnosis

36. Splenic Metastases: Diagnostic Methods

Volume 6

Part I Ovarian Cancer

A. Diagnosis

1. Identification of Biomarkers for Clear Cell Ovarian Adenocarcinoma

2. Ovarian Carcinoma: Diagnostic Immuno-histochemistry of MUCIN4 (MUC4)

3. Distinguishing Benign from Malignant Complex Adnexal Masses in Ovarian Cancer: Two-Dimensional Power-Doppler Imaging

4. Subgroups of Ovarian Carinoma: Identification Using Differential Gene Expression

5. Sertoliform Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Ovary: Diagnosis and Prognosis

B. Prognosis

6. Role of MUC16 (CA125) in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

7. Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary: Prognosis Using Cytoreductive Surgery

8. Advanced Ovarian Cancer: Prediction of Surgical Outcomes Using Computed Tomography

Part II Renal Cancer

A. Treatment

9. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Follow-Up with Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation

10. Metastatic Kidney Cancer: Treatment with Infusional Interleukin-2 Plus Famotidine

11. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preoperative Treatment with Cytokines Followed by Surgery