What Is Motivation?• Motivation is an important factor which

encourages persons to give their best performance and help in attaining organizational goals.• Motivation is what causes us to act,

whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.

DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION According to Brech, ”Motivation is a

willingness to expand energy to achieve a goal or a reward.”

Characteristics of motivation• Energetic force• Internal feeling• Goal oriented• Both positive and negative• Motivation in totality• Motivations change• Complex process

Importance of Motivation

• Satisfaction of needs• Job satisfaction• Productivity• Reduction in labour turnover and

absenteeism• Acceptance of organization changes• Increase in all round efficiency• Better use of resources• Creates friendly work environment

Causes of low Motivation level

• Work is inadequately divided.• One employee is getting higher pay for

doing less important work compare to one who is doing more quality work and getting less salary.

• If a worker is not well, physically or mentally.

• When there is no chance of promotion.• If the employee does not get any sense

of achievement while working in the organization.

Factors improving Motivation

• Two way communication• Proper incentive system• Human relation approach•Welfare schemes• Participation in management• Improve worker’s training

Theories of Motivation

Abraham Maslow He described how different

needs have greater priority than others. When he did, he found that our needs can be understood better by arranging them in the order of their importance, in our lives.

What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

• Maslow was a psychologist who proposed that within every person is a hierarchy of five needs:

1. Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, cloths, sleep, etc.

2. Safety needs – pension for old age, insurance plan, compensation for lay off , etc.

• 3. Belongingness or social needs – love, work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.

• 4. Esteem needs - self-respect, achievement, self-confidence, status, appreciation, managerial responsibility, etc.• 5. Self-Actualization needs -

realizing personal potential, self-development, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Three basic ingredients of Maslow’s theory :1) A man is a social animal. He always want

more and more. His needs are of many types.

2) There is a hierarchy of those needs i.e. these needs are arranged in series of preference. After the low needs are satisfied, the needs at higher level take their place. A man whose stomach is full becomes conscious of other needs.

3) A satisfied need can never work as a motivator. Only those needs which are not satisfied act as a motivator.

Frederick Herzberg

developed the two factor theory

What Is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

• Frederick Herzberg’s an American psychologist who became one of the most influential names in business management.

• Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory, also known as the two-factor theory proposes that:– Intrinsic factors are related to job

satisfaction and motivation–Extrinsic factors are associated with

job dissatisfaction

He found that there are two sets of needs :

• Hygiene Factors–Factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction but don’t motivate.

• Motivational factors–Factors that increase job satisfaction and motivation

Douglas McGregor

develop two theoriesof human behavior

What Are McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y?

Douglas McGregor was a Management professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He also taught at the Indian Institute of Management ,Calcutta

McGregor is best known for proposing two assumptions about human nature:

• Theory X– The assumption that employees dislike work, are

lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to work

• Theory Y– The assumption that employees are creative,

enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction

Comparison Theory X Theory Y1. Communication One way Two way 2. Planning Top management

does itInvolvement of all

3. Decision-making At top level Involvement of all4. Management Autocratic Democratic 5. Delegation and Decentralization

Minimum Maximum

6. Direction and control

From the top Self-control and self-direction

7. Assumption regarding people

Dislike work Like work

8. Assumption regarding responsibility

Dislike responsibility Accept and seek responsibility

9. Response to change

Resistant to change They recognize and accept changes

10. Creativity assumption

People lack creativity They possess creative potential

Methods Of Motivation• Financial Motivation• Non Financial Motivation Participation Job enrichment Integrating the

communication flow Positive reinforcement Terms of employment Favorable work

environment