Name: Unit 4: Imperialism Word Definition Analysis 1. Imperialism (191) • Policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories • Reasons for imperialism: - 1)Need for Raw Materials and markets (Extractive Economies) - 2) Strategic/Military – build naval bases and refuel merchant ships - 3)Nationalism – power, a belief in Social Darwinism --4) Humanitarian(Missionaries) Did America practice imperialism? If so where? 2. Frederick Jackson Turner (193) • Wrote Significance of the Frontier in American History • Argues that the frontier had served as a “safety valve,” siphoning off potential discontent • Imperialists argued that Turner’s thesis urged overseas expansion as a way to keep the “safety valve” open and avoid internal conflict How could the frontier (Westward Expansion) serve as a ‘safety valve’? 3. Captain Alfred T. Mahan(192) • Advocated for increased Naval power (both Merchant and military) • wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Would he have agreed with Americans practicing Imperialism? 4. Henry Cabot Lodge (192) • Strong supporter of American expansionism, continued to encourage a naval build-up into the early twentieth century. • Lodge and others believed that a strong navy was vital to the protection of U.S. interests both at home and abroad. Would Lodge support imperialism? 5. American Anti-Imperialist League • Group that opposed the acquisition of colonies • Felt violated basic democratic principles of self-government, democracy and freedom Are you an Imperialist or an Anti- Imperialist and why?
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Unit 4: Imperialism Word Definition Analysis 1. Imperialism (191)
• Policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories
• Reasons for imperialism: - 1)Need for Raw Materials and markets (Extractive Economies) - 2) Strategic/Military – build naval bases and refuel merchant ships - 3)Nationalism – power, a belief in Social Darwinism --4) Humanitarian(Missionaries)
Did America practice imperialism? If so where?
2. Frederick Jackson Turner (193)
• Wrote Significance of the Frontier in American History
• Argues that the frontier had served as a “safety valve,” siphoning off potential discontent
• Imperialists argued that Turner’s thesis urged overseas expansion as a way to keep the “safety valve” open and avoid internal conflict
How could the frontier (Westward Expansion) serve as a ‘safety valve’?
3. Captain Alfred T. Mahan(192)
• Advocated for increased Naval power (both Merchant and military)
• wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
Would he have agreed with Americans practicing Imperialism?
4. Henry Cabot Lodge (192) • Strong supporter of American expansionism, continued to encourage a naval build-up into the early twentieth century.
• Lodge and others believed that a strong navy was vital to the protection of U.S. interests both at home and abroad.
Would Lodge support imperialism?
5. American Anti-Imperialist League
• Group that opposed the acquisition of colonies
• Felt violated basic democratic principles of self-government, democracy and freedom
Are you an Imperialist or an Anti-Imperialist and why?
6. William McKinley (195-201)
• was the 25th President of the United States until his assassination in September 1901
• He felt that Congress should intervene in Cuba—pushed us towards the Spanish American war.
• (Roosevelt was the VP who would succeed him after the assassination)
What territory would he annex in 1898 to gain a port in the Pacific? (195)
7. Spanish American War(1898) (196)
• War between the United States and Spain over Cuba.
• Called “The Splendid Little War” because it only lasted 4 months and didn’t cost very much
How did the Spanish American War contribute to the US becoming a “colonial empire” or world power?
8. Teller Amendment (198)
• an amendment that states that after Cuba was liberated or freed from Spain
• the U.S was forbidden to annex or govern the island of Cuba
• and Cuba could not become a U.S territory
What did the amendment forbid the US to do?
9. Yellow Journalism (197)
• Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
• Sensational news stories that exaggerate the facts and influences public opinion
• Used by newspapers to get public support for Spanish American War.
Read your vocab—list two journalist who used yellow journalism
1.
2.
10. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer (197)
• Their publications were called the Yellow Press because they featured a popular comic-strip character called “The Yellow Kid”.
• To boost readership, Pulitzer’s New York World, Hearst’s New York Journal, and similar newspapers pasted sensational headlines and pictures on their front pages.
• Their stories exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared Cuban rebels to the patriots of the American Revolution
What role did they play in the Spanish American War?
11. De Lomé Letter (197)
• US newspaper published this letter which was stolen from the Spanish ambassador (De Lomé) and written to a friend in Cuba
• Described McKinley as "a cheap politician" and weak.
• Intensified the Anti-Spanish feelings in the United States
• Reinforced the power of the press to inflame and influence public opinion
Who was the letter criticizing?
12. U.S.S Maine (197)
• an American battleship sent to help Americans in Cuba
• exploded in the Havana Harbor in Cuba killing 266 men with 84 survivors
• U.S. blamed Spain • the main cause of the Spanish-
American War
What happened to the USS Maine?
13. Rough Riders (199)
• First US Volunteer Cavalry • Consisted of rugged westerners
and upper-class easterners who relished what Roosevelt called the “strenuous life”
• Helped defeat Spanish on San Juan Hill
Who was in charge?
14. Commodore George Dewey (198) • appointed by Roosevelt to engage Spain's ships in the Philippines in case of war with his squadron
• his squadron destroyed or captured all the Spanish warships in Manila Bay
• was backed up by Army troops liberating Manila from Spanish control on August 13th, 1898
How could gaining the Philippines help the US become more powerful? (Think about location)
15. Emiliano Aquinaldo (198) • While Dewey was winning an over the Spanish navy, Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo were defeating the Spanish army.
• The Filipinos were fighting for freedom from Spain.
Why would Aquinaldo help America during the Spanish American War?
16. Treaty of Paris (1898) (200)
• Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, ratified 1899
• Ended the Spanish-American War. Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt
• Ceded Puerto Rico; Guam, and Philippines to the United States.
What did the Treaty of Paris do?
17. Queen Liliuokalani (194)
• last Monarch of Hawaii • the native ruler of Hawaii who
was deposed (overthrown) by American landowners in 1893 after she abolished the constitution that had given political power to the white minority
What happened to Hawaii (what does McKinley do?)
18. Sanford Dole (194) • Led the provisional government while it worked out plans for the U.S to annex the Hawaii islands.
• Dole had worked to limit native rights in 1887 and had helped to overthrow the queen in 1893
Do you think Dole believed in imperialism? What would be his reason?
• Required Cuba to protect American Interests after Spanish American War.
• severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty (right to be its own country) and gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba’s affairs at any time
• Allowed US to buy and lease naval bases, including Guantanamo Bay
What did this do to Cuba? (How much freedom does Cuba really have?)
20. Foraker Act (207)
• In 1900 this act established a civil government in Puerto Rico.
• The act authorized the President of the United States to appoint a governor and part of the Puerto Rican legislature.
• Puerto Ricans could fill the rest of the legislature in a general election
Who is really in “charge” of Puerto Rico? (Are they independent today?)
21. Philippine Revolution (201-202)
• Philippine struggle for independence from the US after the US took control at the end of the Spanish American War
• Emilio Aguinaldo led revolt for independence
• US refused to grant independence because “Filipinos were not ready for ‘self-government’” and the US needed to “uplift and civilize and Christianize” the Filipinos.
If you were a Filipino how would you feel about the United States?
22. Alaskan Purchase (193)
• The Klondike Gold Rush of 1867 led Secretary of State William Seward to buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
• referred to as “Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s Icebox
• The “icebox” turned out to be rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources
How is this an example of imperialism?
23. Spheres of Influence (204)
• Where one country controlled trading rights in another country
• Also possibly demand land for military bases.
• This happened in China where country carved into pieces of foreign-dominated territories
Why would the US want to have “spheres of influence” in other countries?
24. John Hay(204) • U.S Secretary of State who wanted protect investors/business interests in China—he came up with the idea behind the “open-door policy”
Would John Hay agree with imperialism? Why?
25. Open Door Policy (205)
• After the Boxer Rebellion, US also demanded foreign countries respect to Chinese Independence and end the policy of Spheres of Influence. (replaced with Open Door Policy)
• US stated China should be open to all nations for trade
• This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism
What area of the world did this policy affect?
26. Commodore Matthew Perry (193)
• 1853, Sailed a fleet of American warships into present-day Tokyo Bay, Japan. Prior to Perry’s arrival, Japan had denied the rest of the world access to its ports.
• Perry negotiated a treaty that opened Japan to trade with America
How is this an example of imperialism?
27. Theodore Roosevelt
• In 1905, representatives from Russia and Japan met in New Hampshire to negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. When the talks stalled President Theodore Roosevelt intervened and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty.
• For his efforts, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize. The President’s intervention—and his receipt of the famous award—prominently displayed America’s growing role in world affairs.
Would Roosevelt’s influence be considered imperialism? Why or why not?
28. Gentlemen’s Agreement (206)
• In the fall of 1906, the San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children from attending public schools with white children. The incident drew Japan’s immediate wrath
• To calm tensions, Roosevelt negotiated a pact with Japan—the school board pledged to end its segregation policy. In return, Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its citizens to the United States
What other agreement/act did the US pass that limited immigrants from Asia?
29. Panama Canal (209)
• A canal that crosses the Isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• Needed for military and commercial shipping
• US helped encourage a revolt by Panama against the Columbian government to get land to build canal
• Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914
Why did we build the Panama Canal?
30. Monroe Doctrine
• Declaration by US president James Monroe in 1823
• US would not tolerate any European nation trying to establish a colony in the Americas
• any attempt by any European nation to establish a colony would be regarded as a threat to US peace and security
How did the Monroe Doctrine help the US expand geographically?
31. Roosevelt Corollary (209)
• Updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of expansionism and economic influence.
• In the case of "chronic wrongdoing" by a Latin American nation the U.S would assume the role of police power, restoring order and depriving other creditors of the excuse to intervene
• reasserted America's long-standing policy of keeping the Western Hemisphere free from European intervention
How does this corollary relate to the Monroe Doctrine?
32. Big Stick Diplomacy(208)
• "Speak softly, carry a big stick" TR—Foreign policy—
• Strong Arm approach to Foreign Policy
• Work quietly and patiently to achieve goals overseas, but use force if necessary
What area of the world was this policy used?
33. “Great White Fleet” (206)
• Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power.
• Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement”.
• Form of Big Stick Foreign Policy
How does the “Great White Fleet” represent Big Stick Foreign Policy?
34. William Howard Taft (209-210)
• Encouraged investors/bankers to invest in the Caribbean –became known as “dollar diplomacy”. Taft commented in 1912, he looked to substitute “dollars for bullets.”
• He would ensure that Latin American countries repaid their loans on time—for if not he would send troops in to occupy the territory until the loan was repaid (example Nicaragua)
What area of the world is his “dollar diplomacy” going to be used?
35. Woodrow Wilson (210-211)
• He promised that the United States would “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” but would instead work to promote “human rights, national integrity, and opportunity.”—Moral Diplomacy
• Wilson used the military on a number of occasions to guide Latin Americans in the “proper direction”
Give an example of when Wilson used the military in Latin America: (211)
36. Pancho Villa (211)
• The United States supported Mexican rebel leader insurrection against the Mexican government until his forces conducted an attack in the United States (New Mexico) Killed in 1916
• Wilson Sent General John J. Pershing after Villa—but he was never captured
Why did Pershing have to stop searching for Villa in 1917? (211)
