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Nanocarbon:Properties and Applications
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Nano
Size 10-9 m (1 nanometer)
Border to quantum mechanics
Form
Emergent behavior
Introduction
10010-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 m
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Carbon
Melting point: ~ 3500oC
Atomic radius: 0.077 nm
Basis in all organic componds
10 mill. carbon componds
Introduction
http://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/snorre/images/snorre7.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/snorre/snorre5.html&h=450&w=550&sz=45&tbnid=IRPPWQRWXG4J:&tbnh=106&tbnw=129&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bsnorre%26hl%3Dnn%26lr%3D8/11/2019 Nanocarbon Hdp
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Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black Horns
Rods
Foams
Nanodiamonds
Introduction
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Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black Horns
Rods
Foams
Nanodiamonds
Introduction
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Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black
Introduction
Properties & Application
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Storage
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Bonding
Properties
Graphite sp2
Diamond sp3
P ti
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Nanocarbon
Shenderova et al.Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191.
Properties
P ti
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Nanocarbon
Properties
12 pentagons
6 + 6 pentagons
1 5 pentagons
Properties
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Fullerene
The most symmetrical large molecule
Discovered in 1985- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley
Properties
Epcot center, Paris
~1 nm
Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller
C60, also 70, 76 and 84.
- 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons)- prototype
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
Properties
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
High temperature (~500oC)
High pressure
Properties
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
High temperature (~500oC)
High pressure Hollow
caging particles
Properties
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
High temperature (~500oC)
High pressure Hollow
caging particles
Ferromagnet?- polymerized C60- up to 220oC
Properties
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Properties
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Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite- most reactive at pentagons
Crystal by weak van der Waals force
Superconductivity
- K3C60: 19.2 K- RbCs2C60: 33 K
Kittel, Introduction to SolidState Physics, 7the ed. 1996.
Properties
Properties
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Nanotube
p
Roll-up vector:
21 amanChrr
+=
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Properties
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Nanotube
p
Roll-up vector:
21 amanChrr
+=
Discovered 1991, Iijima
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Carbon Nanotube Structures
Properties
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Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
21 amanCh
rr
+=
If , then metallicelse semiconductorimn
=
+
3
2
Properties
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Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
21 amanCh
rr
+=
Current capacity
Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2
Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2
Heat transmission
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)
Temperature stabilityCarbon nanotube 750 oC (in air)
Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC
CagingMay change electrical properties
sensor
imn
=
+
3
2
If , then metallicelse semiconductor
Properties
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Nanotube
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
Length:typical few m
High aspect ratio:
1000>diameter
length
quasi 1D solid
Properties
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Nanotube
Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.SWCNT 1.9 nm
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
Length:typical few m
High aspect ratio:
1000>diameter
length
quasi 1D solid
Properties
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Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material.
Young Modulus (stiffness):Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa
Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)
High strength steel 200 GPa
Tensile strength (breaking strength)
Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa
Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa
High strength steel ~ 2 GPa
Elongation to failure : ~ 20-30 %
Density:
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3
Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3
Properties
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Carbon nanotubes are very flexible
Nanoscience Research GroupUniversity of North Carolina (USA)
http://www.physics.unc.edu/~rsuper/research/
http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html
Mechanical
Properties
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Cones
Scale bar: 200 nm
19.2 o 38.9 o 60.0 o
Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.
84.6 o 112.9 o
Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler
1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.
Closed: same shape as HIV capsid
Possible scale-up production (open form)
Storage?
HydrogenLietal.Nature4
07
(2000)4
09.
Properties
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Carbon black
Large industry
- mill. tons each year
Tires, black pigments, plastics,dry-cell batteries, UV-protection
etc.
Size: 10 400 nm
Application
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Writing
Carbon graphite C60: 1000x better resolutionthan ink (Xerox)
Application
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CNT / polymer composite
Current technology
- carbon black- 10 15 wt% loading
- loss of mechanical properties
CNT composites
- 0.1 1 wt% loading
- low perculation treshold
Application
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CNT / polymer composite
Wu et al. Science305 (2004) 1273.
Transparent electrical conductor
- Thickness: 50 150 nm
- High flexibility
Application
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Electric devices
Application
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Transistor
Vacuum tubes- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.
IBM, 1952.
Semiconductor, Si-based- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen,
and Brattain.- 2000, Kilby.
Application
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Transistor
SWCNT (Single-Walled)- 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K
- Logical gates
Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753.Bachtold, Dekker et al.Science 294 (2001) 1317.
Base
CollectorEmitter
Application
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Antenna
Application
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Antenna
Dipole~ 3/4 m
MHzm
s
m
cf 100~
3
103 8
==
Radio wave:
Application
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Antenna
Dipole~ 3/4 m
Dekker, Phys. Today May(1999) 22
Nanotube
MHzm
s
m
cf 100~
3
103 8
==
Radio wave:
Optical wave:L
nmL 500~2/~
Application
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Flat screen displays
Plasma TV
Application
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Flat screen displays
Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346.
Field emission
Application
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Atomic Force Microscopy
At i F Mi
Application
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Atomic Force Microscopy
EldridSvs
and,
IFE,
Kjeller
At i f i
Application
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Atomic force microscopy
Wong, Lieber et al.Nature 394 (1998) 52.
Tube or cone
Chemical probe
Y
Application
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Yarn
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,Science 306 (2004) 1358.
Y
Application
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Yarn
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,Science 306 (2004) 1358.
MWCNT
Operational -196o
C < T < 450o
C Electrical conducting
Toughness comparable to Kevlar
No rapture in knot
H d t
Application
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Hydrogen storage
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy
H2 (200 bar)
Schlapbach & Zttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353
H2 (liquid)LaNi5H6Mg2NiH3.16 wt% 1.37 wt%
H d t
Application
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Hydrogen storage
Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2
SWCNT- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt%(questionable)
- Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, -150oC.
Cones- Mealand & Skjeltorp,
(2001) US Patent 6,290,753
Eldrid Svsand, IFE Kjeller
Warnings
Conclusion
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Warnings
Environment and health
No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes No scale-up design, yet.
Conclusion
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Nanocarbon- fullerene - most symmetrical
- tubes - strongest
- cones - one of the sharpest- carbon black - large production
Properties
- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging
Applications- antenna, composite, writing, field emission,
transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage
Commercial
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Commercial
Companies: ~ 20 worldwide- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)
- SES Research- n-Tec
Prices:- Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI)
MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec)
- C60 : pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research)
- Cones: Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec)
- Gold : $10 / gram