Northern Colonies

Chapter 3

I can

• I can identify reasons for the immigration of the northern colonies.

Protestant Reformation

• 1517: Martin Luther challenges the monopoly the Catholic Church had on European Christianity

• Luther asserts that the Church is corrupt, and the individuals should form a personal relationship with God.

• Many agree with Luther, and form their own Christian churches separate from Catholicism, calling themselves Protestants

Martin Luther

Protestant Reformation

• 1536: One of Luther’s followers was John Calvin, whom stated that God has “predetermined” who goes to heaven.

• Predestination was demonstrated by the “pure” sin-free lives of many Protestant groups

• In England, these Protestants became known as “Puritans”, they wished to cleanse the already Protestant Church of England of all extravagances.

Protestant Reformation

Pilgrims

• The Puritans sought freedom from the English, so they migrated to the Netherlands

• After a few years they worried that the influence of non-Puritans would corrupt their followers, so they asked England to be able to settle in Virginia.

• They were given permission, and set sail for Virginia in 1620

Pilgrims

Pilgrims

• The Mayflower contained 102 Pilgrims• Created the Mayflower Doctrine, an

agreement that decisions would be made by the majority, democratically– 1st form of Anglo self-government in the New

World!• The ship did not sail to Virginia, but instead

stopped in Massachusetts.

Pilgrims

• The first winter was very harsh, disease and famine left only 44 survivors.

• William Bradford was elected leader, and the next year brought stability and prosperity.

• The 1st Thanksgiving was celebrated that fall.• The Pilgrims remained a small group, and their

settlement, Plymouth, later merged with Massachusetts.

Pilgrims

Massachusetts

• Other Puritans settled around Boston.• John Winthrop, their leader declared that it

would be a “City on a Hill”, an example of morality for the rest of the world

• Exports: fur, fish, timber, shipbuilding• Town Meeting would decide issues (all male

church members could vote)• Not a democracy, but preachers could not serve

in office (separation of church and state?)

Massachusetts

• Puritan Church today = Congregational

• Persecuted non-Puritans (especially Quakers)

• Roger Williams- dissented against the church, banished and started RI

• Anne Hutchinson- spoke out against the church, banished to RI, killed by AI.

Rhode Island

• Founded by Williams, complete freedom of religion

• No established church• Exiles from all over New

England moved to RI for opportunities

Types of British Colonies

• Royal- owned by the king• Proprietary- King gives

land to an individual who swears allegiance to the kin

• Self-Governing (Joint-Stock)- king gave permission to a group to have a colony, but could revoke their charter anytime

Northern Indians

• Devastated by disease before the Puritans arrived

• Survivors helped Puritans

• Pequot War- Puritans and their AI allies nearly exterminate the Pequot

• King Philip’s War- Philip, an AI, formed an alliance of the remaining AI tribes in New England

• Attacked the Puritan settlements, all-out war ended with annihilation of NE Indians

King Philip’s War

New England Confederation

• Far from the king, Massachusetts and Connecticut formed a loose confederation in 1643

• Did little more than allow the colonies to return run-away servants

• Did set a weak precedent for colonial cooperation.

• Excluded RI because of it’s religious freedom.

Dominion of New England

• All of NE, along with NY and NJ was temporarily forced into union by the king (1686)

• Done to enforce the Navigation Acts- laws that required all colonial trade to be with UK, not France, etc

• Town meetings, schools, and land titles revoked

• High taxes without the consent of the people

• In 1689 a new king absolved the Dominion, but the right to vote was changed, no longer would church members be the only ones with suffrage

New Netherland

• The Dutch founded New Netherland at the mouth of the Hudson River.

• Profited from the fur trade, but was unimportant compared to Dutch tropical colonies

• No freedom of religion• UK would send navy in

1664 and NA fell without a shot

• Renamed New York, the natural harbor on the Hudson proved valuable for trade and defense

New Netherland

Quakers

• Protestant group that refused to pay taxes to the Church of England

• Lived “simple lives”, with simple sermons, no preachers, anyone could speak if they felt compelled

• Refused military service, oaths, extreme pacifists (never resort to violence) even when faced with violence upon their people

William Penn

Quakers

• William Penn was a wealthy convert to Quakerism

• While many Quakers were executed for their beliefs, Penn managed to get permission from the king to colonize Pennsylvania for Quakers to seek religious freedom.

• Penn welcomed Quakers and all other immigrants and promoted peaceful relations with AI, anti-slavery

Philadelphia

Middle Colonies

• NY, NJ, Penn., and Delaware all had great soil, they became the “bread colonies”

• Great ports (Albany, NYC, Phil.), connections to fur trading, and timber became sources of $

• Ethnically and religiously diverse• Southern influences mixed with New England,

the middle colonies connected the British Empire in North America.