Notes and References Chapter 1: Reading Habermas

I. Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jiirgen Habermas (Cambridge, Mass., 1978); David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (Berkeley, 1980); Raymond Guess, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge, 1981); Garbis Kortian, Metacritique (Cambridge, 1980); Richard J. Bernstein, The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory (New York, 1976).

2. See James W. Goulding, Susan L. Kline, Cary J. Nederman, 'Jiirgen Habermas: An International Bibliography', Political Theory, vol. 8 (1980), pp.259-85. For the 'positive' approach, see John B. Thompson and David Held (eds), Habermas: Critical Debates (Cambridge, Mass., 1982).

3. Thompson and Held, p.219. 4. Goran Therborn, 'The Frankfurt School' from Western Marxism: A

Critical Reader (London, 1977); Axel van den Berg, 'Critical Theory: Is There Still Hope?', American Journal of Sociology, vol. 86 (1980), pp.449-78; Karl Popper, 'Reason or Revolution?' from The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology (London, 1976); Y. Bar-Hillel, 'On Habermas's Hermeneutic Philosophy of Language', Synthese, vol. 26 (1973), pp.I-12; Quentin Skinner', 'Habermas's Reformation', The New York Review of Books (7 October 1982); Murray Bookchin, 'Finding the Subject: Notes on Whitebook and 'Habermas LTD", Telos, vol. 52 (1982), pp.78-98; Rudiger Bubner, Modern German Philosophy (Cambridge, 1981 ), pp.l82-94.

5. Alvin W. Gouldner, The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class (New York, 1979). For the application of Gouldner's analysis of 'the new class' to Habermas, see Cornelius Disco, 'Critical Theory as Ideology of the New Class', Theory and Society, vol. 8 (1979), pp.I59-214.

6. SeeThe Linguistic Turn, introduced and edited by Richard Rorty (Chicago, 1967).

7 Frederick Will, Induction and Justification (Ithaca, 1974). 8. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton, 1979).

This characterisation of Rorty's position is made by Richard J. Bernstein in 'Philosophy and the Conversation of Mankind', The Review of Metaphysis, vol. 33 (1980), p.772.

9. John Searle, 'Intentionality and Method', The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 78 (1981), p.720.

10. This criticism does not apply to American Pragmatism, Dewey and Mead in particular. The work of Charles Taylor, within the analytic tradition proper, is also a partial exception. Even in Taylor, however, no important connections are made between philosophical approaches

176 Notes and References

to action and sociological, economic and political dimensions of human action. See Charles Taylor, The Explanation of Behavior (New York, 1964), and 'Relations Between Cause and Action', Proceedings of the Seventh Inter-American Congress of Philosophy (1967).

11. Habermas explicates the 'practical intentions' of critical theory in the following: 'Literaturbericht Zur Philosophiscen Diskussion un Marx und den Marxismus', Philosophische Rundschau, vi. 5 (1957), pp.165-235, and 'Zwischen Philosophie und Wissenschaft. Marxismus als Kritik' from Theorie und Praxis (Neuwied-Belin, 1967), pp.228-90. For a complete bibliography of Habermas's work up to 1979, see Rene Gortzen and Frederik von Gelder, 'Jiirgen Habermas: The Complete Oeuvre. A Bibliography of Primary Literature, Translations and Reviews', Human Studies, vol. 2 (1979), pp.285-300. Hereafter, I will refer primarily to the English translations of Habermas's major works.

12. Rorty, Mirror of Nature; Will, Justification. 13. Rorty, Mirror of Nature. 14. Richard Rorty, 'Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism', Pro­

ceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, vol. 53 (1980), p.728.

15. Jiirgen Habermas, 'A Reply to my Critics', in Thompson and Held (eds), Critical Debates, p.238.

16. Joel Whitebook, 'The Problem of Nature in Habermas', Telos, vol. 40 (1979), p.48.

17. Ibid, p.51. 18. In particular, see 'Towards a Theory of Communicative Competence',

Inquiry, vo!. 13 (1970), pp.360-76, and 'What is Universal pragmatics?' from Communication and the Evolution of Society (Boston, 1979), pp.1-68.

19. McCarthy, Habermas, p.357. 20. This way of starting the point was made clear to me by Charles B.

Guignon. See C. B. Guignon, 'Saving the Differences: Gadamer and Rorty', Philosophy of Science Association, vo!. 2 (1982), pp.360-67.

21. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Response to the Commentary of Bernstein and Dove', in D. P. Verene (ed.), Hegel's Social and Political Thought (New Jersey, 1980), pp.247-8.

22. I argue for these points in Douglas Kellner and Rick Roderick, 'Social Practice as Explanandum: McCarthy on Habermas', Man and World, vol. 15 (1982), pp, 417-26.

23. For an extended criticism of one-sided interpretations of Habermas, see Douglas Kellner and Rick Roderick, 'Recent Literature on Critical Theory', New German Critique vol. 23 (1981 ), pp.l59-66.

24. Richard J. Bernstein and Kenley Dove, 'Comment on the Relationship of Habermas's Views to Hegel' in D. P. Verene (ed.), Hegel's Social and Political Theory (New Jersey, 1980), pp.233--46.

25. Habermas, 'Response to Bernstein and Dove', p.250. 26. For example, see Trent Schroyer, The Critique of Domination: The

Notes and References 177

Origins and Development of Critical Theory (New York, 1973), and Kortian, Metacritique.

27. Habermas, 'Reply', p.239. 28. Bernstein, 'Comment', p.238. 29. See Haberrnas's latest work: Jiirgen Habermas, Theorie des

Kommunikativen Handelns, 2 vols (Frankfurt, 1981). An English translation by Thomas McCarthy of volume one has appeared under the title: The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume One, Reason and the Rationalisation of Society (Boston, 1984).

Chapter 2: Habermas and the Heritage of Critical Theory

I. Jiirgen Habermas, Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973), p.212. 2. David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (Berkeley, 1980), p.398. 3. Jiirgen Habermas, 'A Reply to my Critics', in J. B. Thompson and

D. Held, Habermas: Critical Debates (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), p.221. 4. Gyorgy Miukus, 'Practical-Social Rationality in Marx: A Dialectical

Critique', Dalectical Anthropology, vo!. 4 (1979), p.257. The following interpretation of Marx owes much to this excellent article.

5. Karl Marx, The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, ed. Dirk J. Struik (New York, 1964), p.l36.

6. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The German Ideology (Moscow, 1976), p.37.

7. Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (New York, 1970), pp.20-l.

8. Markus, 'Practical-social Rationality', p.256. 9. Ibid, p.258.

10. Immanuel Kant, 'What is enlightenment?' in H. Reiss (ed.), Political Writings (Cambridge, 1970).

II. Alasdair Macintyre, A Short History of Ethics (New York, 1966), p.211.

12. Max, Manuscripts of 1844, p.l81. 13. Marx and Engels, German Ideology, p.45. 14. Karl Marx, Theses on Feuerbach, addenda to The German Ideology

(Moscow, 1976), p.616. 15. Marx and Engels, German Ideology, p.58. 16. Markus, 'Practical-Social Rationality', p.259. 17. Ibid. 18. For a discussion of Marx's distinction between forces and relations

of production, see John McMurtry, The Structure of Marx's World­View (Princeton, 1978), pp.54--99.

19. For a discussion of the differences between Marx's and Hegel's dialectic, see T. K. Seung, Structuralism and Hermeneutics (New York, 1982), pp.l10-16.

20. Herbert Marcuse, Reason and Revolution (Boston, 1960), p.258. 21. Marcuse, Reason, p.261. 22. Marx, Feuerbach, p.617.

178 Notes and References

23. See Russell Jacoby, 'Towards a Critique of Automatic Marxism: The Politics of Philosophy from Lukacs to the Frankfurt School', Telos, vol. 10 ( 1971 ), pp.ll9--46; and Paul Breines, 'Praxis and its Theorists: The Impact of Lukacs and Korsch in the 1920s', Telos, vol. 11 (1972), pp.67-103. Also see my 'Ideology in Lukacs, Korsch, and Gramsci' (unpublished). I am indebted to Douglas Kellner and James Schmidt for my understanding of this theoretical tradition. .

24. On Russian Marxism as a 'legitimation science', see Oscar Negt, 'Marxismus als Legitimationswissenschaft', in Bukharin, Deborin et al., Die Kontroverse uber Mechanischen und dialektischen Materialismus (Frankfurt, 1969).

25. For the history of the Frankfurt School, see Martin Jay, The Dialectic Imagination (Boston, 1973); and Helmut Dubiel, Wissenschaftsorganis­ation und politische Erfahrung (Frankfurt, 1978).

26. On the concept of t:eason in critical theory, see the discussion by Eike Gebhardt in, A, Arato and E. Gebhardt ( eds), The Essential Frankfurt School Reader (New York, 1978), pp.39{}-6.

27. See Jiirgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action (Boston, 1984), pp.345--99.

28. See H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York, 1946).

29. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York, 1958), pp.l80-3.

30. Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness (Cambridge, 1971). In particular, see 'Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat', pp.83-222.

31. Lukacs, History (preface to the new edition), p.23. 32. Ibid, pp.95-103. 33. See Max Horkheimer, Critique of Instrumental Reason (New York,

1974); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston, 1964); Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York, 1972). For an excellent discussion of this critique and its problems to which I am indebted, see Seyla Benhabib, 'Modernity and the Aporias of Critical Theory', Telos vol. 49 (1981), pp.39-59.

34. Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jiirgen Habermas (Cambridge, Mass, 1978), p.20.

35. Herbert Marcuse, 'Philosophy and Critical Theory', in Negations (Boston, 1968), pp.135, 147.

36. Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (New York, 1974), p.l82. 37. Max Horkheimer, 'Traditional and Critical Theory', in Critical

Theory (New York, 1972), pp.224, 227; and 'The Latest Attack on Metaphysics' from the same work, p.l63.

38. Susan Buck-Morss, The Origin of Negative Dialectics (New York, 1977), p.66.

39. Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics (New York, 1973), p.l46. 40. Benhabib, 'Modernity', p.40. 41. See Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, pp.l43-57. 42. Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, pp.l43-57.

Notes and References 179

43. Herbert Marcuse, 'Industrialisation and Capitalism in the Work of Max Weber' in Negations, pp.223-5.

44. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Technology and Science as "Ideology" in Towards a Rational Society (Boston, 1970), p.82.

45. Jiirgen Habermas, Strukturwandel der Offenlichkeit (Berlin, 1962). 46. Jiirgen Habermas, Theorie und Praxis, pp.l28--48. 47. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Analytische Wissenschaftstheorie und Dialektik.

Ein Nachtrag zur Kontroverse Zwischen Popper und Adorno', in Max Horkheimer (ed.) Zeugnisse, Theodor W. Adorno zum sechzigsten Geburtstag, (Frankfurt, 1963), pp.473-503.

48. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Gegen einen positivistisch halbierten Rationalismus', in Kolner Zeitschrift fur Sozio/ogie und Sozialpsychologie, vol. 16 (1964), pp.636-59.

49. Habermas, 'Reply', p.231. 50. Jiirgen Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse (Frankfurt, 1968). 51. Habermas, 'Marx und den Marxismus', Phi/osophische Rundschau,

vol. 15 (1957), pp.l65-235. 52. Ibid, pp.425-8. 53. Habermas, Theorie und Praxis, pp.228-90. The English translation of

this essay that appears as 'Between Philosophy and Science: Marxism as Critique', in Theory and Practice, pp.l95-252, drops the phrase 'four facts against Marx' entirely.

54. Habermas, Theory and Practice, pp.l95-8. 55. Jiirgen Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society

(Boston, 1979), p.97. 56. Theodor W. Adorno, 'Cultural Criticism and Society', in Prisms

(London, 1967), p.34; and McCarthy, Habermas, p.l08. 57. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Technology', p.85. 58. Ibid, pp.85-7. 59. Benhabib, 'Modernity', p.49. 60. Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 1971),

p.42; originally published as Erkenntnis und Interesse (Frankfurt, 1968).

61. Habermas, Knowledge, pp.25--63; and Theory and Practice, pp.I95-252.

62. Habermas, Theory and Practice, pp.41-81. 63. See James Schmidt, 'Jiirgen Habermas and the Difficulties of

Enlightenement', Social Research vol. 49 (1982), p 188. 64. See McCarthy, Habermas, pp.l-16; and Held, Critical Theory, pp.260-

7. 65. Habermas, Theory and Practice, p.44. 66. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Arbeit und Interaktion. Bemerkungen zu Hegels

Henenser Philosophie des geistes', in Natur und Geschichte. Karl Lowith zum 70. Geburtstag. (Stuttgart, 1967), pp.l32-56; published in English as 'Labour and Interaction: Remarks on Hegel's Jena Philosophy of Mind', in Theory and Practice, pp.l42--69.

67. See McCarthy, H abermas, pp.l6--40. 68. Habermas, Knowledge, p.4.

180 Notes and References

69. Ibid, preface and pp.68-9. 70. Ibid, preface; and McCarthy, Habermas, pp.92-104. 71. Jiirgen Habermas, Zur Logik der Sozialwissenschaften, in

Philosophische Rundschau, vol. 14 (Tubingen, 1967). 72. Habermas, Knowledge, p.l94. 73. Karl-Otto Ape!, 'The a priori of Communication and the Foundation

of the Humanities', Man and World, no. 5 (1972), p.IO. 74. Habermas, Knowledge, p.l95. 75. Ibid, p.l93. 76. Habermas, Theory and Practice, pp.22-3. 77. Habermas, Knowledge, pp.l97-8. 78. Jiigen Habermas, 'A Postscript to Knowledge and Human Interests',

Philosophy of the Social Sciences, vol. 3 (1975), p.l76. 79. Habermas, Knowledge, p.214. 80. Ibid, p.269. 81. Habermas, Theory and Practice, p.9. 82. James Schmidt used this apt expression to characterise Habermas's

position in a conversation with me. 83. See Steven Lukes, 'Of Gods and Demons: Habermas and Practical

Reason', in Thompson and Held, Critical Debates, pp.l34--48.

Chapter 3: Habermas and the Reconstruction of Critical Theory

I. See Fred R. Dallmayr, 'Critical Theory Criticised: Habermas' Knowl­edge and Human Interests and its Aftermath', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, vol. 2 (1972), pp.211-29.

2. See Theodor W. Adorno et a!., Der Positivismusstreit in der deutschen Soziologie (Berlin, 1969); Jiirgen Habermas and Niklas Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie: Was leistet die Systemforschung? (Frankfurt, 1971); Karl-Otto Ape! et a!., Hermeneutik und ldeologiekritik (Frankfurt, 1971).

3. See Garbis Kotian, Metacritique (Cambridge, 1980). 4. Karl-Otto Ape!, 'Wissenschaft als Emanzipation? Eine Kritische

Wurdigung der Wissenchaftskonzeption der "Kritischen Theorie"', in Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie, vol. I (1970), pp.l73-95, reprinted in Materialien zu Habermas' 'Erkenntnis und Interesse', ed. W. Dallmayr (Frankfurt, 1974), pp.341-2.

5. Ape!, 'Wissenschaft als Emanzipaion?', pp.341-2. 6. Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge, and Human Interests (Boston, 1971),

pp.62-3. 7. See Karl Marx, The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

(New York, 1964) p.142. 8. Habermas, Knowledge, p.55. 9. Ibid, appendix, pp.314-5.

10. See Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jiirgen Habermas (Cambridge, Mass., 1978) pp.109-10; and Hans-Georg Gadamer,

Notes and References 181

'Replik', in K.-0. Ape! eta!., Hermeneutik und Ideologiekritik, pp.283-317.

II. Dietrich Bohler, 'Zur Geltung des emanzipatorischen Interesses', in Materialien zu Habermas' 'Erkenntnis und Interesse', pp.351-61.

12. McCarthy, Habermas, p .. 111. 13. Habermas, Knowledge, p.l35. 14. Ibid, p.35, 39. 15. Michael Theunissen, Gesellschaft und Geschichte: Zur Kritik der

Kritischen Theorie (Berlin, 1969). 16. Theunissen, Gesellschaft, p.l3. 17. Gadamer, 'Replik', pp.294-5. 18. Hans Joachim Giegel, 'Reflexion und Emanzipation', in K.-0. Ape!

et a!., Hermeneutik und Ideologiekritik, pp.278-9. 19. On labour and interaction, see Goran Therborn, 'Jiirgen Habermas:

A New Eclecticism', New Left Review, vol. 67 (1971), pp.69-83. On the theory of truth, see McCarthy, Habermas, p.203.

20. Habermas, 'Postscript to Knowledge and Human Interests, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, vol. 3 ( 1975) p.l82.

21. McCarthy, Habermas, p.lOI. 22. Jiirgen Habermas, Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973), pp.33-40. 23. McCarthy, Habermas, p.272. 24. See Marcuse's critique of the philosophy of language, in Herbert

Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston, 1964) pp.l70-99. 25. Habermas, Zur Logik der Sozialwissenschaften, in Philosophiche

Rundschcau, vol. 14 (Tubingen, 1967), p.220. 26. Habermas, Knowledge, p.317. 27. See John Searle, 'Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics', in On Noam

Chomsky: Critical Essays (Garden City, New York, 1974), pp.2-33. 28. See John Lyons, Semantics, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1977), pp.409-22. 29. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Towards a Theory of Communicative Com-

petence', Inquiry, vol. 13 (1970), p.363. 30. Ibid, p.363. 31. Ibid, p.363. 32. Ibid, p.364. 33. Ibid, p.365. 34. Ibid, p.366. 35. Ibid, pp.366-7. 36. Ibid, p.367. 37. Ibid, pp.368-70. 38. Ibid, p.370-2. 39. Ibid, p.372. 40. See Jiirgen Habermas, 'On Systematically Distorted Communication',

Inquiry, vol. 13 (1970), pp.205-18. 41. Habermas, 'Communicative Competence', p.372. 42. Ibid, p.372. 43. Ibid, p.362. 44. Searle, 'Chomsky's Revolution', p.30. 45. See Lyons, Semantics, pp.573-91.

182 Notes and References

46. John Searle, Speech Acts (Cambridge, 1969), p.4. 47. Habermas, 'Communicative Competence', p.367. 48. Habermas, 'Wahrheitstheorin', in Wirk/ichkeit und Refiexion: Walter

Schulz zum 60 (Neske, 1973), pp.2ll-65. See pages 258-9 for an account of 'the ideal speech situation' as 'counterfactual'.

49. Ibid, pp.214-15. 50. Einlosung may be translated as either 'vindication' or 'redemption'. In

the context of critical theory, the term 'redemption' is associated with the work of Walter Benjamin. See Jiirgen Habermas, 'Consciousness­raising or Redemptive Criticism - The Contemporaneity of Walter Benjamin', New German Critique, vol. 17 (1979), pp.30--59.

51. Habermas, 'Wahrheitstheorin', p.240. 52. Ibid, pp.252-60. 53. Ibid, pp.211-219. 54. Ibid, pp.215-16. 55. Ibid, pp.216-17. 56. Ibid, pp.219-31. 57. Ibid, p.218. 58. Ibid, pp.239-40. 59. Ibid, p.265. 60. David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (Berkeley, 1980), p.396. 61. Alvin Gouldner, The Idea of Ideology and Technology (New York,

1976), pp.l38-45. 62. Raymond Geuss, The Dialectic of a Critical Theory (Cambridge,

1981), pp.66-7. 63. Richard J. Bernstein, The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory

(New York, 1976), pp.223-5. 64. Habermas, 'Wahrheitstheorin', p.259. 65. Richard Bernstein makes the intriguing observation that:

Although based on contemporary philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics, Habermas's argument exhibits some striking parallels with the one that Socrates develops in the Phaedrus. Socrates too is concerned with the conditions for speech, and argues that the analysis of speech is oriented to the idea of truth -even when speech is intended to deceive. Further, the analysis of truth leads to the analysis of the conditions for ideal speech - the type of discourse characteristic of true philosophic friends. There is even a parallel with the four validity claims that Habermas specifies; when Socrates analyses the requirements for speech, he emphasises the importance of each of these features. Socrates' argument is intended to show that all speech - even the deceptive speech of Lysias - presupposes and anticipates ideal speech. And just as Habermas' line of argument leads him to recognise the reciprocal relation between ideal speech, which is essentially dialogue, and the ideal form of life, so the primary practical problem for Socrates becomes one of construction or reconstructing a polis in which such ideal speech can be realised. (Bernstein, Restructuring, pp.262-3.)

Notes and References 183

66. McCarthy. Habermas, p.326. 67. Jiirgen Habermas, 'What is Universal Pragmatics?' in Communication

and the Evolution of Society (Boston, 1979), p.l. 68. Ibid, p.2. 69. Ibid, p.3. 70. Ibid, p.5. 71. Ibid, p.6. 72. Ibid, p.26. 73. See J. L. Austin, How To Do Things with Words (Cambridge, 1962). 74. See John Searle, Speech Acts (Cambridge, 1969). 75. Lyons, Semantics, p.735. 76. Habermas, 'Universal Pragmatics', p.38-9. 77. See P. F. Strawson, Logics-Linguistic Papers (New York, 1971),

pp.l49-69. 78. Habermas, 'Universal Pragmatics', p.40. 79. Ibid, pp.41-2. 80. See L. J. Cohen, 'Do Illocutionary Forces Exist?', Philosophical

Quarterly, vol. 14 (1964), pp.ll8-37. 81. Habermas, 'Universal Pragmatics', p.45. 82. Ibid, p.46. 83. Ibid, p.49. 84. Ibid, pp.51-2. 85. Ibid, p.53. 86. Ibid, p.54. 87. Ibid, pp.57-8. 88. Ibid, p.59. 89. Ibid, p.61. 90. Ibid, pp.62-3. 91. Ibid, pp.65-7. 92. Ibid, pp.58, 68. 93. Y. Bar-Hillel, 'On Habermas's Hermeneutic Philosophy of Language',

Synthese, vol. 26 (1973), p.ll. 94. Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society, p.209. 95. McCarthy, Habermas, p.25. 96. See Lyons, Semantics, pp.778-86. 97. See John B. Thompson, 'Universal Pragmatics', in J. B. Thompson

and D. Held (eds) Habermas: Critical Debates, pp.l27-128. Thompson points out that the volume of essays usually cited by Habermas (Universals of Language, edited by Greenburg (Cambridge, 1963)) has been severely and convincingly criticised.

98. Jiirgen Habermas, Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus (Frankfurt, 1976). Four chapters of this work are translated in Communication and the Evolution of Society. A fifth, 'History and Evolution', is translated in Telos, vol. 39 (1979), pp.5--45.

99. Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society, p.l20. 100. Ibid, p.98. 101. Ibid, p.l23. 102. Habermas, Zur Rekonstruktion, p.235.

184 Notes and References

103. Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society, pp.l21-2. 104. Ibid, pp.164-5. 105. Jiirgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Boston, 1975). 106. See Held, Critical Theory, p.287; and Habermas, Legitmation Crisis,

p.49. 107. Habermas, Legitimation Crisis, p.1 13. 108. Ibid, pp.llQ-13. 109. For example, see Michael Schmid, 'Habermas's Theory of Social

Evolution', in Thompson and Held (eds) Habermas:. Critical Debates, pp.l62-80; and J.P. Amason, 'J. Habermas, Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus', Telos, vol. 39 (1979), pp.201-18.

110. See McCarthy's discussion of these research projects: Thomas McCarthy, 'Rationality and Relativism', in Critical Debates, pp.69-75.

Ill. For example, see Habermas's comments concerning the historical contextuality of sociological concepts in Zur Logik, pp.l21-2.

Chapter 4: Habermas on Communicative Action and Rationality

I. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, Reason and the Rationalisation of Society (1984) has appeared in English translation. I will refer to this volume as Communicative Action hereafter. The original2-volume German edition ( 1981) will be referred to as Kommunikativen Handelns I or 2. To my knowledge, two reviews of the book have appeared in English: David M. Rasmussen, 'Communicative Action and Philosophy: Reflections on Habermas's Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns', Philosophy and Social Criti­cism, vol. 9 (1982), pp.3-28; and a review by Johannes Berger, translated and published in Telos, vol. 57 (I 983), pp.194-205.

2. See 'The Dialectics of Rationalization', an interview with Jiirgen Habermas by Axel Honneth, Eberhard Knodler-Bunte and Arno Widmann, Telos, vol. 49 (1981), pp.5-31; Jiirgen Habermas, 'New Social Movements' (a translation of part of the last chapter of Kommunikativen Handelns (2), Telos, vol. 49 (1981), pp.33-7; Habermas 'Reply' from Critical Debates (1982).

3. Habermas, Communicative Action, pp.l-2. 4. Ibid, p.2. 5. Ibid, pp.2-3 6. Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 1971),

p.63. 7. Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Boston, 1975), p.l59. 8. Habermas, Communicative Action, p.285. 9. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Reply to my Critics', in Thompson and Held (eds)

Habermas: Critical Debates (Cambridge, Mass, 1982), p.266. 10. Habermas, Communicative Action, p.99-JOI. II. Ibid, p.328-32. 12. Habermas, 'Reply', p.269.

Notes and References 185

13. Habermas, Communicative Action, pp.8-9. 14. Ibid, p.9. 15. Ibid, p.IO. 16. Ibid, p.l 0. 17. Habermas, 'Dialectics of Rationalisation', p.l6. 18. Habermas, Communicative Action, p.l8. 19. Ibid, p.42. 20. Ibid, p.23. 21. Ibid, p.43. 22. Ibid, p.44. 23. Ibid, p.45. 24. Ibid, p.53. 25. Ibid, p.57. 26. Ibid, p.55. 27. Ibid, p.58. 28. Ibid, p.66. 29. Ibid, p.66-7. 30. Habermas, Communicative Action, p.69. McCarthy translates

'Dezentrierung' as 'decentration', although Piaget's concept is gen­erally rendered in English as 'decentring'. For Piaget's own under­standing of the concept, see Jean Piaget and Barbel Inhelder, The Psychology of the Child (New York, 1969), pp.94-8.

31. Habermas, Communicative Action, pp.68-72. 32. Habermas, 'Dialectics of Rationalization', p.I6. See Habermas, Com­

municative Action, pp. 70-1. 33. Habermas, 'Dialectics of Rationalization', p.l8. On the distinction

between 'lifeworld' and 'system', see Habermas, Kommunikativen Handelns (2), pp.I73-293. Habermas summarises this account in 'Reply', pp. 278-81.

34. Habermas, Communicative Action, pp.71-2. 35. Ibid, p.72. 36. Ibid, p.73. 37. Ibid, p.l44. 38. Ibid, p.l44. 39. Habermas, 'Reply', p.230. 40. Ibid, p.253. 41. Ibid, p.253. 42. Rasmussen, 'Reflections', p.l2. 43. Habermas, Kommunikativen Handelns (2), p.214. 44. Ibid, p.216. 45. Ibid, p.215. 46. See Rasmussen, 'Reflections', pp.l2-13. 47. Habermas, 'Dialectics of Rationalization', p.l8. 48. Habermas, 'Reply', p.279. 49. See Habermas, 'Reply', pp.280-l and Kommunikativen Handelns (2),

pp.489-547. 50. Habermas, 'Reply', p.280.

186 Notes and References

51. Ibid, p.28l. 52. James Schmidt, 'Jiirgen Habermas and the Difficulties of Enlighten-

ment', Social Research, vo!. 19, p.l8. 53. Habermas, 'Dialectics of Rationalization', pp.l8-19. 54. Habermas, 'New Social Movements', p.33. 55. Ibid, p.33-35. 56. Ibid, pp.34-35.

Chapter 5: Habermas and the Prospects of Critical Theory

l. On the 'Crisis of Marxism', see Alvin Gouldner, The Two Marxisms (New York, 1980), pp.26-29.

2. For attempts to deal with these anomalies from a Marxist perspective, see Herbert Marcuse, Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (Boston, 1964); Frederick Pollock, Stadien des Kapitalismus, edited by Helmut Dubiel (Munchen, 1975); Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle (Detroit, 1970); E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (New York, 1978).

3. For example, see Jean Baudrillard, The Mirror of Production (St Louis, 1975). Habermas comments on these 'post-modern' viewpoints in Jiirgen Habermas, 'Modernity versus Postmodernity', New German Critique, vol. 22 (1981), pp.3-14.

4. See Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives (New York, 1979). On Postmodern Liberalism, see Richard Rorty, 'Postmodernist Bourgeois Liberalism', The Journal of Philosophy, vo!. 80 (1983), pp.583-9.

5. C. Disco, 'Critical Theory as Ideology of the New Class', Theory and Society, 8 (1979) pp.159-214.

6. V. I. Lenin, On Marx and Engels (Peking, 1975), pp.62-9. Originally published in March 1913 in Prosveshcheniye, no.3.

7. On the distinction between these two kinds of anomalies, see Gouldner, Two Marxisms, pp.15-16.

8. Ibid, pp.32-44. 9. Ibid, pp.36-44.

10. Ibid, pp.36-44. II. Ibid, pp.44-8. 12. Ibid, pp.44-8. 13. See V. I. Lenin, What is to be Done?, in R. C. Tucker (ed.) The Lenin

Anthology (New York, 1975) pp.12-144. 14. See the early warning contained in Rosa Luxemburg, The Russian

Revolution and Leninism or Marxism? (Ann Arbor, 1961). 15. Gouldner, Two Marxisms, p.56. 16. See E. P. Thompson, William Morris (New York, 1976), pp.763-816,

and Poverty of Theory. 17. Karl Marx, 'For a Ruthless Criticism of Everything Existing' (letter

to Ruge, originally published in Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher, 1844), in R. C. Tucker (ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader (New York, 1972), p.l4.

Notes and References 187

18. M. Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York, 1972).

19. See D. Held, Introduction to Critical Theory; and M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination (Boston, 1973).

20. See Jay, Dialectical Imagination, pp.4-85. 21. On 'existentialism', see Theodor W. Adorno, Jargon of Authenticity

(London, 1973). On 'positivism', see Marx Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (New York, 1974).

22. On the problems of 'justification' and 'demarcation', see M. Horkheimer, 'Traditional and Critical Theory', in Critical Theory (New York, 1972); H. Marcuse, 'Philosophy and Critical Theory', in Negations (Boston, 1968).

23. See R. Jacoby, 'Towards a Critique of Automatic Marxism: The Politics of Philosophy', Telos, vol.lO (1971).

24. See Horkheimer and Adorno, 'Preface to the New Edition' and 'Introduction' to Dialectic of Enlightenment, and D. Held, Introduction to Critical Theory, pp.36-39, 254--5.

25. Gyorgy Markus, 'Practical-Social Rationality in Marx: A Dialectical Critique - Part 2', Dialectical Anthropology, vol. 5 (1980), p.l.

26. See Vincent Descombes, Modern French Philosophy (Cambridge, 1980), pp.ll8-19. For a detailed account, see Jacques Ranciere, Le le~on d'Althusser (Paris, 1974).

27. Habermas refers to this remark in, Jiirgen Habermas, 'A Test for Popular Justice: The Accusations Against the Intellectuals', New German Critique, vol. 12 (1977), pp.ll-13. For an account of Habermas's reaction to the 'excesses' of the 1960s, see Rolf Ahlers, 'How Critical is Critical Theory?', Cultural Hermeneutics, vol. 3 (1975), pp.ll9-36.

28. Walter Benjamin, 'Theses on the Philosophy of History' in Illwninations (New York, 1968), pp. 253-64.

29. Baudrillard, Mirror of Production. 30. This tendency can be seen in Foucault, Lyotard and others. 31. Baudrillard, Mirror of Production, pp.l30--l. 32. Ibid, p.l28. 33. Ibid, p.l27. 34. Ibid, p.l34, 137. 35. See Karl Marx, Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of Right' (Cambridge,

1970), pp.l41-2. 36. Baudrillard, Mirror of Production, p.l41. 37. Markus, 'Practical-Social Rationality- 2', p.3. 38. Habermas, 'Technology and Science as "Ideology"', in Towards a

Rational Society (Boston, 1970), p.lll. 39. See Marx, The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (New

York, 1964) pp.l06-19. 40. Ibid, pp.ll3-14. 41. See John B. Thompson, 'Universal Pragmatics', in Thompson and

Held (eds), Critical Debates, pp.l28-9.

188 Notes and References

42. See T. McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jiirgen Habermas, pp.292-3.

43. Louis Mackey, 'Slouching Toward Bethlehem: Deconstructive Strat­egies in Theology', Anglican Theological Review, vol. 65 (1983), p.257. I am indebted to Louis Mackey for this argument and for my understanding of the philosophy of language in general.

44. Joan Robinson, Freedom and Necessity (New York, 1970) p.60. 45. Albrecht Wellmer, 'Thesen uber Vernunft, Emanzipation und Utopie',

unpublished manuscript (1979), quoted by Habermas in 'Reply' from Critical Debates, p.262.

46. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, pp. 73--4. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid, p.74. 49. Thomas McCarthy, 'Translator's Introduction' to Communicative

Action, pp.5-37. This comment comes from a note to this introduction, note 12, p.405.

50. Ibid, pp.405-6. 51. McCarthy, 'Introduction' to Communicative Action, pp.&-7. 52. Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society (Boston, 1979)

p.177. 53. Habermas, Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973), p.196. 54. See M. Burawoy and T. Skocpol (eds) Marxist Inquiries (Chicago,

1982), in particular, Erik Olin Wright and Joachim Singelmann, 'Proletarianization in the Changing American Class Structure', pp.l76-209; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and The Making of the English Working Class (New York, 1966), pp.2-14; Harry Cleaver, Reading Capital Politically (Austin, 1979); and Douglas Hibbs, Economic Interest and the Politics of Macroeconomic Policy (Cambridge, 1976). Also, see M. Bookchin, 'Finding the Subject', Telos, vol. 52, pp.92-5.

55. J. Berger, Review of Kommunicative Handelns, Telos, vol. 57, pp.198-205.

56. Habermas's charge might, for example, be plausibly brought against the Lukacs of History and Class Consciousness. Even here it would require a much more detailed elaboration than any so far provided by Habermas.

57. SeeR. Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton, 1979); and R. J. Bernstein's review 'Philosophy and the Conversation of Mankind', The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 33 (1980).

58. Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (Moscow, 1976), pp.472-3. 59. See F. Will, Induction and Justification (Ithaca, 1974), pp.214-17. 60. See Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (London, 1970--2), pp.194, 583. 61. Habermas, 'A Reply to my Critics', in Thompson and Held (eds)

Critical Debates, p.230. For excellent defences of Marx's labour theory of value, see H. M. Cleaver, Reading Capital Politically (Brighton, 1979); and Marx W. Wartofsky, 'Is Marx's Labor Theory of Value Excess Metaphysical Baggage?' The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 80 (1983), pp.719-30.

Notes and References 189

62. Habermas, 'Reply', p.231. 63. E. P. Thompson, English Working Class, p.9. 64. E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, p.l92. 65. Cleaver, Reading Capital Politically, p.57. 66. In addition to works already cited, see Antonio Gramsci, Prison

Notebooks, selections (New York, 1971); Karl Korsch, Marxism and Philosophy (London, 1984); Douglas Kellner, Karl Korsch: Revolution­ary Theory (Austin, 1977), and 'TV, Ideology, and Emancipatory Popular Culture', Socialist Review, vol. 45 (1979), and Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London, 1964); Ken Knabb (ed.) Situationist International Anthology (Berkeley, 1981 ); James O'Connor, The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York, 1973); C. L. R. James, State Capitalism and World Revolution (Detroit, 1950); Mario Tronti, 'Social Capital', Telos, vol. 14 (1972), pp.25-62; Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Bristol, 1972).

Index

action 125--6 Adorno, Theodor W. 2, 12, 20, 21,

33,36,38-41,45,47,60, 121-4, 147-50, 152, 153

aesthetic criticism 114-15 Albert, Hans 62 alienation 125, 131, 152 Althusser, Louis 151 anti-foundationalism 8-13 Apel, Karl-Otto 53, 63 argumentation 10, 82, 114-15 Aristotle 47-8 Austin, J. L. 77, 9{}-1, 93-5, 97,98 autonomy and responsibility

( Mundigkeit) 52, 57

Bar-Hillel, Y. 2, 98 base and superstructure 25,

101-2, 129-31, 143 Baudrillard, Jean 152-4, 167 Benhabib, Seyla 46 Benjamin, Walter 2, 20, 152 Berg, Axel van den 2, 3, 4 Bernstein, Richard 1, 15, 86 Bookchin, Murray 2 Bubner, Rudiger 2, 16 Buck-Morss, Susan 38 bureaucratisation 34-6, 121, 122,

139

capitalism 20, 33-41,42,44, 123-4, 131-6, 149, 165, 169, 172-3

Chomsky, Noam 14, 70,74-7, 89, 97,99,165

class44, 3{}-1, 34-5, 125, 126, 134, 171-2, 173

class struggle 37-8, 44, 68, 72, 105, 132

Cleaver, Harry 172 cognitive development I 0{}-1 cognitive interests 5{}-9, 65-8 colonisation of the lifeworld

13{}-6, 167 commodity fetishism 31, 130, 132,

167 communicative action 7, II, 21,

50, 55, 82, 88,97-8, 101, 106-36, 138, 154, 157-66

communicative competence 11, 17,73-81,89,96-7,111,160

communicative ethics 18, 87-8 communicative rationality 11, 12,

21,62, 71, 73,106-36,138, 157-66

competence 75, 8{}-1 conduct of life ( Lebensfuhrung)

116 consensus 11-12,42,49,78,82-7,

88, 104, 110 correspondence theory of truth 84 crisis 33, 35-6, 102-4, 129-33, 135,

139 critical Marxism 142-5I critical rationalism 62 critical sciences 56-9 critical theory 3, 7, II, 20-4, 53-9,

62-73, I2I-5, 126, I36, 137-8, 148-5I

critique 7, 12, 23,45-6, 52, 64--65, 141, 147, 148

cultural sciences 54-56 culture 21,34, 101,116-20,127-9,

133, 149 culture industry 36, 172

Darwin, Charles 144 Dalla Costa, Mariarosa 172 decentration 119-21 democracy 132, 140, 155, 173 Derrida, Jacques 9 Descartes, Rene 8, 123 developmental logic 14--15, 100,

104, 165 developmental stage I 00, 118 differentiation 16, 21, 34, 118-22,

123, 129, 132-4 dialectic, Hegel's 30-1, 52, 59, 169 dialectic, Marx's 30-1, 52, 59-60,

143, 169-70 dialectic of enlightenment 20-1,

40-1,60-1,123,147-8 dialectic of progress 103-4, 152 dialectic of rationalisation 34--5,

59-60, 128-36 dialectic of social rationality

59-61 dialogical 54, 76-80, 145 Dilthey, Wilhelm 54 Disco, Cornelius 4, 140 discourse 81-7, 108-9, 114--15 Dove, Kenley 15 Durkheim, Emile 6, 7, 127, 134

economy 21,26-7,34--5,44,103, 119,130,165,172,173

effectiveness 112-13 emancipation 20, 21, 152, 170 emancipatory interest 52, 56-7 Engels, Friedrich 143, 144 enlightenment 20, 27, 40-2, 134,

139-40, 147, 152, 154 ethics 18, 87-8, 127 experience 17,52,84 explicative discourse 114--15

facts 8-9, 35, 84

Index 191

Feuerbach, Ludwig 14, 30, 32 Fichte, J. G. 63 foundationalism 8-13, Ill form of life ( Lebensform) 116 Frankfurt School I, 3, 4, 6, 18,

20-4,33,36-47,64--5,73, 121-5, 133, 134, 138, 145-53

freedom II, 27, 34, 37, 38, 59, 78, 83, 102, 138, 166, 169

Freud, Sigmund 2, 3, 14, 20, 56-9, 79, 149

functionalism 104, 106

Gadamer, Hans-Georg 9, 12, 13, 18,62,67-8, 72,129

generalisable interests 103-4 Geuss, Raymond I, 3, 86 Giegel, Hans Joachim 68, 72 Godelier, Maurice 117 Gouldner, Alvin 4, 86, 140, 142,

143, 145 grammar 55, 75, 89 Gramsci, Antonio 33, 172

Hegel, G. W. F. I, 6, 14--17, 18, 19, 20,27-31,35,52,59,63,65, 67, 71, 116, 122-3, 126, 134, 141, 143, 144, 146, 169

Held, David I, 23, 85 Hempel, Carl 108 Henrich, Dieter 16 hermeneutics 12, 53, 55, 62 historical-hermeneutic

sciences 54-5 historical materialism 15, 20, 71,

100, 104--5, 126, 140-l historicism 55, 144 history 14--15, 16,28-30,35,

39-49,44,71,102,122, 140-l, 152, 156, 166, 169-70

Hobbes, Thomas 48 Horkheimer, Max 10, 20, 21, 33,

36,38-41,45,47,51,53,60, 66,67,121-4,147-51,152, 153, 172

human interests 59-9 Hume, David 27 Hymes, Dell 80-l, 97

192 Index

ideal speech situation ll, 17, 78-81,83,85-7,104, Ill, 138, 157-61

ideology 15, 19,23,46,53,58, 64-5, 71, 73, 79, 140, 143-4, 152, 158, 172

immanent critique 37-9, 43, 44-5, 50-2,59,146-7,166

industrialisation 34 inner nature 96-7, 113-15 instrumental action 46, 50, 53,

109-10, 120 instrumental reason 36-41, 50, 60,

123-7, 151 interaction 7, 50, 109 interpretation 55, 57, 119 irrationality 13, 35-6, 38,40

James, C. L. R. 172

Kant, Immanuel 1, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17-20,23,27,28, 51,56, 63-7,71, 86,88,99, 146,161

Kellner, Douglas 172 knowledge 5-6, 17-19,50-9,

65-6, 100-l Knowledge and Human Interests

10, 14, 16, 20, 44, 46, 50, 51, 62,64-5,72

Kohlberg, Lawrence 104 Korsch, Karl 33, 172 Kortian, Garbis I, 63 Kuhn, Thomas 15, 108

labour 7, 46, 47, 50, 100, 109, 131-2, 142, 154-5, 157

language 5-6, 8, 29, 47, 73-4, 89, 100, 126

learning processes 19, 53, 55, 100, 118-19

legitimation 103-4, 128-31 Legitimation Crisis 19-20, 103-4,

130, 131 Lenin, V.I. 141, 143, 144 Levi-Strauss, Claude 117, 121 life-context ( Lebenzusammen-

hang) 54

Iifeworld ( Lebenswelt) 119-20, 125-6, 127-36

logic 16, 19,40 Luhmann, Niklas 62, 129 Lukacs, Georg 33, 35-7, 39, 40,

60, 121-4, 133, 138, 145, 147, 172

Lyons, John 91

McCarthy, Thomas 1, 12, 36, 45, 71, 73,88, 163,164

Mackey, Louis 159 Marcuse, Herbert 20, 31, 33,

37-41,45-6,64,122,148,150 Markus, Gyorgy 25, 151 Marx, Karl I, 3, 5-7, 12, 14,

19-20,22-40,43-50,51,52, 56-61,63-8,71,79,105,108, 121-7, 129-34, 137-57, 166-73

Marxism 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19-21,25,32-4,47,139-57, 171-3

Mead, George Herbert 127 meaning 34, 59, 75-81,93,98-9,

129 metapsychology 59 methodology 57-9, 149-50 modernity 15, 16, 18, 21,34-5,

60-1, 116-23, 129, 132-3, 161 money Ill, 120, 130, 132 monological 54, 76-80, 145 motivation crisis I 03, 130-1 mythic worldview 116-19

nature 28,40,51,65-7,96-7,100, 113-15, 124, 152, 156

needs 30, I 03-4, II 0, 153-4, 170 New Class 4, 140 New Science 45 normative foundation II, 23, 46,

56,64-5,71, 73,106,108, Ill, 121, 134, 136, 137-8, 144-6, 148, 153, 157, 161, 164, 165, 170

norms 82,85,87-8,94-5,101-2, 127, 137-8, 168-9

objectivity 29, 43, 112-13 O'Connor, James 172

paradigm of communication 137, 138, 148-68

paradigm of production 25-32, 49, 130, 137, 138, 141-56, 157, 166--71

Parsons, Talcott I 08 Peirce, Charles Sanders 53 performance 75, 80 perso11ality 120, 127-9, 133 philosophy 7, 26--7,31,36--9,

64--5, 107-8, 121, 138, 149-50

Piaget, Jean 15, 70, 100, 118-21, 165

Plato 9 Pollock, Frederick 36, 149 politics 3--4, 20, 40-1,47-9, 98,

134-6 Popper, Karl 2, 9 positivism 33, 50-I, 53--4, 55, 73,

104, 149, 156 post-modernism 139--40 power 120, 130, 132, 135, 166 practical discourse 85, 114-15 practical intentions 7, 16, 20, 21,

22,43,49,61,71,72, 134,136, 166

practical interest 50, 53-6 pragmatics 80-1, 83, 84,87-99 pragmatism 43, 127 prax~ 48, 142, 151 presuppositions of

communication II, 52,71 propositional content 91-2 psychoanalysis 15, 57-9, 67-8 public sphere 42-3, 104 purposive-rational action 7, 101,

120-7, 130, 133

quasi-transcendental conditions of knowledge 52-9, 65-8, 108

radical theory 140, 148, 156, 166--73

Rasmussen, David 127

Index 193

rational reconstruction 14-15, 17, 69-73, 107-8

rationalisation 12, 15, 19, 34-6, 39,46,48,101-2,120-5,149

rationality 4, 17,18,24,32--41,61, 71, 73, 103, 105-36, 137-8, 141-2, 157-66, 170

reason (Vernunft) 16, 17, 18, 37, 116,124,134,138,146

reconstructive sciences 69-70, 81, 89

reflection 14-15, 56--7, 62--4, 69-70, 72

reification of consciousness 35-6, 38,39,59, 124,130,132

relativism 9,21,22,39,43, 117, 118, 121, 140

revolution 27, 32, 33, 36, 105, 139 Robinson, Joan 161 Rorty, Richard 5, 9, 18, 167 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 27

Saussure, Ferdinand de 89 Schulz, Walter 85 science 36--7, 53--4 scientism 50-1 scientific Marxism 142-51 Searle, John 6, 80, 90-2,96,98,99 self-reflection 14-15, 56--7, 62--4,

69-70, 72 semantics 75-7, 78-81 Simmel, Georg 6 situationists 112 Skinner, Quentin 2, 3, 4 social evolution 13, 16, 71, 100-5 social factory 172 social integration 17, 72, 101,

128-9, 133-5 socialisation 100, 128-9, 133-5 social movements I 00, I 02, 134-6 social practice 5-7, 19, 26, 46,49 social rationality 21, 24--41, 46, 49,

59--61, 123-7, 133, 141-2, 151, 157-61

social sciences 48-9, 52, 149 social totality 35, 37, 124, 144 socialism 26--7,32,33, 173

194 Index

society 34-5,96-7, 113-15, 120--4, 127-9, 133

species subject 27-8, 150 speechacts 6,17,77-81,90-9,158,

159 state 120, 130, 149, 165, 172, 173 strategic action 98, 109, 110, 162 Strawson, P. F. 84,92 Struckturwandel der 0./fenlichkiet

42-43 symbolic interaction 127 system 120, 124, 125-6 systematically distorted com-

munication 78-81, 83, 85, 110,158

systems theory 62, I 04, 126

techne 48 technical interest 50, 53-6 technology 34, 40-1, 45-6, I 00,

143-4 theoretical discourse 85, 114-15 theoria 48 Theorie des kommunikativen

Handelns 106 theory and practice 3-4, 19-20, 24,

63-4,67-8,71-2,134-8, 144-6, 148, 154, 171

Theory and Practice 20, 43,47 Theory of Communicative Action,

The 4, 107, 121, 125, 134, 135,136,137,163

therapeuticcritique 114-15 Therborn, Goran 2, 4 Theunissen, Michael 66-7, 71 Thompson, E. P. 171, 172 tradition 119-20, 132-3

traditional societies 34-6, 119-22 Tronti, Mario 172 truth II, 17,31-2,65,81-7,

117-18

understanding ( Verstand) 37, 88, 124

understanding/agreement ( Ver­standigung) 88, 158-60

universalisation 88 universal pragmatics II, 15, 17,

87-99,110, Ill, 160

validity claims 88-9, 94-7, 110-11, 113-15, 119, 121

value judgments 35, 53 value spheres 18, 34, 123, 133 value theory 125-7 values 34-5,43,49,53, 59-60,82,

146, 168-9 Vico, Giovanni Battista 48

VVebe~ Max 6, 7,20,34-6,39,40, 48,53,59-60,121-5,133,134, 164

VVestern Marxism 33-4 VVhitebook, Joel 10, II VVill, Frederick 5, 168 will-formation 42-3, 104 VVinch, Peter 117-18 VVittgenstein, Ludwig 6, 9, 143,

168 worldview 102, 116-19

Zur Logik der Sozialwissen­schaften 16, 52