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Nursing ResearchNursing Research
Board Review
Research definedResearch defined
• A systematic search for understanding, an attempt to gain solutions, discover and develop an organized body of knowledge
Nursing ResearchNursing Research
• Concerned with the systematic study and assessment of nursing problems or phenomena, finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies, initiating change and taking action to make new knowledge useful to nursing
Foundation of nursing Foundation of nursing knowledgeknowledge
• Customs and traditions• Authority• Staff development and experience
General types of researchGeneral types of research
• Basic Research– Search for new knowledge
• Applied Research– Application of knowledge to solve
problems
• Action Research– Study of certain problem where
conclusions are drawn
Characteristics of researchCharacteristics of research
1. Involves gathering of new data from new sources
2. Directed towards the solution of problem
3. Analytical and empirical4. Requires expertise5. Logical, honest and innovative6. Can be replicated7. Carefully recorded
Purposes of NURSING Purposes of NURSING researchresearch
1. Provide scientific basis for nursing practice2. Develop new techniques, tools. New
knowledge3. Provide solutions to problems concerning
health4. Help determine the areas of need in nursing5. Prepare oneself to be a diligent researcher.
It is on duty of a NURSE.
NP and NSNP and NS
• Nursing process is similar to research process
• both consist of a number of closely related activities that overlap
• Both involve problem solving and the use of logical systems of inductive and deductive reasoning
Overview of the step in NROverview of the step in NR
• There are variety of steps in conducting research
• Most authors differ slightly but they have common sequence
Steps in nursing researchSteps in nursing research
1. Identify problem2. Conduct literature review3. Identify theoretical concept4. Formulate hypothesis5. Operationalize variables6. Select research design7. Ascertain and select sample8. Conduct a pilot study9. Collect data10. analyze data11. Interpret results12. Disseminate information
stepssteps
1. Formulate the Problem• Define the problem• Define purpose of research• Review related literature• Formulate theoretical framework• Define the population• State the SPECIFIC research problem• State the assumptions• State the scope and limitation• Define the research terms
stepssteps
2. Formulate the hypothesis
3. Determine research design and methodology
4. Select and develop tools for data collection
5. Develop analysis of data plan
stepssteps
6. Collect the data
7. Organize and process the data
8. Analyze and interpret the data
9. Formulate conclusions
10. Write the research reports
Formulate the problemFormulate the problem
• Curiosity or burning interest form the researcher may lead to the formulation of a problem
• The problem must be:– Feasible– Important– Clearly defined– Observable– Satisfies the interests of the QUALIFIED
researcher
Review of related literatureReview of related literature
1. To define research questions, models and tools that may be useful in problem identification
2. To provide comparative data that are available for analysis
3. To compare one’s findings with other theoretical an conceptual frameworks
4. To identify studies that may be replicated
Formulate theoretical Formulate theoretical frameworkframework
• Useful guides are the data from literature
• Previous theories
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
• The POPULATION refers to the largest body of the individuals being research
• SAMPLING is the process of selecting a PORTION of the POPULATION to represent the whole
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
• Factors that can influence sample size include:
1. Accessibility2. Cost3. Amount of time available
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. Probability sampling• Individuals are given chance to be
selected
2. Non probability sampling• Selection is based upon the criteria of
researcher, persons are NOT given equal chance
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
PROBABILITY SAMPLING• Simple random= selection is done by
chance, usually lottery or table of random numbers
• Stratified random sampling= population is divided into LEVELS or strata and selection is done per level
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
PROBABILITY SAMPLING3. Systematic Random sampling= this
consist of establishing a pattern like: every 5th person, every 8th household
4. Cluster sampling= involves selection of sample form various section of the population
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING• CONVENIENCE sampling/accidental
sampling= data are collected from anyone available
• Snowball or network sampling= data are collected from those referred by another person
Delineate the populationDelineate the population
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING3. Purposive sampling= selection of
subjects based on certain characteristics
4. Cross cultural= variety of culture
5. Cross sectional= one point only
Scope and limitationsScope and limitations
• Scope is the extent to which the study will be made
• Limitations are perceived weaknesses
• Delimitations are restrictions that the researches places on the study
STEP 2STEP 2
Formulate HypothesisHypothesis is a scientific guess. It is only
tested not proved1. Simple hypothesis2. Complex hypothesis3. Null hypothesis= assumption that
there is NO difference
Step 2Step 2
Variable• A quality, property or characteristic of a
person or thing to be studied that can be quantitatively measured
• It is a factor that varies
Step 2Step 2
Variable1. INDEPENDENT Variable= the
presumed CAUSE. The one MANIPULATED by the researcher
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE= the presumed EFFECT or the response. It is otherwise called CRITERION VARIBALE
Step 2Step 2
Variable3. EXTRANEOUS or UNCONTROLLED or
CONFOUNDING variable= variable that may affect the dependent variable
Step 2Step 2
VariableDichotomous variable= sexPolychotomous variable= many
categories
Step 3Step 3
Research Design1. EXPERIMENTAL research
• Conducted in a specialized setting
2. NON experimental research• Conducted in a natural setting such as
hospital, clinic
Step 3Step 3
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH approach• Describes and interprets what IS and
reveals conditions and relationships that EXIST or DO NOT exist
• Survey, Case analysis, comparative studies, relationship studies
Step 3Step 3
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH approachSurvey• Data are gathered from a relatively LARGE
number of cases at a particular time1. Normative survey= norms or typical
condition2. Social survey= current social problem3. Community survey4. School survey
Non-experimentalNon-experimentalADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Less expensive CANNOT establish causal relationships
Completed in SHORT time NOT used for diagnosis and explanation
Cooperation of subjects easily obtained
NOT always useful for theory development
Translation of findings is more acceptable to consumers of research
Difficult to get financial aid
Use for PREDICTIVE purpose CANNOT be applied to test a program or procedure
Step 4Step 4
Select data collection method1. Reliability= ACCURACY or precision of
the tool. The measurements are the same if REPEATED
Step 4Step 4
Select data collection method2. VALIDITY= relevancy of
measurements. It measures what it is supposed to measure
Step 4Step 4
Select data collection method3. SENSITIVITY= measures the fine
differences among the subjects
Step 5 Step 5
Develop the data analysis planconsider how the data should be analyze
Step 6Step 6
COLLECTION OF DATA1. Use of existing records2. Observation3. Questionnaire4. interview
Data Data
Nominal data Data that can be organized into CATEGORIES of a defined property but cannot be compared
Ordinal Used when data can be assigned categories that can be ranked
Interval Have equal numerical distance between intervals. NO ZERO SCALE
Ratio Highest form of measure, similar to interval BUT with ZERO POINT
Step 6Step 6
Questionnaire• The most common• Written in a form that is distributed• Questions constructed and pre-tested
carefully1. FREE response/ unstructured= respondents
can write 2. Close-ended/Structured= respondents just
check the prepared response
Step 6 QuestionnaireStep 6 Questionnaire
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple method Responses may lack depth
Less time consumed Omission of items
Data gathered can be widely scattered
Responses may not be the actual responses
Researcher does not need to see respondents personally
Printing, distribution and collection are expensive and maybe difficult
Step 6Step 6
INTERVIEW• Second most common• Relevant ideas and depth van be
explored
1. Structured interview= read to the respondents
2. Unstructured interview= guide questions only
Step 6 InterviewStep 6 InterviewAdvantages disadvantages
Complete answers possible
Requires more time
Misunderstanding minimized
Interpersonal relationship between subject and researcher may not be the same
Topics can be pursued Cost, time, effort are even greater than interview
No items omitted
Subjects does not have to be literate
Step 6Step 6
Observation• Most directive means• Common in nursing care research
1. Participant observation= investigator blends with subject
2. Non-participant= use of weighing scale, BP to monitor quantitative changes
Step 6: ObservationStep 6: Observation
Advantages Disadvantages
Valuable in studying nursing practice
Observed clients are subject to bias
Inexpensive. Can be continued anytime
Events may occur rapidly and impossible to record
Subjects are available Extensive training necessary
Simple to develop Time needed to wait for the occurrence
Allows view of situation Difficult to be always PRESENT to view
Step 6Step 6
HAWTHORNE effect• People may INTENTIONALY change
their behavior because they know that they are being studied
Step 6Step 6
HALO effect• Observer may have the TENDENCY to
rate certain subjects as either LOW or HIGH depending on the impression the subject gives to the observer
Step 7Step 7
ORGANIZE AND PROCESS DATA• Editing• Coding• Scoring • Sealing summarizing• Use of tables and computer to calculate
the data
Step 7Step 7
ORGANIZE AND PROCESS DATAFor QUALITATIVE DATA• Rate and percentages
For QUANTITATIVE DATA• Measures of central tendency and
measures of variation
Step 8Step 8
ANALYZE the DATA• Draw meaning from the finding• The researcher should be able to say if
the NULL hypothesis is accepted or rejected
Step 9Step 9
FORMULATE CONCLUSIONS and Recommendations
These are judgment about the data collected and the suggestions of possible application of the research
Step 10Step 10
WRITE THE RESEARCH REPORT• Report may be prepared for publication• The MAIN purpose is to disseminate the
findings of the study for others to utilize
Ethical Issues in ResearchEthical Issues in Research
1. Confidentiality2. Autonomy3. Beneficence4. Non-maleficence5. Justice