Yuwei MaoYuhan LiuNanzhu JiYichen Yue
Leadership --Lincoln and Nixon
Abraham Lincoln The 16th president of the United
States from March 1861.
One of the great American leaders
The first assassination of a U.S.
president on April 15, 1865 ( Harold,
2008) .
Extinction of slavery by proposing
compensated emancipation.
( Work, 2009) .
(Cundiff, 2011)
Physical characteristics for Lincoln
Appearance (Belz, 2006) :• 5’ 10’’ high• A well-rounded face• Dark hazel eyes• Heavy growth of beard• Coarse black hair• Slightly stoop-shouldered
Intelligence :• Self-education (Guelzo, 2003)
Richard Nixon The 37th president of the United
States from 1969 to 1974.
The 36th vice President of the
United States from 1953 to
1961.
The only one to resign from
office , following the Watergate
scandal . ( Morgan, 2002) .
(Garneau, 2011)
Physical characteristics for Nixon
Appearance (Ambrose, 1989) :• 5' 11" tall • Brown wavy hair• Guarded brown eyes • Thick eyebrows• A prominent ski nose• Sagging jowls• A slightly protruding jaw
Intelligence: • A highly intelligent man(Black, 2007)
Knowledge, skills and abilities
Abraham Lincoln
Proficient in legal knowledge
Persuasiveness( Gettysburg Address ) Self-study ability Social experienced
(Carwardine, 2003)
Richard Milhous Nixon
Proficient in legal knowledge
Persuasiveness( the Great Silent Majority ) Good diplomatism Proficient in military
(Boger, 2005)
Dominant personality traits
Abraham Lincoln
Insistent (Goodwin, 2005)
Merciful (Carwardine, 2003)
Honest (Goodrich, 2005)
Richard Milhous Nixon
Suspicious Prudent Selfishness
(Black, 2007)
What kind of leader are these people?
Richard Milhous Nixon (Dallek, 2007) ──── Autocratic Leadership
Focus of power is with the leader.
The leader alone exercises decision-making .
Authority for determining foreign policy and decision making
mechanism.
( Mullins, 2010 )
What kind of leader are these people?Abraham Lincoln (Goodwin, 2005)
──── Transformational Leadership Individualized Consideration -leader who developmental needs of follow Intellectual Stimulation -leader who solicit new approaches in policy Inspirational Motivation -the behavior of leader inspire the people Idealized Influence -the charisma of the leader, and the respect of the followers
( Mullins, 2010 )
( Supreme Commander)
Effective Ineffective
Lincoln
Proficient in legal knowledge (Carwardine, 2003)
Good eloquence (Carwardine, 2003)
Insistent (Goodwin, 2005)
Honest (Goodrich, 2005)
Merciful (Carwardine, 2003)
Nixon
Proficient in legal knowledge
Good eloquence
Good diplomacy
Prudent (Boger, 2005 and Black, 2007 )
Suspicion
Self-centred
(Black, 2007 )
Two Theories
Trait Theories
The trait model of leadership is based on the characteristics of many leaders - both successful and unsuccessful
Be used to predict leadership effectiveness.
( Mullins, 2010 )
New Theories
Describes how leaders influence subordinates
Transactional leadership: focus on motivating followers to perform desired behaviours through rewards
Transformational leadership: focus on transforming
( Mullins, 2010 )
Reference • Ambrose, S. E. (1989). Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician 1962–1972. New York:
Simon & Schuster.
• Belz, H. (2006). "Lincoln, Abraham". In Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey
O. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia.
• Black, C. (2007). Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full. New York: PublicAffairs Books.
• Boger, J. C. (2005). School Resegregation: Must the South Turn Back. Chapel Hill, N.C.:
University of North Carolina Press.
• Carwardine, R (2003). Lincoln. Pearson Education Ltd.
Reference• Cundiff, M, 2011. Leadership Shorts-Abraham Lincoln [image online] Available at:
http://www.markjcundiff.com/2011/09/leadership-shorts-abraham-lincoln/
[accessed 8/3/2013]
• Dallek, R. (2007). Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. New York: HarperCollins.
• Goodrich, T (2005). The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American
Tragedy. Indiana University Press.
• Guelzo, A.C. (2003) Abraham Lincoln. Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
• Goodwin, D. K. (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln.
Simon & Schuster.
Reference• Garneau , E , 2011. Duke Students Pay Musical Homage to Nixon [image online]
Available at:
http://education-portal.com/articles/Duke_Students_Pay_Musical_Homage_to_Ni
xon.html [accessed at 3/8/2013]
• Harold, H. (2008) Lincoln president- elect. New York: Simon& Schuster
• Morgan, I. (2002) Nixon. First edition. London : Oxford university press
• Mullins, L. J. (2010) Management & organisational behaviour. London: Prentice
Hall. Ninth Edition
• Work, D. (2009) Lincoln’s Political Generals. First edition. London : Board of
Trustees of the University of Illinois
Thank you!