Operators Dictionary

TABLE OF CONTENTS

181A

1.1ABSOLUTE PRESSURE181.2ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE181.3ABSORPTION PROCESS181.4ACCELERATOR181.5ACCUMULATOR181.6ACETYLENE C2H2181.7ACID181.8ADDITIVE181.9ADIP181.10ADIP TREATING181.11ADSORPTION PROCESS181.12AEROBIC191.13AEROMETER191.14AGGREGATE191.15AIR-BLOWN ASPHALT191.16AIR HEAT EXCHANGER191.17AIR SWEETENING191.18ALCOHOLS191.19ALGAE191.20ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS191.21ALKALI191.22ALKALI TEST191.23ALKALINE191.24ALKALINITY191.25ALKYLATION191.26ALLOY201.27AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE201.28AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS201.29AMINE201.30AMMONIA NH3201.31ANAEROBIC201.32ANALYSIS201.33ANHYDROUS201.34ANILINE POINT201.35ANNEALING201.36ANTIFOAM AGENT201.37ANTIKNOCK201.38ANTIKNOCK AGENT201.39ANTIOXIDANT201.40ANTISTATIC ADDITIVE211.41API GRAVITY211.42AROMATIC BLEND211.43AROMATICS211.44ASH211.45ASH CONTENT211.46ASPHALT211.47ASPHALTENES211.48ASPHALTIC BASE CRUDE OILS211.49ASPHALTIC BITUMEN211.50ASPIRATOR211.51ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS221.52ASTM DISTILLATION221.53ASTM GUM TEST221.54ASTM MELTING POINT221.55ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE221.56ATOM221.57ATOMISE\221.58ATTEMPERATOR\221.59ATTRITION\221.60AUTO IGNITION POINT221.61AVERAGE BOILING POINT221.62AVGAS221.63AVIATION GASOLINE221.64AVTAG231.65AVTUR231.66AZEOTROPE231.67AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION232B242.1BACK PRESSURE242.2BAFFLE242.3BALANCED DRAUGHT242.4BAR OVER242.5BAROMETER242.6BAROMETRIC CONDENSER242.7BAROMETRIC LEG242.8BARREL242.9BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER242.10BATCH242.11BATCH PROCESS242.12BATTERY242.13BATTERY LIMITS242.14BEARING242.15BENZENE C6H6252.16BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)252.17BIODEGRADATION252.18BIOTREATER252.19BITUMEN252.20BLACK PRODUCTS252.21BLANK See Spade252.22BLEEDING252.23BLEND252.24BLENDED FUEL OIL252.25BLENDING252.26BLENDING STOCK252.27BLENDING VALUE (ANTIKNOCK)252.28BLOCK VALVE252.29BLOCKED OPERATION252.30BLOWBACK262.31BLOWBY262.32BLOWDOWN262.33BLOWER262.34BLOWN BITUMEN262.35BLUE SMOKE262.36BOILING POINT (AT A GIVEN PRESSURE)262.37BOILING RANGE262.38BOMB262.39BOND262.40BOOSTER STATION262.41BOTTLED GAS262.42BOTTOMS262.43BOXIN262.44BOXUP272.45BRAKE HORSEPOWER272.46BREAKER POINT272.47BREATHING272.48BRINE272.49BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)272.50BRITOLITE272.51BUFFER272.52BUG COUNT272.53BULK CRUSHING STRENGTH272.54BULK DENSITY272.55BUND WALL272.56BUNKER FUEL272.57BURNING OIL272.58BUTANE C4H10282.59BUTANE DEASPHALTING282.60BYPRODUCT283C293.1C1,C2,C3,C4,C5293.2CALIBRATION293.3CALMING SECTION TRAYS293.4CALORIE293.5CALORIFIC VALUE293.6CANDLEPOWER293.7CAPILLARITY293.8CARBON293.9CARBON (FIXED CARBON)293.10CARBON DEPOSIT293.11CARBON DIOXIDE293.12CARBON MONOXIDE293.13CARBURETTOR303.14CARRYOVER303.15CASCADE TRAY303.16CATALYSIS303.17CATALYST303.18CATALYST POISON303.19CATALYTIC PROCESS303.20CATALYTIC REFORMING303.21CATHODIC PROTECTION303.22CAUSTIC SODA303.23CENTRIGRADE (CELSIUS) SCALE303.24CENTIPOISE, CENTISTOKES303.25CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR313.26CENTRIFUGAL PUMP313.27CENTRIFUGE313.28CERAMIC BALLS313.29CETANE NUMBER313.30CFR ENGINE313.31CHANNELING313.32CHARACTERISATION313.33CHAR VALUE313.34CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN VALVE)313.35CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)313.36CHLORINATION313.37CHROMOMETER See Colorimeter313.38CLADDING313.39CLAUS PROCESS313.40CLEAR GASOLINE323.41CLOUD POINT323.42COAGULATION323.43COALESCER323.44COASTAL TANKER Ltd (CTL)323.45COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION323.46COFFERDAMS323.47COKE323.48COKE DRUM323.49COLD FILTER PLUGGING POINT323.50COLORIMETER323.51COMBINED FEED RATIO (CFR)323.52COMBUSTION323.53COMBUSTION CHAMBER323.54COMPATABILITY323.55COMPOUND323.56COMPRESSION333.57COMPRESSION IGNITION333.58COMPRESSION RATIO333.59COMPRESSOR333.60CONDENSATE333.61CONDENSATION (PHYSICAL)333.62CONDENSER333.63CONDENSER BOX333.64CONDUCTIVITY333.65CONGEAL333.66CONTINUOUS CATALYST REGENERATOR333.67CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION333.68CONTROL LOOP333.69CONTROLLER333.70CONVECTION333.71CONVECTION SECTION343.72CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS343.73CONVERSION PROCESSES343.74COOLER343.75COOLING TOWER343.76COPPER STRIP CORROSION343.77CORRECTED ENERGY & LOSS (CEL)343.78CORROSION343.79COUNTERCURRENT FLOW343.80CRACKING343.81CREDITORS343.82CREEP343.83CRITERIA REFERENCED INSTRUCTION343.84CRITICAL PRESSURE343.85CRITICAL TEMPERATURE343.86CRITICAL VELOCITY353.87CRUDE NAPHTHA353.88CRUDE OIL TYPES353.89CRUDE WAX353.90CRYSTALISATION353.91CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS353.92CURRENT RATE353.93CUT353.94CUT POINT353.95CYCLISATION353.96CYCLONE SEPARATOR354D364.1DAMPER364.2DEACTIVATION364.3DEADWEIGHT364.4DEARATOR364.5DEBTORS364.6DECOMPOSITION364.7DEFERRED TAXATION364.8DEHYDRATION364.9DEHYDROCYCLISATION364.10DEHYDROGENATION364.11DEIONIZED WATER364.12DEISOLATION364.13DEMISTER364.14DEMULSIFIER364.15DEMURRAGE364.16DENITRIFICATION374.17DENSE BED LOADING374.18DEOXYGENATION374.19DESALTING374.20DESULPHURISATION See Hydrodesulphurisation374.21DESUPERHEATER374.22DETERGENCY374.23DETERGENT OIL374.24DETONATION374.25DEW POINT (at a given pressure)374.26DEWAXING374.27DIESEL ENGINE374.28DIESEL FUEL374.29DIESEL INDEX374.30DIFLUOROETHANE384.31DILUENT384.32DIPPING384.33DISTILLATE384.34DISTILLATION (fractional)384.35DISTILLATION CURVE384.36DISTILLATION LOSS384.37DISTRIBUTOR (LIQUID/GAS)384.38DISULPHIDE384.39DIVIDEND COVER384.40DIVIDEND YIELD384.41DOCTOR SOLUTION384.42DOCTOR TREATMENT384.43DOLPHIN394.44DOWNCOMER394.45DOWNSTREAM394.46DRAW OFF394.47DRY GAS394.48DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE395E405.1EARNINGS PER SHARE (CENTS)405.2ECONOMISER405.3EJECTOR405.4ELASTOMER405.5ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE405.6ELECTROLYSIS405.7EMULSIFIER405.8EMULSION405.9END POINT405.10ENDOTHERMIC405.11ENGINE OIL405.12ENGLER DISTILLATION405.13ENTRAINMENT405.14EROSION405.15ETHANE C2H6415.16ETHENE415.17EVACUATION415.18EVAPORATION415.19EVAPORATOR415.20EX SITU REGEN415.21EXOTHERMIC415.22EXPANSION JOINT415.23EXTRACT415.24EXTRACTION415.25EXTRACTION DEPTH415.26EXTRACTOR415.27EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS415.28EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANTS416F426.1FAECAL COLIFORM (F. COLI.)426.2FATIGUE426.3FEED PREPARATION UNIT426.4FEEDSTOCK426.5FILTER426.6FILTRATE426.7FIN FAN426.8FIRE WALL426.9FIXEDBED OPERATION426.10FLAME ARRESTOR426.11FLAMMABLE426.12FLASH426.13FLASH DISTILLATION426.14FLASH POINT426.15FLEXIBLE VOLATILITY INDEX436.16FLOATING HEAD436.17FLOATING ROOF436.18FLOC436.19FLOCCULATION436.20FLOODING436.21FLUE GAS436.22FLUID436.23FLUID BED OPERATION436.24FOAM436.25FOAMING436.26FORCED DRAUGHT436.27FRACTION436.28FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION446.29FRACTIONATING COLUMN446.30FRACTIONATING TRAYS446.31FRACTIONATION446.32FREE ON BOARD (FOB)446.33FREE WATER446.34FREEZE POINT446.35FREEZING POINT446.36FRESH GAS446.37FRICTION446.38FUEL AIR RATIO446.39FUEL CELL446.40FUEL GAS456.41FUEL OIL456.42FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SCHEME456.43FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SYSTEM456.44FURNACE456.45FURNACE PASS457G467.1GAP467.2GAS HOLDER467.3GAS OIL467.4GAS/OIL RATIO467.5GASOLINE467.6GAS TURBINE467.7GATHERING STATION467.8GEAR OIL467.9GLAND467.10GOVERNOR467.11GRAVITOMETER467.12GRID TRAYS467.13GUM468H478.1HAMER LINE BLIND478.2HEADER478.3HEAT CAPACITY478.4HEAT EXCHANGER478.5HEAT OF COMBUSTION478.6HEATER478.7HIFI TRAYS478.8HIGH VACUUM UNIT478.9HORSEPOWER478.10HORTON SPHERE478.11HOT OIL478.12HOT SPOT478.13HUMIDITY478.14HYDRATE488.15HYDRATION488.16HYDRAULIC FLUIDS488.17HYDROCARBON488.18HYDROCHLORIC ACID488.19HYDROCRACKING488.20HYDRODEALKYLATION488.21HYDRODESULPHURIZATION488.22HYDROGEN488.23HYDROGEN BLISTERING488.24HYDROGEN SULPHIDE488.25HYDROGENATION488.26HYDROLYSIS488.27HYDROMETER498.28HYDROSTATIC HEAD491.29HYDROSTATIC TEST498.30HYDROTREATING499I509.1IGNITION POINT509.2IGNITION QUALITY509.3IMMISCIBLE509.4INCOMPATIBLE509.5INDIGENOUS FEEDSTOCK509.6INDUCED DRAUGHT509.7INERT ENTRY509.8INERT GAS509.9INERT FILLER509.10INFLAMMABLE509.11INHIBITOR509.12INITIAL BOILING POINT509.13INJECTOR509.14INLINE BLENDING509.15INORGANIC519.16INSITU REGEN519.17INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM519.18INTERCEPTOR519.19INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE519.20ION EXCHANGE RESINS519.21ISOLATE519.22ISOMER519.23ISOMERISATION519.24ISOOCTANE C8H18 (2,2,4TRIMETHYLPENTANE)519.25ISOTOPE5110J5210.1JET A15210.2JET ENGINE (see also Gas Turbine)5210.3JET FUEL5210.4JETTY HOSE5211K5311.1KELVIN5311.2KEROSENE5311.3KETTLE REBOILER5311.4KNOCK5311.5KNOCKOUT (DRUM OR VESSEL)5312L5412.1LAGGING5412.2LASER ALIGNMENT5412.3LATENT HEAT5412.4LEAD5412.5LEAD ACETATE TEST5412.6LEAD SUSCEPTIBILITY5412.7LEADED GASOLINE5412.8LEAN ADIP5412.9LICHEN5412.10LIGHT DISTILLATE5412.11LIGHT ENDS5412.12LIGHT TOPS5412.13LINEAR PROGRAMME (LP)5412.14LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)5412.15LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)5512.16LIQUID PHASE5512.17LIQUID SEAL5512.18LITRE5512.19LIVE STEAM5512.20LOADONTOP SYSTEM5512.21LOADING RACK5512.22LOGIC5512.23LONG RESIDUE5512.24LOST TIME ACCIDENT (LTI)5512.25LOW VISCOSITY INDEX5512.26LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT5512.27LUBOIL5512.28LUBRICANT5512.29LUBRICATING OIL5612.30LUBRICATION5613M5713.1M CAP DECK5713.2MANIFOLD5713.3MANOMETER5713.4MASS SPECTROMETER5713.5MELTING POINT5713.6MERCAPTANS5713.7METHANATOR5713.8METHANE CH45713.9METHANE SERIES5713.10METHANOL5713.11METHYL CHLOROFORM5713.12METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)5713.13METRIC SYSTEM5813.14MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES5813.15MIDDLE DISTILLATE5813.16MINERAL OIL5813.17MINIMUM STOP5813.18MISCIBLE5813.19MIXED BASE CRUDE5813.20MIXER5813.21MIXING VALVE5813.22MIXTURE5813.23MOLE PERCENT5813.24MOLECULAR WEIGHT5813.25MOLECULE5813.26MOTOR GASOLINE5813.27MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER (MON)5913.28MOTORISED VALVE5913.29MULTIGRADE OIL5913.30MULTISTAGE PUMP5914N6014.1NAPHTHA6014.2NAPHTHENE6014.3NAPHTHENIC ACID6014.4NAPHTHENIC CRUDE6014.5NATURAL DRAUGHT6014.6NATURAL GAS6014.7NATURAL GASOLINE6014.8NET ASSET BACKING/SHARE6014.9NET PROFIT AFTER TAX6014.10NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX6014.11NEUTRAL6014.12NEUTRON6014.13NITROGEN6114.14NITROGEN BASE6114.15NONASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS6114.16NON CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS6114.17NORMALISE6115O6215.1OCTANE6215.2OIL RING6215.3OIL SHALE6215.4OLEFINS6215.5ONCETHROUGH6215.6ON STREAM6215.7ORGANIC6215.8ORIFICE METER6215.9ORIFICE PLATE6215.10OSMOSIS6215.11OUTPUT6215.12OVERHEADS6215.13OVERLAP6315.14OXIDATION6315.15OXIDIZING FLAME6316P6416.1PACKED TOWER6416.2PACKING6416.3PALL RINGS6416.4PARAFFINBASE CRUDE6416.5PARAFFINS6416.6PARAFFIN WAX6416.7PARTIAL CONDENSER6416.8PARTIAL PRESSURE641.9PENETRATION6416.10PERMIT TO WORK6416.11PETROIL MIXTURE (2 STROKE MIX)6416.12PETROL6416.13PETROLEUM6516.14PETROLEUM NAPHTHA6516.15PETROLEUM SPIRITS6516.16PETROLEUM WAX6516.17PHENOL6516.18PHOSPHATE6516.19pH VALUE6516.20PIG6516.21PILOT PLANT6516.22PIPELINE6516.23PISTON6516.24PISTON RING6516.25PITTING6516.26PLASTICIZERS6516.27PLATFORMING6616.28POLYELECTROLYTE6616.29POLYMER6616.30POUR POINT6616.31POWER RECOVERY TURBINE6616.32PREDILUTON (RATIO)6616.33PREHEAT6616.34PREHEATER6616.35PRESSURE6616.36PRESSURE DROP6616.37PRESULPHIDE6616.38PRIMARY6616.39PRIMARY AIR6616.40PRIMARY PROCESS6616.41PRIME MOVER6716.42PROCESS INTEGRATION6716.43PROMOTER6716.44PROPANE C3H86716.45PROPYLENE C3H66716.46PROSS6716.47PUKING6716.48PURGING6716.49PYROPHORIC6717Q6817.1QUENCH6817.2QUENCH GAS6817.3QUENCHING OILS6818R6918.1RADIANT ENERGY6918.2RADIANT SECTION6918.3RADIATION6918.4RADICAL6918.5RAFFINATE6918.6RASCHIG RING6918.7REACTION6918.8REACTION TIME6918.9REACTOR6918.10REBOILER6918.11RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR6918.12RECIPROCATING PUMP6918.13RECLAIMER6918.14RECONTACTING6918.15RECYCLE GAS7018.16RECYCLE OIL7018.17RECYCLE RATIO7018.18RECYCLING7018.19REDUCED CRUDE7018.20REDUCTION7018.21REFINERS MARGIN GROSS7018.22REFINERS MARGIN NET7018.23REFINERY7018.24REFINERY FUEL AND LOSS7018.25REFINING7018.26REFLUX7018.27REFLUX CONDENSER7018.28REFLUX RATIO7018.29REFORMING7118.30REFRACTORY7118.31REFRACTORY BRICK7118.32REGENERATION7118.33REGENERATOR7118.34REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (RVP)7118.35RELIEF VALVE7118.36RERUNNING7118.37RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON)7118.38RESIDENCE TIME7118.39RESIDUAL FUEL OIL7118.40RESIDUE7118.41RESIN7218.42RETAINED EARNINGS7218.43RETURN BEND7218.44RICH ADIP7218.45RING COMPOUNDS7218.46RISER7218.47ROCKET FUEL7218.48ROTAMETER7218.49ROTARY PUMP7218.50RUNDOWN TANK7219S7319.1SAE CLASSIFICATION7319.2SAFEGUARDING7319.3SALT7319.4SAMPLE7319.5SATURATED HYDROCARBON7319.6SATURATION TEMPERATURE7319.7SCAVENGERS7319.8SCHEDULING7319.9SCHOEPENTOETER7319.10SEAL7319.11SECONDARY AIR7319.12SECONDARY PROCESS7319.13SEIZE7419.14SENSIBLE HEAT7419.15SEPARATOR7419.16SEPARATION INDEX7419.17SEPARATION PROCESSES7419.18SETTLER7419.19SETTLING POINT7419.20SETTLING TANK7419.21SHAREHOLDERS INVESTMENT7419.22SHIFT REACTION7419.23SHORT RESIDUE7419.24SIDE STRIPPER7419.25SIDESTREAM7419.26SIEVE TRAYS7419.27SIGHT GLASS7519.28SILVER STRIP7519.29SLACK WAX7519.30SLIDE VALVE7519.31SLOPS7519.32SLUDGE7519.33SMOKE POINT7519.34SOLAR ENERGY7519.35SOLUBLE OIL7519.36SOLUTION7519.37SOLVENT7519.38SOLVENT EXTRACTION7519.39SOLVENT/FEED RATIO7519.40SOOTBLOWER7519.41SOUR CRUDE7619.42SOUR GAS7619.43SOUR GASOLINE7619.44SOUR WATER7619.45SPACE VELOCITY7619.46SPADE7619.47SPALLING7619.48SPARGE7619.49SPARK ADVANCE7619.50SPECIFIC GRAVITY7619.51SPECIFIC HEAT7619.52SPECTACLE7619.53SPHERE SEE HORTON SPHERE7619.54SPLITTER7619.55SPOT7619.56STABILISATION7719.57STABILISED GASOLINE7719.58STABILITY7719.59STABILISER7719.60STADIS7719.61STANDARD PRESSURE7719.62STANDARD REFINERY FUEL (SRF)7719.63STANDBY7719.64STAND PIPE7719.65STATIC ELECTRICITY7719.66STEAM/AIR DECOKING7719.67STEAM DISTILLATION7719.68STEAM REFORMING7719.69STEEL7719.70STONEWALL7819.71STRAIGHTRUN7819.72STRAINER7819.73STRAPPING7819.74STREAM DAY7819.75STRIPPING7819.76STUFFING BOX7819.77SULFINOL PROCESS7819.78SULFOLANE7819.79SULPHATE7819.80SULPHIDE7819.81SULPHUR7819.82SULPHUR CEMENT7819.83SULPHUR DIOXIDE7819.84SULPHURIC ACID7919.85SUPERHEATER7919.86SURFACE AREA7919.87SURFACE TENSION7919.88SURFACRANTS7919.89SURGE7919.90SURGE DRUM7919.91SURGE PARAMETER7919.92SUSPENSION7919.93SWEET GAS7919.94SWEETENING7919.95SYNFUEL7919.96SYNTHESIS7920T8020.1TANK CAR8020.2TANK FARM8020.3TANK VOLUME8020.4TANKAGE8020.5TANKER8020.6TEMPERATURE8020.7TEMPERATURE GRADIENT8020.8TEROMAN8020.9TETRAETHYLLEAD (TEL)8020.10TETRAMETHYL LEAD (TML)8020.11THERM8020.12THERMAL CRACKING8020.13THERMOCOUPLE.8020.14THERMOSTAT8020.15TOLUENE C6H5CH38120.16TONNAGE (MARINE)8120.17TOPANOL8120.18TOPS8120.19TORQUE8120.20TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)8120.21TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)8120.22TOWER8120.23TRANSFER LINE8120.24TRANSFORMER OIL8120.25TRAP8120.26TRAYS8120.27TREATING PROCESSES8120.28TRIP SYSTEM8220.29TRYCOCKS8220.30TURBINE8220.31TURBINE OIL8220.32TURBOJET ENGINE8220.33TURNAROUND8220.34TURN DOWN8221U8321.1ULLAGE8321.2UNSATURATED.8321.3UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT8321.4UPSTREAM8322V8422.1V508422.2VACUUM8422.3VACUUM DISTILLATION8422.4VALENCE8422.5VALVE8422.6VALVE TRAYS8422.7VAPOUR8422.8VAPOUR DENSITY8422.9VAPOUR LINE8422.10VAPOUR LOCK8422.11VAPOUR PHASE8422.12VAPOUR PRESSURE (AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE)8422.13VAPORISATION8422.14VENTURI METER8522.15VENTURI TUBE8522.16VISCOSIMETER8522.17VISCOSITY8522.18VISCOSITY INDEX8522.19VOLATILE8523W8623.1WASH OILS8623.2WASH WATER8623.3WASTE HEAT BOILER8623.4WATER BOTTOM8623.5WATER SOFTENING8623.6WAXY DISTILLATE8623.7WEAR8623.8WEATHERING8623.9WEIGHTED AVERAGE BED TEMPERATURE (WABT)8623.10WEIR8623.11WET GAS8623.12WHESSOE8623.13WHITE OIL8623.14WHITE PRODUCTS8623.15WHITE SPIRITS8623.16WIDE RANGE DISTILLATE8723.17WORK SAFE AUDIT8724X8824.1XRAY8824.2XYLENE C6H4 (CH) 28825Y8925.1YARD PIPE (YP)8925.2YIELD8926REGULARLY USED ABBREVIATIONS9027REFINERY THROUGHPUT 1989 and 19989528REFINERY STATISTICS97

1 A

1.1 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

Pressure measured with respect to zero pressure, as distinct from pressure measured with respect to some standard pressure such as atmospheric pressure. Thus, 2 Bar gauge (i.e. atmospheric) is equivalent to 3 Bar absolute. (Atmospheric pressure being 1 bar absolute).

1.2 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE

A temperature at which zero is a condition absolutely free of heat and equivalent to -459oF or 273oC. To convert temperature on Fahrenheit or centigrade scales to degrees absolute, add 459 or 273 respectively.

1.3 ABSORPTION PROCESS

A separation process, a weak chemical reaction, by which certain components of a gas are condensed in an absorption liquid (lean oil) with which the gas is brought into contact. The absorption liquid with the absorbed components is called fat oil. The fat oil leaves the bottom of the absorber and is separated from the absorbed components in a following fractionator (Regenerator) whence the fresh lean oil is returned to the absorber. For example, Adip and Sulfinol Processes for H2S + CO2 removal.

1.4 ACCELERATOR

1.A substance that hastens a reaction, usually by acting as a catalyst, as in the vulcanization of rubber.

2.Any of several automobile attachments for increasing the speed at will, especially a foot-operated throttle.

1.5 ACCUMULATOR

A vessel for the temporary storage of a gas or liquid; usually used for collecting sufficient material for a continuous charge to some refining process.

1.6 ACETYLENE C2H2

A highly unsaturated hydrocarbon gas usually made by the action of water on calcium carbide and by pyrolysis of natural gas. It is largely used in industry for cutting and welding metals. Several important intermediates have been synthesised from acetylene but a cheaper route via ethylene has now been developed for many of them.

1.7 ACID

A member of an important and fundamental category of chemical substances characterised by having an available reactive hydrogen and requiring an alkali to neutralise them. Acid solutions usually have a sour, biting and tart taste, like vinegar.

1.8 ADDITIVE

A substance added to a product in order to improve its properties.

1.9 ADIP

Shell trade name for aqueous DIPA solution.

1.10 ADIP TREATING

A process for removal of hydrogen sulphide from hydrocarbon gases and LPG by a specific regenerable solvent.

Carbon dioxide and, to a certain extent, carbonyl sulphide can be removed at the same time. The solvent employed is an aqueous DIPA solution.

1.11 ADSORPTION PROCESS

A fractionation process based on the fact that certain highly porous materials preferentially adsorb certain types of molecules on their surface, e.g. PSA units.

1.12 AEROBIC

Existing in the presence of oxygen.

1.13 AEROMETER

An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air or other gases.

1.14 AGGREGATE

As applied to non-bituminous materials, the inert material, such as sand, gravel, or broken stone, with which cementing material is mixed to form a mortar or concrete.

1.15 AIR-BLOWN ASPHALT

Asphalt produced by blowing air through residual oils or similar mineral oil products at moderately elevated temperatures.

1.16 AIR HEAT EXCHANGER

A heat exchanger in which air is used as the cooling medium.

1.17 AIR SWEETENING

In this process sour gasoline fractions are sweetened by dissolving air in the hydrocarbon phase followed by contacting with a strong NaOH aqueous solution. The reaction products formed are disulphides which dissolve in the sweetened gasoline and water remaining in the aqueous phase.

1.18 ALCOHOLS

A class of organic compounds containing oxygen (as a hydroxyl), of which ethyl alcohol (the alcohol of potable spirits and wines) is the best known. They can react with acids to form esters. They are largely used as solvents.

1.19 ALGAE

Plants of the group comprising practically all seaweeds and allied freshwater or nonaquatic forms, such as pond scums, stoneworts, etc.

1.20 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are arranged in open chains, which may be branched. The term includes paraffins and olefins and provides a distinction from aromatics and naphthenes which have at least some of their carbon atoms arranged in closed rings.

1.21 ALKALI

In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water, they have the power of neutralising acids and forming salts with them and of turning red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals - barium, calcium, and strontium.

1.22 ALKALI TEST

A test to determine the presence or absence of free alkali in finished oils after chemical purification.

1.23 ALKALINE

Having the properties of an alkali; opposite to acidic.

1.24 ALKALINITY

The amount of free alkali in any substance.

1.25 ALKYLATION

A reaction in which a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbons group, which is called an alkyl group or radical, is united with either an aromatic molecule or a branched-chain hydrocarbon. Used for detergent or petroleum manufacture. Usually catalysed by Hydrofluoric or Sulphuric acid.

1.26 ALLOY

A substance composed of two or more metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal, intimately united, usually by being fused together and dissolved in each other when molten.

1.27 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE

An association incorporated in the United States, having as its object the study of the arts and sciences connected with the petroleum industry in all its branches and the fostering of foreign and domestic trade in American petroleum products.

1.28 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

An association incorporated in the United States for promoting knowledge of the properties of engineering materials and for standardising specifications and methods of testing.

1.29 AMINE

Hydrocarbon with attached Ammonia group having absorbent properties, making it useful in treatment processes (ADIP, SULFINOL).

1.30 AMMONIA NH3

Ammonia is manufactured by the direct combination of hydrogen and nitrogen under pressure over a catalyst. Anhydrous ammonia is mainly used for the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers, but is used at NZRC for pH control in various processes. A colourless, gaseous compound, NH3 is of extremely pungent smell and taste and is very soluble in water.

1.31 ANAEROBIC

Existing in an oxygen free condition.

1.32 ANALYSIS

The process of determining the composition of a substance by chemical or physical methods.

1.33 ANHYDROUS

Free of water.

1.34 ANILINE POINT

The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of the chemical aniline and a petroleum product. In conjunction with API gravity the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels or the diesel index of diesel fuels. The lower temperature at which an oil product is completely miscible with aniline in a 1:1 volumetric ratio.

1.35 ANNEALING

Heating and slowly cooling to increase the ductility or remove internal stresses, as of metal or glass.

1.36 ANTIFOAM AGENT

An additive used for controlling foam. Antifoam agents are used in some lubricating oils. At NZRC, used as additives in ADIP, Sulphinol and BDU Units.

1.37 ANTIKNOCK

An adjective signifying resistance to detonation (pinking) in sparkignited internal combustion engines. Antiknock value is measured in terms of octane number of gasoline engines and of cetane number for diesel fuels.

1.38 ANTIKNOCK AGENT

A chemical compound such as tetramethyllead which, when added in small amounts to the fuel charge of an internalcombustion engine, tends to lessen knocking.

1.39 ANTIOXIDANT

A chemical added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc. to inhibit oxidation.

1.40 ANTISTATIC ADDITIVE

An additive for reducing static properties, notably in Kerosene.

1.41 API GRAVITY

In the USA an arbitrary scale known as the API degree is used for reporting the gravity of a petroleum product. The degree API is related to the specific gravity scale (15(C/15(C) by the formula:

141.5

Degree API = Sp. Gr. 15(C/15(C 131.5

1.42 AROMATIC BLEND

A mixture made by the addition of a component or stock essentially aromatic in nature to impart to the mixture some property of the aromatic.

1.43 AROMATICS

A group of hydrocarbons characterised by their having at least one ring structure of six carbon atoms, each of the latter having one valency outside the ring. If these valencies are occupied by hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon radicals, or inorganic groups one speaks of condensed aromatics. These hydrocarbons are called aromatics because many of their derivatives have an aromatic odour. They are of relatively high specific gravity and possess good solvent properties. Certain aromatics have valuable antiknock characteristics. Typical aromatics are: benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol (all monoaromatics) and naphthalene (a diaromatic). Aromatics can cause smoke and freeze point problems in Kerosene.

1.44 ASH

The solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned.

1.45 ASH CONTENT

The percent by weight of residue left after combustion of a sample of a fuel oil or other petroleum oil.

1.46 ASPHALT

This term may have several meanings:

1.It refers to a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate, as prepared for the construction of roads or for other purposes.

2.In the United States it refers to the product which is known as bitumen elsewhere. Black to darkbrown solid or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature: are obtainable by refining petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.

3.At NZRC very heavy fuel oil produced as bottom product from BDU (short residue with DAO removed).

1.47 ASPHALTENES

Polyaromatic constituents of asphaltic bitumen characterised by being insoluble in aromaticfree lowboiling petroleum spirit, but soluble in carbon disulphide.

1.48 ASPHALTIC BASE CRUDE OILS

Crude oils which contain little or no paraffin wax but usually contain asphaltic matter. Now often referred to as naphthene base crude oils.

1.49 ASPHALTIC BITUMEN

The full name for bitumen adopted by the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses.

1.50 ASPIRATOR

An apparatus which serves to create a partial vacuum through pumping a jet of water, steam, or some other fluid or gas past an orifice opening out of the chamber in which the vacuum is to be produced.

1.51 ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS

Natural gas associated with oil accumulations by being dissolved in the oil under the reservoir temperatures and pressures (solution gas) and often also be forming a gas cap of free gas above the oil (gas cap gas).

1.52 ASTM DISTILLATION

Any distillation made in accordance with an ASTM distillation procedure; and, especially, a distillation test made on such products as gasoline and kerosene to determine the initial and final boiling points and the boiling range.

1.53 ASTM GUM TEST

1.An analytical method for determining the amount of existing gum in a gasoline by evaporating a sample from a glass dish on an elevated temperature bath with the aid of circulating air.

2.Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure.

1.54 ASTM MELTING POINT

The temperature at which wax first shows a minimum rate of temperature change, also known as the English melting point.

1.55 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

1.The pressure of air.

2.More specifically, the pressure of the air at sea level.

3.As a standard, the pressure at which the mercury barometer stands at 760mm, or 30in. (equivalent to approx. 14.7 psi).

1.56 ATOM

The smallest complete particle of an element which can be obtained, yet retain all physical and chemical properties of the element. According to present theory, the atom consists of a nucleus of neutrons and positively charged protons, surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons.

1.57 ATOMISE\

To divide a liquid into extremely minute droplets, either by impact with a jet of steam or compressed air, or by passing through some mechanical device.

1.58 ATTEMPERATOR\

See Desuperheater.

1.59 ATTRITION\

The act of wearing out by rubbing or grinding, or the state of being so worn or ground. Granular catalysts or absorbents may suffer such attrition as a result of movement.

1.60 AUTO IGNITION POINT

The temperature at which the vapour given off by a sample will ignite in air without any ignition source.

1.61 AVERAGE BOILING POINT

Unless otherwise indicated, the sum of the ASTM distillation temperatures in steps of 10(C from the 10percent point to the 90percent point, inclusive, divided by 9. Sometimes half the initial and half the maximum distillation temperatures are also added, and the sum then divided by 10.

1.62 AVGAS

High octane aviation gasoline for piston type engine. Not made by NZRC.

1.63 AVIATION GASOLINE

Any of the special grades of gasoline suitable for use in certain aeroplane engines. Not made by NZRC.

1.64 AVTAG

Wide range aviation turbine fuel, gasoline type, about identical to the JP 4 type fuel. Not made by NZRC.

1.65 AVTUR

Kerosene type aviation turbine fuel, (Jet A1).

1.66 AZEOTROPE

Two (or more) components are said to form an azeotrope if there is a mixture of those components which has no boiling range but whose boiling point and dew point are the same.

1.67 AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION

A distillation process characterised by the fact that the relative position of the components boiling points is influenced by the addition of a compound which selectively forms an azeotrope with one or a group of the components. The added compound is called the azeotrope former. E.g. furfural, used in the extraction of aromatics, forms an azeotrope with water.

2 B

2.1 BACK PRESSURE

1. The pressure on the outlet or downstream side of a flowing system.

2.In an engine, the pressure which acts adversely against the piston, causing loss of power.

2.2 BAFFLE

A partial restriction, generally a plate, located so as to change direction, guide the flow, or promote mixing within the equipment in which it is installed.

2.3 BALANCED DRAUGHT

A method of furnace air control using both forced and induced draught fans.

2.4 BAR OVER

To manually or mechanically rotate a compressor or turbine to ensure free movement or enable even heating/cooling.

2.5 BAROMETER

An instrument employed to determine atmospheric pressure.

2.6 BAROMETRIC CONDENSER

A device for condensing steam by direct contact with water. It produces a partial vacuum in refinery equipment such as a vacuum distillation unit.

2.7 BAROMETRIC LEG

Water filled tube for sealing vacuum systems. (See also Liquid Seal).

2.8 BARREL

A standard measure of crude oil quantities; equivalent to 35 imperial gallons, 42 US gallons or 159 litres.

2.9 BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER

The heavy material which collects in the bottom of storage tanks, usually composed of oil, water, and foreign matter. Also called bottoms, bottom settlings, etc. It is measured in all incoming feedstocks.

2.10 BATCH

Any quantity of material handled or considered as a unit in processing.

2.11 BATCH PROCESS

Any process in which a quantity of material is handled or considered as a unit. Such processes involve intermittent, as contrasted to continuous operation.

2.12 BATTERY

A series of individual items of refinery equipment operated as a unit.

2.13 BATTERY LIMITS

A term used when a unit or a battery is to be built in a refinery by an outside contractor or construction company. It specifies the area within which the contractor shall supply all services, and defines the limits beyond which this shall be done by the refinery. Also defines plant interface limits.

2.14 BEARING

A support for holding a shaft in its correct position. Examples: journal bearings to confine radial motion, thrust bearings to control axial movement, and "rolling element" bearings which are used in both services.

2.15 BENZENE C6H6

The parent compound of the aromatic hydrocarbon series. It is used in the manufacture of a large number of chemicals including phenol, styrene, detergent alkylate and insecticides and is a major component of platformate.

2.16 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Important water test that shows the amount of bio-degradable matter in the water. Amount of oxygen required by aerobic organisms for breakdown of organic matter in water over a 5 day period.

2.17 BIODEGRADATION

Degradation of solid materials by bacterial consumption.

2.18 BIOTREATER

Process for biological degradation of effluent water.

2.19 BITUMEN

A noncrystalline solid or semisolid cementitious material derived from petroleum, consisting essential of compounds composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon with some oxygen and sulphur, it gradually softens when heated. Bitumens are black or brown in colour. They may occur naturally or may be made as end products from the distillation of, or as extracts from, selected petroleum oils.

2.20 BLACK PRODUCTS

Fuel oils, bitumens and residues.

2.21 BLANK See Spade

2.22 BLEEDING

Divert or release a small portion of the material contained in a line or vessel, usually by opening a valve slightly.

2.23 BLEND

Any mixture prepared for a special purpose, e.g. the products of a refinery are blended to suit market requirements.

2.24 BLENDED FUEL OIL

A mixture of residual and distillate fuel oils.

2.25 BLENDING

Mixing of the various components in the preparation of a product of required properties.

2.26 BLENDING STOCK

Any of the stocks used to make commercial gasoline. These include: straightrun gasoline, cracked gasoline, and synfuel among others.

2.27 BLENDING VALUE (ANTIKNOCK)

Some antiknock blending agents possess the property of apparently increasing the rated octane number of certain gasoline base stocks to a higher octane number than their own value in terms of octane numbers. This property is known as the blending value.

2.28 BLOCK VALVE

A valve used for isolation of equipment.

2.29 BLOCKED OPERATION

The use of a single process unit alternately in more than one operation.

2.30 BLOWBACK

A system in which a liquid or a gas is continuously bled through the lead lines of an instrument meter into the main line. This prevents the main line fluid from coming in contact with the meter body, thus eliminating vaporisation, corrosion or plugging.

2.31 BLOWBY

In internalcombustion engines, the escape of combustion gases or unburned fuel from the combustion chamber past the pistons and rings into the crankcase during the power stroke or the compression stroke.

2.32 BLOWDOWN

The act of flushing or clearing a piece of pressurised equipment by blowing to a drain (or similar). Term is often used by Boilermen, continuos blowdown indicating blowdown from the Steam Drum or Scum level, and Intermittent Blowdown from the bottom header of a boiler.

2.33 BLOWER

Usually an enclosed fan used in a forced/induced/balanced draught furnace to provide the combustion air.

2.34 BLOWN BITUMEN

A type of bitumen prepared by the oxidation of short residues, normally by blowing air at an elevated temperature.

2.35 BLUE SMOKE

A blue exhaust smoke from a diesel engine, indicating that only a part of the fuel is being burned; also called cold smoke.

2.36 BOILING POINT (AT A GIVEN PRESSURE)

The temperature at which a liquid, contained in a closed vessel under a given pressure, will form a first bubble of vapour on the addition of heat. Further heating of the liquid at its boiling point results in evaporation of part or all of the liquid.

2.37 BOILING RANGE

Petroleum products (which are mixtures of many compounds, each having a different boiling point) do not have a simple boiling point but have a boiling range instead, i.e. the temperature range from boiling point to dew point.

2.38 BOMB

A small pressure vessel, such as used for taking samples of HP gases and LPG.

2.39 BOND

1.Chemically, a unit link between atoms. In graphic chemical formulas, it is often represented by a short line or dash.

2.Electrically, a common grounding system e.g. Bonding wires used between fuel tanker and petrol station ground tanks or airport delivery systems and aircraft.

2.40 BOOSTER STATION

An auxiliary station consisting of suitable storage tanks, motive power and pumps for pumping oil through pipelines.

2.41 BOTTLED GAS

Ordinarily, butane or propane, or butanepropane mixtures, liquefied and bottled under pressure for domestic use.

2.42 BOTTOMS

The bottom product from a distillation of petroleum; also the liquid layer left in a tank or similar container after draining to the level of the pump suction.

2.43 BOXIN

To isolate a piece of equipment, usually by block valves.

2.44 BOXUP

The act of closing up a piece of refinery equipment following construction, maintenance, inspection etc.

2.45 BRAKE HORSEPOWER

That horsepower delivered by an engine to a brake or dynamometer. It is less than the indicated horsepower by the amount lost in transmission bearings, gear teeth, belts, etc.

2.46 BREAKER POINT

The point of contact actuated by a cam to break the primary circuit in the ignition system and thereby cause a current surge in the secondary circuit which produces the spark.

2.47 BREATHING

When a storage tank containing volatile products is heated by solar radiation, some of the liquid contents evaporate. The excess vapour thus formed is blown out to the atmosphere. On cooling, the less volatile components of the vapour contents condense and a slight vacuum is created, causing air from outside to be sucked into the tank. This double action is referred to as "breathing" of the tank. The movement of gas (oil vapours or air) in and out of the vent lines of storage tanks as a result of alternate heating and cooling.

2.48 BRINE

Water which is nearly saturated with salts.

2.49 BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of water through 1(F. 1.000 Btu = 252 kcal.

2.50 BRITOLITE

A drying solvent used by BP. Manufactured from hydrocracked Naphtha and Tops.

2.51 BUFFER

1.A vessel for temporary storage of liquid (buffer drum).

2.A chemical used to maintain another within set limits of (e.g.) pH.

3 A device to polish the floor.

4 An old Navel name for a person in-charge of the deck of a Ship.

2.52 BUG COUNT

Microscopic estimation of active bacteria in a sample.

2.53 BULK CRUSHING STRENGTH

Test to determine the mechanical strength of a catalyst.

2.54 BULK DENSITY

The weight of solid particles which can be held by a container of known dimensions compared to the weight of water which can be held by the same container.

2.55 BUND WALL

See Fire Wall.

2.56 BUNKER FUEL

Any fuel oil or diesel fuel taken into the bunkers of ships.

2.57 BURNING OIL

An illuminating oil, such as kerosene, mineral seal oil, etc. suitable for burning in a wick lamp.

2.58 BUTANE C4H10

Commercial butane is a mixture of two gaseous paraffins, normal butane and isobutane. When blended into gasoline in small quantities it improves volatility and octane number. Butane can be stored under pressure as a liquid at atmospheric temperatures ("bottled gas") and it is widely used for cooking and domestic heating. Used at NZRC in the reformer and BDU.

2.59 BUTANE DEASPHALTING

A solvent extraction process whereby a short residue is split into components having low (D.A.O.) and high (Asphalt) asphaltic content by contact with liquid butane.

2.60 BYPRODUCT

A secondary or additional product not of primary importance. (e.g. Sulphur).

3 C

3.1 C1,C2,C3,C4,C5

A common way of representing fractions containing a preponderance of hydrocarbons of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms, respectively, without reference to hydrocarbon type.

3.2 CALIBRATION

The determination of fixed reference points on the scale of any instrument by comparison with a known standard and the subsequent subdivision or graduation of the scale to enable measurements in definite units to be made with it. Also the process of measuring or calculating the volumetric contents or capacity of a receptable.

3.3 CALMING SECTION TRAYS

Fractionating trays characterised by the presence of calming sections on a tray of the grid, sieve or valve variety (hence the names: c.s. gridtray, c.s. sieve tray and c.s. valve tray). Calming sections are actually downcomers, carefully designed and distributed over the tray area so as to ensure the best distribution of liquid.

3.4 CALORIE

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1C (from 14.5 to 15.5C). In calculations the k calorie, equal to 1,000 calories is often used. 1,000 kilocalories = 3,968 Btu.

3.5 CALORIFIC VALUE

The calorific value of a combustible material is the quantity of heat produced by complete combustion of unit weight of the material. The units in which the calorific value is usually given are (a) calories per gram and (b) British Thermal Units per pound. The systems may be converted by the relationship:

1 calorie per gram = 1.8 Btu per lb.

3.6 CANDLEPOWER

The illuminating power of a standard candle employed as a unit for determining the illuminating quality of kerosene and other illuminants. One international candle or one American candle equals 1.11 Hefner candles.

3.7 CAPILLARITY

That physical action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a nonhorizontal solid surface (as in vertical capillary tube), is elevated above or depressed below the level of the liquid. Its magnitude is determined by the interfacial tensions involved.

3.8 CARBON

A nonmetallic element existing in diamonds, graphite, and numerous amorphous forms; combined as carbon dioxide, carbonates, and in all living things. Carbon is unique in forming an almost infinite number of compounds (it is present in all organic compounds).

3.9 CARBON (FIXED CARBON)

In the case of coal, coke, and bituminous materials, the solid residue other than ash contained by destructive distillation.

3.10 CARBON DEPOSIT

Engine deposits containing soot from overrich fuel mixtures and the carbon residue and tars from decomposed lubricating oil. Road dust, metal particles, gum and tarry substances also form a part of such deposits.

3.11 CARBON DIOXIDE

A heavy, colourless gas, CO2, which will not support combustion. Dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid. It is exhaled by lungpossessing animals as a waste gas, but is inhaled by certain plants which absorb its carbon and release its oxygen as a waste gas.

3.12 CARBON MONOXIDE

A colourless, odourless gas, CO; a product resulting from the incomplete combustion of carbon. It is very poisonous.

3.13 CARBURETTOR

A device for metering the correct mixture of air and gasoline to an internalcombustion engine.

3.14 CARRYOVER

Relatively nonvolatile contaminating material which is carried over by the overhead effluent from a fractionating column, absorber, or reaction vessel. It may be carried as liquid droplets or finely divided solids suspended in a gas, a vapour, or a discrete liquid.

3.15 CASCADE TRAY

A fractionating device consisting of a series of parallel troughs arranged in stairstep fashion. Liquid from the tray above enters the uppermost trough. Liquid thrown from this trough by vapour rising from the tray below impinges against a plate and a perforated baffle. Liquid passing through the baffle enters the next lower of the troughs.

3.16 CATALYSIS

The alteration of the rate of a chemical reaction by the presence of a "foreign" substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.

3.17 CATALYST

In technology this word means a substance added to a system of reactants which will accelerate the desired reactions, while emerging virtually unaltered from the process. The catalyst allows the reaction to take place at a temperature at which the uncatalyzed reaction would proceed too slowly for practical purposes. Used extensively in secondary processes.

3.18 CATALYST POISON

Generally, coverage of the catalyst surface with nonreactants. If a large fraction of the catalyst surface is covered selectively by any one strongly adsorbed chemical, the catalytic reaction will be drastically reduced in rate. This circumstance is called poisoning, and selfpoisoning can result when one reactant or product is much more strongly adsorbed than another reactant. May be reversible, but can destroy entire catalyst inventory.

3.19 CATALYTIC PROCESS

Any process which employs catalysis. Examples : Hydrocracking, Platforming and hydrotreating.

3.20 CATALYTIC REFORMING

Process of changing the molecular structure of the components of straightrun gasoline or of a gasoline fraction by subjecting the gasoline to thermal treatment in the presence of a catalyst (for example platinum). By this process the antiknock performance of the gasoline is improved.

3.21 CATHODIC PROTECTION

Method of protecting tanks, ships, pipelines and jetties against corrosion. By reversing the electric current which flows away from a corroding metal, a corrosion process can be arrested.

3.22 CAUSTIC SODA

The name used in industry for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on account of its property of corroding the skin. It is strongly alkaline. Used extensively in water treatment or pH control in process units.

3.23 CENTRIGRADE (CELSIUS) SCALE

A thermometer scale on which the interval between the freezing point and boiling point of water is divided into 100 parts or degrees centigrade, so that 0C corresponds to 32F and 100C to 212F. Also called Celsius after Anders Celsius who first described it.

3.24 CENTIPOISE, CENTISTOKES

A Centipoise (cP) is 1/100th of a poise (P) which is the fundamental unit of dynamic viscosity in the centimetregramsecond system of units. The viscosity of water at 20C is approximately 1 cP. The centistokes (cS) is 1/100th of a stoke (S) which is the fundamental unit of Kinematic viscosity in that system. The two c viscositys are related by the density, i.e. number of centistokes = number of Centipoise divided by liquid density (in g/cm3).

3.25 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

A machine in which pressure is built up by means of rotating fans or blades.

3.26 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A pump that derives its pressure increase from the centrifugal force generated when the impeller throws the liquid outwards at high speed.

3.27 CENTRIFUGE

A whirling instrument for separating liquids and solids or liquids of different specific gravity by use of centrifugal force.

3.28 CERAMIC BALLS

Balls of chemically inert ceramic, used as filler and support in reactors etc.

3.29 CETANE NUMBER

The cetane number of a diesel fuel is a number equal to the percentage by volume of cetane in a mixture with alphmethylnaphthalene having the same ignition quality as the fuel under test.

3.30 CFR ENGINE

A standard singlecylinder variable compression engine developed by the Cooperative Fuel Research Council, to determine the antiknock value of motor gasolines or the ignition quality of diesel fuels.

3.31 CHANNELING

Non uniform flow of process fluid through (e.g.) a reactor bed.

3.32 CHARACTERISATION

Identifying a feed or product by its properties e.g. distillation,

carbon: hydrogen ration, density etc.

3.33 CHAR VALUE

In the 24 hours kerosene burning test the amount of char formed on the wick under prescribed conditions is measured and reported as mg/kg.

3.34 CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN VALVE)

An automatic valve which permits fluids to pass in one direction but closes when the fluids attempt to pass in the opposite direction.

3.35 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

Total amount of oxygen needed for oxidation of all organic matter in water to CO2 and H2O.

3.36 CHLORINATION

A chemical reaction in which chlorine reacts with hydrocarbon and one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by atoms of chlorine, or chlorine reacts with an unsaturated hydrocarbon and two chlorine atoms (one molecule) are added to the double bond.

3.37 CHROMOMETER See Colorimeter

3.38 CLADDING

A homogeneous bonded or resistancewelded metallic liner applied to a base metal such as carbon steel. Used in lines, vessels, and heat exchanger equipment to reduce corrosion and increase service life. Also called clad lining.

3.39 CLAUS PROCESS

Process for the manufacture of sulphur from H2S, comprising oxidation of part of the H2S to SO2 in a thermal reaction stage, followed by catalytic reaction of the remaining H2S with the SO2 formed to give sulphur.

3.40 CLEAR GASOLINE

A gasoline which is free from antiknock additives such as tetraethyllead. In making comparative engine tests between leaded and unleaded fuels, the clear, unleaded gasoline is sometimes referred to as straight gasoline base, base fuel, or as gasoline "neat".

3.41 CLOUD POINT

The temperature at which a fuel, when cooled, begins to congeal and present a cloudy appearance owing to the formation of minute crystals of wax.

3.42 COAGULATION

The precipitation from solution or suspension of fine particles which tend to unite in clots or curds.

3.43 COALESCER

A vessel packed with steelwool, glasswool, polypropylene wool or felt used to remove fine droplets of treating liquids or water from a petroleum product.

3.44 COASTAL TANKER Ltd (CTL)

A Company responsible for coastal tanker movements in NZ

3.45 COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION

The ratio of the increase of length, area, or volume of a body for a given rise in temperature (usually 1F) to the original length, area, or volume of the body.

3.46 COFFERDAMS

The empty spaces fore and aft in a tanker, which traverse the whole breadth of the vessel and isolate the cargo tanks from the rest of the ship (fire protection).

3.47 COKE

Hard carbon deposit, usually formed by the unintentional thermal cracking of heavy residues.

3.48 COKE DRUM

A vessel in which coke is formed or collected and which can be cut off from the process for cleaning.

3.49 COLD FILTER PLUGGING POINT

The highest temperature at which a fuel ceases to flow through a test filter.

3.50 COLORIMETER

An instrument for determining the colour of oil product by measuring the percentage transmission of monochromatic light through the liquid.

3.51 COMBINED FEED RATIO (CFR)

The ratio of the 2nd to 1st stage feed on the Hydrocracker.

3.52 COMBUSTION

The process of burning; rapid oxidation caused by the union of the oxygen of the air with a material.

3.53 COMBUSTION CHAMBER

The space in which the process of burning takes place e.g. in a jet engine.

3.54 COMPATABILITY

Ability of additives or products to mix together without separation or reaction.

3.55 COMPOUND

A substance formed by the combination of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, and possessing physical and chemical properties entirely different from those of the ingredients. e.g. table salt, paint.

3.56 COMPRESSION

In general, the act of increasing the pressure on gas or vapour. It is usually attended by a reduction in volume.

3.57 COMPRESSION IGNITION

The combustion which takes place when fuels are injected in a fine spray into the hot compressed air (500C) in the cylinder of a diesel (compression ignition) engine. The heating of the air is due to its rapid compression by the piston.

3.58 COMPRESSION RATIO

The ratio of the cylinder volume when the piston of an engine is at the crank end of the cylinder, to the volume when the piston is at the head end.

3.59 COMPRESSOR

A device which draws in air or other gases, compresses it and discharges it at a high pressure.

3.60 CONDENSATE

Liquid hydrocarbons which are sometimes produced together with natural gas. In general: the liquid that is formed when a vapour cools.

3.61 CONDENSATION (PHYSICAL)

The transfer of a material from the vapour phase into the liquid phase, for example by the withdrawal of heat.

3.62 CONDENSER

A special type of heat exchanger for the removal of heat from e.g. the top of a fractionating column.

3.63 CONDENSER BOX

A large boxshaped structure in which the condenser, which may consist of coils or tubes, is submerged in a heatabsorbing medium, usually water.

3.64 CONDUCTIVITY

A materials ability to conduct an electrical charge. Important in water treatment (as an indication of impurities) and some hydrocarbons (static risk).

3.65 CONGEAL

To change from a liquid to a semisolid or solid state.

3.66 CONTINUOUS CATALYST REGENERATOR

see Fluid bed operation.

3.67 CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION

An operation in which the steps of charging, heating, vapourisation, fractionation, and collection of products are performed continuously rather than in a batchwise manner. The unit employed is known as a continuous still.

3.68 CONTROL LOOP

Combination of control signal, feedback signal and instrumental response that characterises an automatic control system.

3.69 CONTROLLER

The actual control instrument is the controller. However, the word is often used in reference to the control valve that acts on the process.

3.70 CONVECTION

The flow of heat through liquid or gas by actual mixing of the fluids (physical turbulence).

3.71 CONVECTION SECTION

That portion of the furnace in which tubes receive heat by convection from the flue gases (contrast with radiant section).

3.72 CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS

Petroleum products which are manufactured from crude oil by physical separation processes. (See primary processes).

3.73 CONVERSION PROCESSES

Manufacturing processes which involve a change in the structure of the hydrocarbons (See secondary processes).

3.74 COOLER

A heat exchanger whose primary purpose is to reduce the temperature of one of the passing fluids.

3.75 COOLING TOWER

A unit or structure, for the purpose of cooling by evaporation.

3.76 COPPER STRIP CORROSION

A qualitative method of determining the corrosivity of a product by its effect on a small strip of polished copper suspended or placed in the product. One of the kerosene quality tests.

3.77 CORRECTED ENERGY & LOSS (CEL)

Yardstick used for monitoring refinery efficiencies.

3.78 CORROSION

The gradual eating away of metallic surfaces as the result of chemical action such as oxidation. It is caused by corrosive agents such as acids.

3.79 COUNTERCURRENT FLOW

A system in which one fluid flows in one direction and another fluid flows in the opposite direction e.g. in a heat exchanger, in which the direction of flow of the cold oil is opposite to that of the hot oil.

3.80 CRACKING

Process whereby the large molecules of the heavier oils are converted into smaller molecules of the gasoline type. When this is brought about by heat alone, the process is known as thermal cracking. If a catalyst is also used the process is referred to as catalytic cracking (in speech generally abbreviated to cat. cracking) or Hydrocracking if the process is conducted over special catalysts in a hydrogen atmosphere other processes include visbreaking and hycon.

3.81 CREDITORS

Accounts payable.

3.82 CREEP

Change in the micro structure of a metal. The continuous stretching which occurs when metal is under stress or pressure, especially apparent when at high temperatures.

3.83 CRITERIA REFERENCED INSTRUCTION

Method of instruction based on meeting specific criteria.

3.84 CRITICAL PRESSURE

The pressure necessary to condense a gas at the critical temperature.

3.85 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

The maximum temperature at which a gas can be liquefied by pressure (critical pressure); above this temperature the gas cannot be liquefied, no matter what pressure is applied.

3.86 CRITICAL VELOCITY

The rate of flow in a pipe at which streamline flow changes into turbulent flow.

3.87 CRUDE NAPHTHA

Light distillate made in the fractionation of crude oil.

3.88 CRUDE OIL TYPES

See appropriate subheading for description.

Paraffinbase crude oils

Asphalticbase crude oils

Mixedbase crude oils

3.89 CRUDE WAX

Crude wax, also called petroleum wax or slack wax, is an unrefined mixture of highmelting hydrocarbons, mainly of the normal straightchain type, still containing a fairly high percentage of oil. It is obtained by filtration (as such, or after addition of a solvent) from high boiling distillates or residual oils. Slack wax is primarily obtained as byproduct in the manufacture of lubricating oils. The crude wax made from distillate oils is refined to make a range of microcrystalline waxes.

3.90 CRYSTALISATION

A fractionation process based on the difference in freezing point of the various constituents of the mixture to be fractionated. The process is, for example, used in the separation of paraffins from lube oil (dewaxing).

3.91 CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS

Tanks which receive products from external sources or deliver products to external sources

3.92 CURRENT RATE

Current Assets

Current Liabilities

3.93 CUT

Refinery term for a fraction obtained direct from a fractionation unit. Several cuts can be blended for the manufacture of a certain product.

3.94 CUT POINT

(Between two process streams). The boiling point at atmospheric pressure of the component distributed in equal percentage in both process streams.

3.95 CYCLISATION

A reaction, for example, platinumcatalysed, by which a straightchain paraffin hydrocarbon is converted into a naphthene and then into an aromatic: i.e. The process of changing an openchain hydrocarbon structure to a closed ring, e.g. hexane to benzene. Accompanied by production of Hydrogen.

3.96 CYCLONE SEPARATOR

A conical vessel provided with a tangential inlet for a gas stream containing finely divided solids or liquid droplets, normally designed with a centrally located overhead gas withdrawal line. Powdered solids or coagulated liquids are separated by centrifugal force and pass downward along the incline (conical) to a centrally located outlet. In catalytic cracking, a pipe, known as a dip leg, is connected to this bottom outlet and serves to convey the solids back to the catalyst bed.

4 D

4.1 DAMPER

Usually a flap or shutter to control air flow in a furnace (may be in the supply and/or the flue ducting).

4.2 DEACTIVATION

Reduction in catalyst activity by poisoning or coating of catalyst particles by contaminants, or by a change in the physical structure of the catalyst particles.

4.3 DEADWEIGHT

The amount of cargo, stores and fuel which a vessel carries when loaded to the appropriate draught allowed by law. The difference between deadweight and displacement is the actual weight of the vessel.

4.4 DEARATOR

Device for the steam stripping of 02 and other gases from boiler feed water.

4.5 DEBTORS

Accounts receivable.

4.6 DECOMPOSITION

The breaking up of compounds into smaller chemical forms through the application of heat, change in other physical conditions, or introduction of other chemical bodies.

4.7 DEFERRED TAXATION

Provision for tax payable in the future, but deferred in the current year because of timing differences between the Company's accounts and the accounts required by the Inland Revenue Department.

4.8 DEHYDRATION

The removal of water from crude oil, from gas produced in association with oil, or from gas from gascondensate wells.

4.9 DEHYDROCYCLISATION

Any process involving both dehydrogenation and cyclisation reactions.

4.10 DEHYDROGENATION

A reaction process in which hydrogen atoms are eliminated from a molecule.

4.11 DEIONIZED WATER

Water that has had all the free ions removed by ionexchange, also called demineralised water.

4.12 DEISOLATION

The opposite of isolation i.e. To energise a piece of equipment.

4.13 DEMISTER

Any device used to stop passage of liquid droplets e.g. a demister section in a vacuum column is to stop the asphaltenes from the residue getting into the waxy distillate.

4.14 DEMULSIFIER

An additive used to prevent the formation of an emulsion applicable in crude/water emulsions in desalter.

4.15 DEMURRAGE

Amount payable to ship owner for failure to load or discharge ship within time allowed.

4.16 DENITRIFICATION

Removal of nitrogen compounds on feedstock by hydrogenation. N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3.

4.17 DENSE BED LOADING

Catalyst loading system of "raining" the catalyst onto the bed which achieves a higher loaded density than "sock" loading.

4.18 DEOXYGENATION

Removal of oxygen on feedstock by hydrogenation. 02 + 2H2 = 2H20.

4.19 DESALTING

A process to remove inorganic salts and other impurities from crude oil by mixing with water followed by settling in an electrostatic field.

4.20 DESULPHURISATION See Hydrodesulphurisation

The removal of sulphur or sulphur compounds from a charge stock.

4.21 DESUPERHEATER

Equipment used to reduce the temperature of superheated steam.

4.22 DETERGENCY

The ability of a substance to clean and to wash away undesirable substance. Detergents may be either oilsoluble or watersoluble. Soap and synthetic detergents help to wet, disperse, and de-flocculate solid particles. Oilsoluble detergents are used in motor oils to disperse, loosen, and remove carbon, dirt, etc. from interior surfaces of internalcombustion engines.

4.23 DETERGENT OIL

A lubricating oil possessing special sludgedispersing properties for use in internalcombustion engines. These properties are usually conferred on the oil by the incorporation of special additives. Detergent oils hold sludge particles in suspension and thus promote engine cleanliness.

4.24 DETONATION

Detonation or knocking is the sharp metallic sound emitting from the cylinders of sparkignition engines under certain conditions. It occurs when conditions in a cylinder are such that selfignition of an unburnt mixture of fuel and air takes place. It reduces power output.

4.25 DEW POINT (at a given pressure)

The temperature at which a vapour, contained in a closed vessel under the given pressure, will form a first drop of liquid on the subtraction of heat. Further cooling of the vapour at its dew point results in condensation of part or all of the vapour as liquid. The dew point of a normal gasoline is approximately the same as the temperature at which 70% by volume distils over in the ASTMdistillation test. The dew point of a pure compound is the same as its boiling point.

4.26 DEWAXING

The process of removing paraffin wax from lubricating oils.

4.27 DIESEL ENGINE

As internalcombustion engine in which air drawn in by the suction stroke is so highly compressed that the heat generated ignites the fuel, which is automatically sprayed into the cylinder under high pressure.

4.28 DIESEL FUEL

A general term covering oils used as fuel in diesel and other compression ignition engines.

4.29 DIESEL INDEX

A measure of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel; the index is calculated from a formula involving the gravity of the fuel and its aniline point (API gravity times the aniline point (determining by ASTM D61147T) divided by 100).

4.30 DIFLUOROETHANE

A catalyst promoter used on the Hydrocracker.

4.31 DILUENT

A liquid used to dilute or thin out another liquid.

4.32 DIPPING

A process for measuring the height of a liquid in a storage tank. This is usually done by lowering a weighted graduated steel tape through the tank roof and noting the level at which the oil surface cuts the tape when the weight gently touches the tank bottom (see Ullage).

4.33 DISTILLATE

The liquid obtained by condensing the vapour given off by a boiling liquid. Also the top product taken off a fractionating column; and in its broadest sense: any fraction other than the bottom product of the fractionator.

4.34 DISTILLATION (fractional)

A fractionation process based on the difference in boiling point of the various constituents of the mixture to be fractionated. It is carried out by evaporation and condensation in contact with reflux. When applied to the separation of gasoline, kerosene, etc., from a crude oil, to leave a residual fuel oil or asphaltic bitumen, the process is frequently called topping. Distillation is normally carried out in such a way as to avoid decomposition (cracking); in the case of the higher boiling distillates, such as long residue, this is accomplished by carrying out the distillation under vacuum (which requires a lower temperature).

4.35 DISTILLATION CURVE

Curve made by plotting the percentage of gasoline (or other petroleum product) distilled versus the temperature.

4.36 DISTILLATION LOSS

The difference, in a laboratory distillation, between the volume of liquid originally introduced into the distilling flask and the sum of the residue and the condensate recovered.

4.37 DISTRIBUTOR (LIQUID/GAS)

A device for distributing a 2 phase flow correctly within a vessel, i.e. encouraging separation.

4.38 DISULPHIDE

A compound containing a SS linkage. Such compounds are colourless liquids completely miscible with hydrocarbons and insoluble in water. The lower members, when pure, possess a nauseating sweet odour which is particularly clinging and penetrating. Although disulphides are normal constituents of the lighter distillates, they are also formed as a result of the oxidation of mercaptans. Sour distillates become sweetened in this way.

4.39 DIVIDEND COVER

Net profit after tax and before extraordinary items

Dividend for year

4.40 DIVIDEND YIELD

Market Price of Shares (cents)

Dividend Paid (cents)

4.41 DOCTOR SOLUTION

A solution (sodium plumbite) made from lead oxide and sodium hydroxide, used to treat gasoline or other light petroleum distillates to remove mercaptan sulphur. The "doctor test" is used for the detection of sulphur compounds in light petroleum distillates which react with sodium plumbite.

4.42 DOCTOR TREATMENT

A process of sweetening sour gasolines by conversion of the mercaptans by means of a solution of lead oxide in caustic soda, together with sulphur.Not used at NZRC.

4.43 DOLPHIN

Separate pile in jetty system used for mooring.

4.44 DOWNCOMER

A means of conveying liquid from one tray to the next below in a trayed column.

4.45 DOWNSTREAM

Towards the later end of the process e.g. final blending, product tankage. In the business sense Marketing of finished products, filling stations etc.

4.46 DRAW OFF

A connection which allows liquid to flow from the bottom of a vessel or to remove the contents from a draw off tray.

4.47 DRY GAS

Natural gas which does not contain liquid hydrocarbons at storage pressure. Also often used for a petroleum gas consisting of no other compounds than inert gases (e.g. hydrogen, nitrogen, etc) and the light hydrocarbons methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene (sometimes also: hydrogen sulphide).

4.48 DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE

An export grade Kero that meets both premium and Avtur specifications.

5 E

5.1 EARNINGS PER SHARE (CENTS)

Net profit after tax and before extraordinary items

Number of shares.

5.2 ECONOMISER

Equipment for preheating boiler feed water by use of low grade flue gas.

5.3 EJECTOR

A device that uses the venturi effect to pull a partial vacuum. Usually driven by steam and associated with condensing plant.

5.4 ELASTOMER

A synthetic polymer with rubberlike characteristics. Examples of commercial products are styrenebutadiene rubbers, butyl rubber, chloroprene rubber, nitrile rubber, polyurethane rubber and silicone rubber.

5.5 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE

Permit required to isolate or deisolate any electrical equipment.

5.6 ELECTROLYSIS

Chemical decomposition by the action of an electric current.

5.7 EMULSIFIER

A substance used to promote or aid the emulsification of two liquids and to enhance the stability of the emulsion.

5.8 EMULSION

A dispersion of fine droplets of a liquid (the disperse phase) in the bulk of another liquid (the continuous phase) with which it is immiscible. A third substance, the emusifier, is sometimes necessary to keep the droplets dispersed as a stable emulsion.

5.9 END POINT

The point indicating the end of some operation or at which a certain definite change is observed. In titration, this change is frequently a change in colour of an indicator which has been added to the solution, or the disappearance or excess of one of the reactants which is coloured. In the distillation of liquids, such as gasoline, the end point is the maximum temperature which occurs during the test (F.B.P).

5.10 ENDOTHERMIC

Relating to or designating a reaction which occurs with the absorption of heat, so that the temperature of the reacting bodies is lowered (i.e. heating is required).

5.11 ENGINE OIL

A term applied to oils used for the bearing lubrication of all types of engines, machines, and shafting, and for cylinder lubrication in other than steam engines.

5.12 ENGLER DISTILLATION

A standard test for determining the volatility characteristics of a gasoline by measuring the percent distilled at various specified temperatures.

5.13 ENTRAINMENT

See CARRYOVER

5.14 EROSION

To gradually wear away e.g. Catalyst circulation causes erosion.

5.15 ETHANE C2H6

A colourless, odourless gas of the methane series. Along with methane one of the main constituents of natural gas.

5.16 ETHENE

The normalised name for ethylene. A hydrocarbon gas and first member of the olefin series.

5.17 EVACUATION

Act of pulling a vacuum on a vessel at atmospheric pressure thus evacuating the air/gas present.

5.18 EVAPORATION

The conversion of a liquid into vapour, usually by means of heat.

5.19 EVAPORATOR

A vessel which receives the hot discharge from a heating coil, and by a reduction in pressure, flashes off overhead the light products and allows the heavy residue to collect in the bottom.

5.20 EX SITU REGEN

Where catalyst is removed from a reactor and regenerated elsewhere (usually at a catalyst specialists own plant).

5.21 EXOTHERMIC

Relating to or designating a reaction which occurs with the evolution of heat, so that the temperature of the reacting bodies is raised (i.e. cooling is required).

5.22 EXPANSION JOINT

A joint or coupling designed so as to permit an endwise movement of its parts to compensate for expansion or contraction.

5.23 EXTRACT

The portion of an unrefined petroleum product (often a kerosene or a lubricating oil) resulting from a solvent extraction process and consisting mainly of those components which are best soluble in the solvent. Generally the extract, after removal of the solvent consists largely of aromatic hydrocarbons.

5.24 EXTRACTION

A fractionation process based upon the difference in solubility, in a given solvent, of the various constituents of the mixture to be fractionated. The process is, for example, used in the separation of deasphalted oil from short residue (see butane deasphalting).

5.25 EXTRACTION DEPTH

Depth to which DAO may be extracted from short residue on BDU unit the greater the extraction depth, the higher the DAO yield, although too deep an extraction may affect DAO specification.

5.26 EXTRACTOR

Column in which an extraction process (e.g. BDU) is carried out.

5.27 EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS

Items of expenses or income that are not related to the main activities/operations of the company.

5.28 EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANTS

A term applied to lubricating oils or greases which contain a substance or substances specifically introduced to prevent metaltometal contact in the operation of highly loaded gears and bearings. In some cases this is accomplished by the substances reacting with the metal to form a protective film.

6 F

6.1 FAECAL COLIFORM (F. COLI.)

Bacteria found in intestines of humans and animals. Indicative of sewage contamination.

6.2 FATIGUE

The tendency of a metal to become brittle and fracture under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing at stress levels below its tensile strength.

6.3 FEED PREPARATION UNIT

High vacuum unit to split a long residue into a short residue and waxy distillate fraction with a low metal content; the latter fraction is used as Hydrocracker feed.

6.4 FEEDSTOCK

Stock from which material is taken to be fed (charged) into a process unit.

6.5 FILTER

A porous material on which solid particles are largely caught and retained when a mixture of liquids and solids is passed through it.

6.6 FILTRATE

The liquid which has passed through a filter; the product from a filtration process.

6.7 FIN FAN

See air heat exchanger.

6.8 FIRE WALL

An earth bank or cement wall built around an oil storage tank compound to prevent the spread of the oil in case of fire or bursting of the tank. Height normally calculated to contain contents of largest tank within compound.

6.9 FIXEDBED OPERATION

A type of operation in which the catalyst remains stationary in the reactor. The catalyst may be regenerated insitu or exsitu periodically. To be contrasted with fluidbed operation.

6.10 FLAME ARRESTOR

An assembly of perforated plates or screens enclosed in a case and attached to the breather vent on petroleum storage tanks, and on bitumen or sour water gas lines prior to burning the gas in a furnace.

6.11 FLAMMABLE

Capable of being easily set on fire; combustible.

6.12 FLASH

1.A sudden release in pressure resulting in partial or complete vapourisation.

2. A sudden burst of light; a momentary blaze.

6.13 FLASH DISTILLATION

The process of heating a liquid to a temperature within the boiling range of the liquid which causes the evaporation of part of the liquid. The vapour may then be taken off and condensed.

6.14 FLASH POINT

The lowest temperature under closely specified conditions at which a combustible material will give off sufficient vapour to form an inflammable mixture with air in a standardised vessel. Flash point tests are used to assess the volatilities of petroleum products.

6.15 FLEXIBLE VOLATILITY INDEX

A measure of the volatility of gasolines calculated by the formula

RVP +( 0.7 x E70 ) E70 = Evaporation at 70 0C

6.16 FLOATING HEAD

An end of a heat exchanger into which tubes are fitted, constructed to allow for the expansion and contraction of the exchanger tubes.

6.17 FLOATING ROOF

A special tank roof which floats upon the oil. Applied to do away with the vapour space in storage tanks and thus reduce losses by breathing and hazards of explosions.

6.18 FLOC

Any small, tufted, or flakelike mass of matter floating in a solution, e.g. as produced by precipitation. Used in water treatment for removal of impurities.

6.19 FLOCCULATION

Process of forming and removing floc and associated impurities.

6.20 FLOODING

In a fractionating column, the filling up with a liquid.

6.21 FLUE GAS

Gas from the combustion of fuel, the heating effect of which has been substantially spent and which is, therefore, discarded to the flue or stack. Its constituents are principally CO2, CO, 02, N2 and H20.

6.22 FLUID

Non rigid substance consisting of particles that move freely amongst themselves (includes particulate, liquids and gases).

6.23 FLUID BED OPERATION

Where catalyst is continually moved from the reactor to a regenerator and back again, as in the continuously regenerated platformer or cat cracker processes.

6.24 FOAM

A preparation designed to smother oil fires. It consists of a solution which, on mixing with water, produces a mass of foam many times the volume of the original liquids.

6.25 FOAMING

1.The formation of froth or foam on lubricating oils or other oils as a result of aeration or release of gas dissolved in the oil.

2.The formation of bubbles on the surface of boiled water. The foam may entirely fill the steam space of the boiler or may be of minor depth; in either case, it causes appreciable entrainment of boiler water with steam.

3.Caused in Adip systems by presence of liquid hydrocarbons or fines affecting surface tension of solution.

6.26 FORCED DRAUGHT

Air forced into a furnace by means of a fan or blower to improve combustion (compare induced draught).

6.27 FRACTION

A portion of petroleum separated from other portions in the fractionation of petroleum products. It is often characterised by a particular boiling range.

6.28 FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION

A separation of the components of vapourised oil coming off during distillation by condensing the vapours in stages (partial condensation). The oil of highest boiling point will condense first and may be removed in the liquid stage, allowing the portion still in the vapour state to pass on to the next stage condenser.

6.29 FRACTIONATING COLUMN

An apparatus in which fractionation is carried out. It consists of a vertical cylindrical metal vessel, containing equipment for the proper contacting of flashed liquid and vapour. heat is often supplied at the bottom of the column in a reboiler, whereas heat is withdrawn at the top in a condenser. Heat can also be supplied or withdrawn at intermediate heights of the column, if beneficial to the process (interheaters or intercoolers). The oil to be fractionated is fed into the column at one or more predetermined locations throughout the height of the column. The contacting equipment is formed by fractionating trays in the oil and chemical industry in general, although for some applications various packing materials are used.

6.30 FRACTIONATING TRAYS

Equipment aimed at promoting contact between vapour and liquid for fractionation. The flow can be of a single type (i.e. vapour and liquid are arranged to use separate aperatures) or of the dual type (i.e. vapour and liquid may use the same aperature). The former type is promoted by the provision of downcomers for the liquid. Various arrangements of downcomers lead to various systems of trays. Analogously there may be different provisions for the vapour passage, again leading to various possibilities of trays. For further information see bubble cap trays, calming section trays, grid trays, sieve trays and valve trays.

6.31 FRACTIONATION

The general name for a physical process of separating a mixture into its constituents, or into groups of these constituents, called fractions. Examples are: absorption, azeotropic distillation, crystallisation, decanting, distillation, extraction, extractive distillation and flotation.

6.32 FREE ON BOARD (FOB)

The unit price at the loading port.

6.33 FREE WATER

Water which is not dissolved (ie not chemically bound in solution) in a fuel or feedstock.

6.34 FREEZE POINT

An important characteristic of aviation fuels. The test for Jet A1 is to cool until solid then reheat, the temperature at which the solid MELTS is called freeze point.

6.35 FREEZING POINT

The temperature at which crystals first appear when a liquid is cooled under specified conditions.

6.36 FRESH GAS

In the HYDROCRACKER, Fresh H2 from the reformer to replace H2 used up in the process. Otherwise any imported gas as distinct from recycle gas.

6.37 FRICTION

Resistance to the motion of one surface against another.

6.38 FUEL AIR RATIO

The ratio of the weights of fuel to air supplied to an engine, furnace or boiler at any time.

6.39 FUEL CELL

An electrochemical device to convert chemical energy directly into electricity. It is similar in some respects to a storage battery or a dry cell. Like a battery, the fuel cell produces electricity by a chemical reaction. Unlike a storage battery, however, the fuel cell continues to produce electricity as long as fuel is added. In a fuel cell chemical energy is directly converted to electrical energy by a process that is the reverse of electrolysis. A fuel gas is fed into one or two hollow porous electrodes in a liquid electrolyte whilst oxygen or air is supplied to the other electrode.

6.40 FUEL GAS

Any gas used for heating by combustion.

6.41 FUEL OIL

Any liquid or liquefiable petroleum product burned for the generation of heat in a furnace or firebox, or for the generation of power in an engine, exclusive of oils with a flash point below 100oF.

6.42 FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SCHEME

Diagrams used to show the interaction of plant trips, both cause and effect.

6.43 FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SYSTEM

System of plant protection whereby loss of a signal indicates a failure or trip of part of the unit. This trip will then shutdown all or part of the unit.

6.44 FURNACE

That section of the refinery process in which the combustion of fuel and air takes place.

6.45 FURNACE PASS

For more even heat transfer, the product to be heated is usually split into 4 or more individual pipes (passes) and then recombined at the furnace exit.

7 G

7.1 GAP

1.In adjacent fractions, the temperature difference between the initial boiling point of the higher boiling fraction and the end point of the lower boiling fraction. Specifically, the term 'gap' is only used when this difference is positive (c.f. overlap).

2.The midposition where a pair of gapacting split range controllers are both closed.

7.2 GAS HOLDER

A tank for the storage of gas. It usually floats on a liquid seal, buoyed up by the pressure of the stored gas.

7.3 GAS OIL

Another common name for diesel fuel (A.G.O.)

7.4 GAS/OIL RATIO

The volume of gas at atmospheric pressure produced per unit volume of oil produced (from oil wells).

7.5 GASOLINE

Light petroleum fraction, with a boiling range between the approximate limits of 30 and 200oC.

7.6 GAS TURBINE

An engine in which gas (as distinct from steam) is directed, under pressure, against a series of turbine blades. The energy contained in the rapidly expanding gas is converted into rotary motion.

7.7 GATHERING STATION

Oilfield installation which receives the production from several wells in its vicinity. It provides facilities to separate the gas and the water, to gauge the production of oil, gas and water, and to transport the oil to the main storage tanks.

7.8 GEAR OIL

A lubricating oil for use in standard transmissions, most types of differential gears, and gears contained in gear cases.

7.9 GLAND

The outer portion of a stuffing box, consisting of a tubular projection which embraces the rod and extends into the bore of the box, thus bearing against the packing.

7.10 GOVERNOR

A device used to control the speed of a turbine, the best known example being the Woodward Governor.

7.11 GRAVITOMETER

Instrument used for measuring changes in the specific gravity of oil flowing in a pipeline.

7.12 GRID TRAYS

Fractionating trays consisting of parallel bars of flat or round section. The flow is essentially of the dual type, but this character may be reduced by the provision of downcomers (see Fractionating trays).

7.13 GUM

Oxidation of gasoline's may produce a sticky substance known as "gum". When unstable gasolines are stored for long periods, the gum content may increase. Gum forming is retarded or prevented by using certain inhibitors, e.g. Topanol.

8 H

8.1 HAMER LINE BLIND

A spectacle blindtype blanking device which has only 3 retaining bolts, these are a type of wing not.

8.2 HEADER

A common manifold in which a number of pipelines are united. Also used in reference to the Ubend connection between two consecutive tubes in a coil.

8.3 HEAT CAPACITY

Amount of heat per kg per oC change in temperature.

8.4 HEAT EXCHANGER

An apparatus for transferring heat from one fluid to another. Specifically, a piece of equipment having a tubular piping arrangements which affects the transfer of heat from a hot to a relatively cool material by conduction through the tube walls.

8.5 HEAT OF COMBUSTION

The heat created when a substance is burned in oxygen. The calorific, thermal, or heating value of a fuel is the total amount of heat developed by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel; it is reported as calories per gram or Btu per pound.

8.6 HEATER

The furnaceandtube arrangement which normally furnishes the principal heating element in a processing unit.

8.7 HIFI TRAYS

Similar to calming section trays, except there is a greater downcomer area.

8.8 HIGH VACUUM UNIT

A unit for the production of vacuum gas oil and waxy distillate from long residue, by means of distillation at very low pressures, i.e. high vacuum.

8.9 HORSEPOWER

A unit of rate of operation; one mechanical horsepower equals 33,000 ftlb per minute, or 550 ftlb per second. This is just one form of Horse Power there are more.

8.10 HORTON SPHERE

A spherical tank used to store volatile liquids under high pressure, e.g. butane.

8.11 HOT OIL

Any oil used for the transfer of heat, as in the 700 Unit.

8.12 HOT SPOT

1.A finite area in the combustion zone of an engine which remains at a temperature higher than that of the immediate surrounding, thus aggravating detonation or pre ignition.

2.An area on the wall of a vessel or line which is appreciably above normal operating temperature. Often as a result of the deterioration of an internal insulating liner which exposes the line or vessel shell to the temperature of its contents.

8.13 HUMIDITY

A measure of the moisture contained in the atmosphere.

8.14 HYDRATE

A compound formed by the chemical union of water with a molecule of some other substance such as gypsum, from which water may be separated by a simple readjustment of the molecular structure. Gas hydrates, formed from water and, for example methane, may cause plugging of the tubing and flow lines of gas wells.

8.15 HYDRATION

The addition of water to a double bond, no breakdown of the molecular structure being involved.

8.16 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

Fluids used in the hydraulic systems of aircraft and industrial equipment etc.

8.17 HYDROCARBON

A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are gases at ordinary temperatures; but with increasing molecular weight, they change to the liquid form and, finally, to the solid state. They form the principal constituents of petroleum.

8.18 HYDROCHLORIC ACID

A strong mineral acid, HCL. It is also called muriatic acid.

8.19 HYDROCRACKING

A process in which hydrocarbons are converted under hydrogen pressure into products of lower molecular weight, in the presence of an acidic catalyst.

8.20 HYDRODEALKYLATION

A process to remove sidechains on aromatic molecules, either thermally or catalytically, under hydrogen pressure.

8.21 HYDRODESULPHURIZATION

The elimination of sulphur containing molecules in crudes or distillates by the action of hydrogen under pressure over a catalyst.

8.22 HYDROGEN

The lightest of all gases, occurring chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, also in acids, bases, alcohols, petroleum and other hydrocarbons.

8.23 HYDROGEN BLISTERING

A form of corrosion. Blistering of steel is caused by trapped molecular hydrogen formed as atomic hydrogen during attack of steel by hydrogen sulphide.

8.24 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

A compound of hydrogen and sulphur, specifica