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Open Ed: A “Simple” Introduction
David Wiley, PhDCAO, Lumen Learning
Education Fellow, Creative Commons
#openls
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
Education is Sharing
Faculty with studentsStudents with teachers
Faculty Share With Students
Knowledge and skillsFeedback and criticism
Encouragement
Students Share With Faculty
Questions in ClassAssignments
Exams
Successful Educators
Share most compeltelywith the most students
2008 Professor in Southern US
Claimed (c) of his class lectures, declared student notes derivative works,
and asserted control over their use
“Demented with the mania of owning things”Walt Whitman
If there is no sharing…
...there is no education.
Interlude: A Riddle
What can you give without giving it away?
Ideas are Magical (Non-rival)
Can be given without being given away
“He who receives ideas from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine receives light without darkening me.”
Thomas Jefferson
Physical Expressions Are Not
To give a book you must give it away
Expressions Are Different
To give a book you must give it away
When Expressions Are Digital
They also become magical
Unprecedented Capacity
We can share (and educate) as never before
Except We Can’t
© regulates copying, adapting,and distributing those copies
InternetEnables
What to do?
CopyrightForbids
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
Incredible Financial Pressure
Incredible Financial Pressure
Tuition Changes...
Involve the State Legislature, the State Board of Regents
Tuition Changes...
Involve the State Legislature, the State Board of Regents
Extremely complex politically
$1200
Tuition Textbooks$0
$200$400$600$800
$1,000$1,200$1,400$1,600$1,800
Annual Costs
$1288
$1666
Textbook Pricing in Context
Provider CostNetflix – 20,000 Movies (and TV) $7.99 / monthHulu Plus – 45,000 TV (and Movies) $7.99 / monthSpotify – 15M Songs $9.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $20.25 / month
A Wizard of Earthsea
Studying from texts written in
disappearing ink
“Disappearing Ink” Strategies
BuybackRental
E-booksOnline subscriptions
Mixed Messages...
“This GE course is critically important”
“You’ll never need this book again”
The Access Compromise
Students trade ownership for access
As digital grows, this provides publishers with perfect control
60% Sometimes
23% Regularly
skip
Textbook Changes...
Involve individual faculty,sometimes a department
Textbook Changes...
Involve individual faculty,sometimes a department
Relatively straightforward
InternetEnables
What to do?
CopyrightForbids
Insane or Immoral Textbook Costs
plus
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
Use copyright to enable sharing
http://creativecommons.org/
Open Educational Resources
What are Open Educational Resources (OER)?
Any kind of teaching materials – textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans,
videos, readings, exams
What are Open Educational Resources (OER)?
(1) Are free for anyone to access, and(2) Include free copyright permission
to engage in the 5R activities
• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of
waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and
improveRevise• Combine two or moreRemix• Share with othersRedistribut
e
The 5Rs
InternetEnables
OERAllows
Leveraging the full technical capability of the internet
Over 500M OER in the World
Over half a billion pieces of content use Creative Commons licenses
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
MOOCs
“You may not take any Online Course offered by Coursera or use any Statement of Accomplishment as part of any tuition-based or for-credit certification or program for any college, university, or other academic institution without the express written permission from Coursera.”
Open Educational Resources
Open Course Ware
Open Courses
Open Textbooks
Open Course Frame-works
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
Two Stories
Developmental Math
From textbook and MyMathLab ($170)
To OER and MyOpenMath ($0 / $3)
% Completing with C or Better
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
48.4%60.2%
Spring 2011
No OER
Spring2013All OER
“Golden Ratio”
48% / $170 = 0.28% succeeding per dollar
60% / $3 = 20% succeeding per dollar
Associates of Business
“Z Degree”
Graduate without ever buying a textbookWorld’s first “all-OER” degree
% Dropping in Fall 2013
0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%
8.2%
2.3%
TraditionalSections
Z DegreeSections
When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
Utah 7-12
MethodQuasi-experimental design with:• Treatment and Control Group• Pre and Post Test• Dependent variable: Score on 2012
statewide standardized science exam• Independent variable: Textbook condition• 15 Covariates: including age, gender, special
education, English language proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and race
Propensity Score Matching
Increased group balance by 98%
Results
• IRT scaled scores increased with open textbooks, p < .001
• Multiple r squared = .635 (variance in scores accounted for in our model)
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
The World is Changing
How are our institutions responding?
Analog Digital
Music, Phones, TV, Newspapers,Movies, Journals, &c.
Tethered Mobile
Phones, Internet Access,Employment
Concealing Sharing
Photos, Videos, Journal Entries
Isolated Connected
People, Content, Systems
Generic Personal
Cars, Computers, Mobile Phones
Consuming Creating
Newspapers / Blogs Movies & TV / YouTube
Closed Open
Research (Articles, Journals)Data (Government, Weather, GIS)
Content (Open Educational Resources)
Then vs NowAnalog Digital
Tethered MobileConcealing Sharing
Isolated ConnectedGeneric Personal
Consuming CreatingClosed Open
Education vs EverydayAnalog Digital
Tethered MobileConcealing Sharing
Isolated ConnectedGeneric Personal
Consuming CreatingClosed Open
“Daily Divide”
(As opposed to the digital divide)
“Academic”
(This is where the common usage derives)
“Academic”
(This is where the common usage derives)
What About Online Learning?
What About Online Learning?
Very innovative in 1993!
Online Learning
Analog or DigitalTethered or Mobile
Concealing or SharingIsolated or ConnectedGeneric or Personal
Consuming or CreatingClosed or Open
What About MOOCs?
MOOCs
Analog or DigitalTethered or Mobile
Concealing or Sharing(?)Isolated or ConnectedGeneric or Personal
Consuming or CreatingClosed or Open
Open is Fundamental
Why?
• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of
waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and
improveRevise• Combine two or moreRemix• Share with othersRedistribut
e
The 5Rs
Online Learning/MOOCs
Analog or DigitalTethered or Mobile
Concealing or SharingIsolated or ConnectedGeneric or Personal
Consuming or CreatingClosed or Open
Connecting
It’s “hard” to connect to something ifyou don't have access to it
Personalizing
It’s “hard” to personalize somethingif you don't have permission to modify it
Creating and Sharing
It’s “hard” to make and share things when you’re constantly worried about being sued
When You Can Assume “Open”
These problems disappear
OER-based Learning
Analog or DigitalTethered or Mobile
Concealing or SharingIsolated or ConnectedGeneric or Personal
Consuming or CreatingClosed or Open
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
“Disposable Assignments”
Students hate doing themYou hate grading them
Huge waste of time and energy
Assignments that Contribute
Students see value in doing themYou see value in grading themContribute to the greater good
Open Pedagogy
What can we do differentlywhen all content is open?
What’s Effective?
Hattie’s “Visible Learning”
Scope of the Research
Over 800 meta-analysesOver 50,000 studies
Over 80,000,000 learners
Effect Size
Measure of magnitude of impactIndependent of sample sizePopular for meta-analyses
Organizing and Transforming (0.85)“Overt or covert rearrangement of instructional materials to improve learning. (e.g., making an outline before writing a paper).... The types of strategies included in this category (such as summarizing and paraphrasing) promote a more active approach to learning tasks.” Pp. 190-191
Reciprocal Teaching (0.74)“The emphasis is on teachers enabling their students to learn and use cognitive strategies such as summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting.... The effects were highest when there was explicit teaching of cognitive strategies before beginning reciprocal teaching.” P. 204
Feedback (0.73)“The major discriminator is whether feedback is clearly directed to the various levels of task, process, or regulation, and not directed to the level of ‘self.’”
Teacher Student Relationships (0.72)“Developing relationships requires skills by the teacher – such as the skills of listening, empathy, caring, and having positive regard for others.... Teachers should learn to facilitate students’ development by demonstrating that they care for the learning of each student as a person and empathizing with students.” Pp. 118-119
Worked Examples (0.57)“Worked examples reduce the cognitive load for students such that they concentrate on the processes that lead to the correct answer and not just providing an answer.” P. 172
Formative Evaluation of Teaching (.9) “When teachers were required to use data and evidence-based models, effect sizes were higher than when data were evaluated by teacher judgment. In addition, when the data was graft, effect sizes were higher than when data were simply recorded.” P. 181
1. OER as Worked Example
Help students understand the design of the OER you’ve assigned
2. Remix OER
Assign students to organize and transform OER to more teach effectively
3. Provide Feedback on Remixes
Offer multiple types of feedback on student remixes and require revisions
4. Reciprocal Teaching
Have students teach each other using their remixes
5. Continuous Improvement
At end of term, engage in data-based formative evaluation of the course. Incorporate
student work in new version as appropriate.
Simple Gifts
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.
Each and Every Interaction
Recorded, stored, and analyzedin order to get better
If Only We Could Get Data!
We could do analyses (aka research) too!
Canvas
Even the Grocer!
Almost every industry (1) gathers and (2) uses data more effectively than we do
What Kind of Data?
Assessment dataConstruct-relevant behavioral data
Assessment Data
Difficulty estimatesDiscrimination estimates
Per standard expertise estimates(Not just “grades”)
Behavioral Data
When they logged in, read, and workedHow long they logged in, read, and worked
Pathway informationSocial network analysis
&c.
Analytics
Tell you what to changeBut don’t give you permission to make changes
OER
Give you permission to make changesBut don’t tell you what to change
OER + Analytics
Continuous improvement
Instructional Design &Learning Sciences
Tell you how to change it
Faculty Feedback
“I wish I had this for every class I teach, for every module! The feedback and recommendations are positive, specific and are changes that I can implement quickly with minimal effort on my part.”
Coda
OER can dramatically improve a range of educational outcomes
OER can drastically reduce the cost of education
We’re not “on the edge”of this capability.
We’re doing it now.