Operating the Indian Electricity Grid Challenges and Future Outlook R.P.Singh Chairman and Managing...

Operating the Indian Electricity Grid

Challengesand

Future Outlook

R.P.SinghChairman and Managing Director

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

Monday, October 24, 2005

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. 2

Indian Power System Overview

• Guiding principles– Sufficient Quality Reliable and Affordable power

• Generation– Owned by Central sector, State sector and Private sector

• Transmission– Transmission & System Operator (TSO)– Five Geographical Regions, Three Electrical Regions– Non-discriminatory Open Access in Transmission

• Distribution– State owned utilities, Private utilities, Cooperative

societies

• Moving towards distributed generation and distribution



Coal

Hydro

Hydro potential in North east and upper part of Northern Region

Coal reserves mainly in Eastern Region

Distribution of energy resources and consumption centres are extremely unbalanced

Necessitate power transfer over long distances

Energy Resource Map



TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE

OWNERSHIP TOTAL

CENTRAL STATE

Circuit Kilometer

+ 500 kV HVDC

4,372 1,504 5,876

765 kV charged at 400 kV

917 409 1,326

400 kV 40,854 22,607 63,461

220 kV 9,220 98,521 107,741

132 kV* 2,152 93,126 95,278

Total 57,515 216,167 273,682

EHV Infrastructure (as on 31.08.2005)

* 132 kV network as on 31.03.2004



30,500 MW

16,00034,543 MW

35,511 MW

Installed capacity & Inter regional links

Inter regional Link

MW capacity

NER-ER 1,850

ER-NR 700

ER-SR 1,200

ER-WR 1,650

SR-WR 1,200

WR-NR 900

Talcher Kolar HVDC Bipole

2,000

Total as on 30.08.05

9,500

Target for 2012

37,000

Three synchronous systems-North, Central & South

33,142 MW

16,561 MW

2,443 MW

Installed Generation CapacityAs on 31.08.2005 : 122,200 MWTarget for Year 2012 : 200,000 MW



All India Generation (as on 31.08.2005)

26%

55%

10%

1%

3% 5%

Hydro Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Renewable

Coal (67,688 MW)

Hydro (31,745 MW)

Gas(12,171 MW)

Diesel(1,201 MW)

Nuclear(3,310 MW)

Renewable(6,158 MW)

Total Installed Capacity: 1,22,275 MW Total market size 587.3 BU

Thermal 486.0 BU

Hydro 84.5 BU

Nuclear 16.8 BU

Market Composition

State Sector long term PPA

46 %

Central Sector long term PPA

37 %

IPP generation 9 %

Electricity Trading 3 %

Balancing market 5 %



12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

17000

18000

19000

20000

21000

22000

23000

12

Me

ga

wa

tts

Typical Load Profile on normal day

Time in Hours from 00 to 24 hours

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

MW

Typical load crash after rains and thunder storm

Northern Region 09th -10th June

22762 MW

14907 MW

Time in hours from 24 hrs of 09th June to 12 hrs of 10th June 2005

22%

7%

29%1%

2%

21%

18%Domestic84 kWh

Commercial26 kWh

Industrial117 kWhPublic Lighting

4 kWh

Traction9 kWh

Agricultural81 kWh

Others71 kWh

Predominantly Agricultural & DomesticHighly weather sensitive

Wide variation in peak & off peak demandBehavior of each state different from others

Per capita consumption

Load Characteristics



Planning Philosophy• Year 1975 to 2000

– Regional self-sufficiency – Asynchronous Inter regional links for emergency

assistance and limited transfer of operational surplus– Focus on evacuation of Power plants

• Post Year 2000– National optimization of resources – Stage wise development of transmission capacity– Focus on stability, system strengthening– Emphasis on distributed generation

• Macro Planning– Centralized Perspective Plans by Central Electricity

Authority (CEA)• Micro Planning

– By Central Transmission Utility (CTU) in the interstate level

– By State Transmission Utility (STU) in the intrastate level



Challenges in Planning• Achieving capacity adequacy

– In Generation & Transmission

• Optimization of power transmission corridors– 400 kV multi circuit, 765 kV AC, + 500 kV HVDC Bipole

• Enhancing transfer capability of existing lines using– Series compensation– System Protection Schemes– Phasor Measuring Units (Wide Area Measurement)

• Formation of National Grid by 2012– Total investment required : INR 710 Billion (US $ 15.7 Bn)

– Investment by POWERGRID: INR 500 Billion (US $ 11.1 Bn)

– Investment by private investors: INR 210 Billion (US $ 4.6 Bn)

• Address deficiencies in sub-transmission system– High Voltage Distribution System, Distribution Management

System

• Managing international power transactions



Regional Grid Management• Grid Operation philosophy

– Decentralized Operation & Control (Loose power pool)

– State power system treated as Notional (flexible) Control Area

– Very tight control of actual interchange by utilities not mandated

– Deviations from pre-committed schedules appropriately priced

• Unity of Command– National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC)– Regional Load Despatch (RLDC) apex body within the

region– State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) apex body within

the state



Ensuring System Security & Stability

• Protection Coordination at Regional level– Under frequency, df/dt relays, under voltage relays

• Hybrid operation of Long HVDC & EHV AC system• Use of Dynamic Compensation- FACTS, SVC• Frequency Controller on HVDC Back to Back• Using Advanced tools of System Visualization

– SCADA, EMS, Unified Network Database

• Dedicated communication system• Real-time Balancing by operator complemented

by– Frequency linked Pricing for Active Power imbalance– Voltage linked Pricing for Reactive Power imbalance



• Open architecture based unified data acquisition system

• Moving towards operation by exception through– Intelligent alarm processing– Drawing operator attention through

blinking/colored/dotted displays– Utilization of classical energy management tools

• Thrust on use of enhanced visualization techniques– Geographical maps & 3-dimensional displays

• Simplification of navigation in application software– Ease-of-use end result

• Improving system data reliability through– Quality flags– Ensuring availability of communication network

• Seamless confluence of SCADA and the MIS• Skill enhancement through training, simulator

exercises– Experienced Operators work with fresh engineers

Empowering the grid operator



NLDC

RTU

SUB LDC

SLDC

RLDC

23 Nos.

51 Nos.

1160 Nos.

5 Nos.

Plant/Sub Station Level

Group of District Level

State HQ Level

Region Level

National Level

Data Acquisition & Communication System

Dedicated communication systemFor data and speech



• Compressing gestation period of transmission projects– Satellite imaging for detailed survey & route alignment– Standardization of tower design

• Enhancing transfer capability on existing line– Series Compensation, Flexible AC Transmission system– Reconductoring using aluminum alloy conductors

• Optimization of power transmission corridors– 400 kV multi circuit, 765 kV AC, + 500 kV HVDC Bipole

• Adoption of higher voltages for loss reduction• Installation of switched shunt reactors• Gas insulated substations• Switching over to numerical relays• Convergence of Communication & Transmission

– Optical Fibre Ground Wire (OPGW)

Applying technology



Grid performance77

57

72

53

723 4

0 0

74

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Total Minor Major

Number of Grid Disturbances

have come down

Inter regionalPower exchanges

have increasedmanifold

1015 1756

5888

11539

22783

30763

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1992-93 1995-96 1998-99 2001-02 2003-04 2004-05

Million u

nits



Challenges in Grid operation• Secure & Reliable operation

of large synchronous system– Synchronous operation of

Northern Region with Central Grid

– By 2006 we shall have only two electrical regions

• Development of a competitive power market

• Harmonizing interests of stake holders

• Building mutual trust• Ensuring the ‘Right Man’

behind-the-wheels• Capturing wealth of

operator experience in form of expert systems

SOUTHERN REGION

WESTERNREGION

EASTERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION

NORTH-EASTERN REGION

ELECTRICAL REGIONS

1

2

3 Same frequency from Gujarat to Arunanchal

Pradesh with effect from March 2003

About 2800

kilometers apart

Thank you for your attention

Namaskar !!!

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Operating the Indian Electricity Grid Challenges and Future Outlook R.P.Singh Chairman and Managing...

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