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Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

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Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6. Coach Murray. Objectives. Classify bones according to shape & internal tissues Identify bone markings and significance of each type Identify the cell types in bone and their functions. Compare structure and function of compact bone and spongy bone - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Coach Murray Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6
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Page 1: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Coach Murray

Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Page 2: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Classify bones according to shape & internal tissues

Identify bone markings and significance of each type

Identify the cell types in bone and their functions.

Compare structure and function of compact bone and spongy bone

Compare the mechanisms of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Objectives

Page 3: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Describe the remodeling and homeostatic mechanisms of the skeletal system

Discuss the relationship of nutrition, hormones, exercise, and aging on bone development and on the skeletal system

Describe the types of fractures and explain how they heal

Objectives

Page 4: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Structural Support – a framework for attachment of soft tissues and organs

Storage of minerals – Ca, PO4

Storage of lipids – in yellow marrow Blood cell production – in red marrowProtection – skull, vertebrae, pelvis, ribsLeverage – change magnitude/direction of

force of muscles

I. Skeletal System Functions pg 180

Page 5: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

A. Six Categories of Bones by shape1. Long – arms, bones, hands/feet, fingers/toes2. Flat – roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapula3. Sutural (Wormian) – small, flat irregular in

skull w/ borders like a jigsaw puzzle4. Irregular – vertebrae, pelvis, some in skull5. Short – small and boxy, tarsal and carpal

bones6. Sesamoid – sesame seed shaped, form near

joints of knees, hands, and feet – i.e. patella

II. Gross Anatomy of Bones

Page 6: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

B. Bone Markings (Surface features of) – see Table 6-1 pg 182

Elevations/Projections: process, ramusTendon/Ligament attachment: trochanter,

tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spineArticulation: head, neck, condyle, trochlea,

facetDepressions: fossa, sulcus Openings: foramen, canal, fissure,

sinus/antrum

II. Gross Anatomy of Bones

Page 7: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

C. Bone Structure pg 183 – of long boneDiaphysis – extended/expanded tubular shaft w/wall of dense/compact bone (cortex)Epiphysis – at the ends of diaphysis, consists largely of cancellous (spongy )boneMetaphysis – narrow zone b/w each epiphysis and the diaphysis

II. Gross Anatomy of Bones

Page 8: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

C. Bone Structure pg 183 (continued) 1. Long bone – a diaphysis (shaft) with an epiphysis at each end w/a metaphysis b/w them.Compact bone surrounds marrow cavity (medullary) and epiphyses are made cancellous bone (spongy).Note: Spongy bone is an open network of struts and plates with a cortex of compact bone.

2. Flat boneCompact bone surrounds diploe (spongy), marrow present, no marrow cavity

II. Gross Anatomy of Bones

Page 9: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Bone is - Osseous tissue is a supporting connective tissue with a solid matrix and ensheathed by a periosteum.

A. Bone Matrix basics: Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain

matrixLacunae: pockets which house osteocytes Canaliculi: passageways through matrixPeriosteum: superficial layer of compact bone

w/fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

III. Bone Histology

Page 10: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

B. The Matrix of Bone: - pg 184Ca3(PO4)2 – 66% by mass

Are hard, inflexible, withstand compressionInteracts w/ Ca(OH)2 to make crystals of

hydroxyapatiteHydroxyapatite also contains CaCO3, Na, Mg, F

Collagen fibers – 31% by massFlexible, twist, bend, do not compressProvide framework on which hydroxyapatite

crystals formStronger than steel w/subject to tension (pull)

Cells of bone – 2%

III. Bone Histology

Page 11: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

C. The Cells of Bone - structure and function of each

4 kinds of cells1) Osteocyte

Structure: housed in a lacuna sandwhiched b/w layers called lamellae. Canaliculi connect lamellae w/each other and central canal

Functions (2):Maintain protein and mineral content of matrixRepair damaged bone by converting to osteoblasts

or osteoprogenitor cells

III. Bone Histology

Page 12: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

C. Cells of Bone - structure and function of each

4 kinds of cells2) Osteblasts

Structure: immature osteocyteFunction: perform osteogenesis by converting

osteoid to bone. Make and releasing proteins and other organic compounds into matrix, once surrounded they become osteocytes. This is bone buildingActivity is constant, is increased w/exercise

III. Bone Histology

Page 13: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

C. The Cells of Bone - structure and function of each

4 kinds of cells3) Osteoprogentior cells

Structure: type of stem cells which make osteoblasts. Found in 3 places: Cellular layer of periosteumendosteum (marrow cavities lining)Lining of passageways containing blood vessels

Function: Repair fractures/breaks in bone

III. Bone Histology

Page 14: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

C. The Cells of Bone - structure and function of each

4 kinds of cells4) Osteoclasts (not related osteoprogenitor cells)Structure: big multinucleated cells Function: osteolysis - secrete acid and

proteolytic enzymes to dissolve the matrix and release stored minerals. Regulates Ca & PO4

in body fluidsOpposite to activity of osteoblasts

III. Bone Histology

Page 15: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Structure Described:Haversian system (or osteon) is basic functional

unit of compact bone arranged in concetric layers around the Haversion canal (or central canal) -

Structure: house blood vessels, run parallel to bone surface

Function: supply blood to osteonsOther Info: Canals of Volkmann (perforating canals) –

Structure: house blood vessels, run perpendicular to bone surface

Function: supply blood to osteons of deeper in bone and marrow cavity

D. Structure of Compact Bone pg 185

Page 16: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Structure Described:So the lamellae of each osteon forms nested

cylinders around central canal3 kinds of lamellae

Concentric lamellae – surround central canal, collagen forms a spiral, canaliculi interconnect lacunae of the osteon w/one another and w/the central canal

Interstitial lamellae – space b/w osteons, being recycled by osteoclasts

Circumferential lamellae – outer and inner surfaces of bone so they are covered in periosteum and endosteum

D. Structure of Compact Bone pg 185

Page 17: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

D. Structure of Compact Bone pg 185 – source

Page 18: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Unlike compact bone, lamellae present but is not arranged in osteons

Matrix (description of): Made of trabeculae – branched, open network

of thin struts and platesNo capillaries/venules, nutrients get to

osteocytes via diffusion along canaliculi openings

Red marrow b/w trabeculae has blood vessels to deliver nutrients and remove osteocyte wastes

E. Structure of Spongy Bone pg 185

Page 19: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Located of little stress or where stress is multidirectional

Is lighter than compact, makes skeleton lighter

2 kinds of marrow:Red bone marrow:

Location: epiphyses of long bones, interior of ilium/sternum

Function: makes red blood cellsYellow

Location: Function:

F. Structure of Spongy Bone pg 185

Page 20: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Periosteum Location: wraps superficial layer of compact

bones except at jointsStructure: outer layer is fibrous, inner is

cellularCollagen fibers are continous w/bone, joint

capsules, and attached tendons and ligaments providing stronger attachment

Functions: 1) isolates bone from surrounding tissues2) provides route for circulatory/nervous supply3) participates in bone growth/repair

G. The Periosteum and Endosteum pg 188

Page 21: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Endosteum– location: lines marrow cavity, covers the

trabeculae of spongy bone, lines inner surfaces of central canals

- functions: 1) aid in growth, repair, remodeling

structure: single, incomplete layer of osteoprogenitor cells that cover the bone matrixExposed areas osteoclasts and osteoblasts can

remove/deposit matrix

G. The Periosteum and Endosteum pg 188

Page 22: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Ossification – replacing tissues with bone during bone formation

Calcification – deposition of calcium salts which occurs during ossification

2 kinds of ossificationA. Endochondral ossification B. Intramembranous ossification

IV. Bone Formation and Growth pg 189

Page 23: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

A. Endochondral ossification – bone replaces existing cartilage

B. Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue

C. The Blood and Nerve Supplies3 major sets and where they provide blood to:

1. nutrient artery and vein - diaphysis2. metaphyseal vessels – ephiphyseal cartilage3. periosteal vessels – superficial osteons of shaft

IV. Bone Formation and Growth pg 189

Page 24: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

Remodeling – is bone maintenance – is the recycling and renewal of organic and mineral compounds of bone matrix

Requirements for osteogenesis:Minerals in diet : Ca, PO4 , Mg, F, Fe, othersVitamins: A, C, B12, KHormones: Calcitonin and parathyroid

hormone

V. Dynamic Nature of Bone pg 194

Page 25: Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure Ch 6

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