Østfold Research Foundation STØ What is LCA? Based in a systems approach to the product Based in...

Østfold Research Foundation STØ

What is LCA?

• Based in a systems approach to the product

• Based in the functionality of the product

• Covers the whole life cycle of all materials

• Cover all impacts related to environment, health and resources


The Life Cycle Model of a Product System

Råvareuttak - og prosessering

(P1)

Råvare-foredling (P2)

Transport

Komponent-fremstilling (P3)

Fremstilling av produkt (P4)

Distribusjon og salg (P5)

Bruk avprodukt

(P6)

Avfalls-sortering (P7)

Avfallsdeponeringeller forbrenning

(P9)

Prosessering av gjenvunnet materiale (P8)

Transport

Transport

Transport

Transport

Transport

Transport

Transport

Transport


Life Cycle Assessment Framework

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

Identification of Evaluation

Significant issues

Conclusions, recommendations and reporting

Direct applications


LCA Application

• Identify major contributors to environmental impacts

• Compare different options for improvements• Provide guidance in long term strategic planning• Help to train product designers• Compare functionally of equivalent products• Inform customers about best selection and use of

products


Five important questions to be answered from LCA studies

• Do we have the right projects?

(Technology, organisational, marketing, etc.)

• Do we work with the right products/processes

(Sunrise, mature or sunset products)

• Do we have the right areas of concern?

(Resources, climate change, toxicity, etc.)

• Do we give attention to the right solutions?

(End of pipe, process optimisation, product development)

• Do we in fact have the right business idea?


Development in the types of LCA applications in companies

Need of competence

Time

Increased knowledge own products

Strategic decision making

Marketing and external information


Driving forces - from “regarded as” to “documented as”

- Increased marked demand for more eco-effective solutions in the society

- The population and welfare growth in the global society in the next 20-40 years will demand 4-10 times more eco-effective solutions.

- In 1999, several Environmental Management Tools have been standardised according to ISO-14000 series (14025, 14031, 14042-43)

- The Kyoto protocol implementation in European politics will result in a need to document reductions in CO2 emissions as an instrument in tradable quotas


ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Data baseData base

Poll. PrevAssessm.

Poll. PrevAssessm.

Life CycleAssessm.

Life CycleAssessm.

Env. Acc.System

Env. Acc.System

Env. Prod.Declar.

Env. Prod.Declar.

Env. Perf.Indicators

Env. Perf.Indicators

Goals and mgmt.Goals and mgmt.

Investments and financing

Investments and financing

ReportingReporting

Env. Prod. Developm.

Env. Prod. Developm.

Sales andmarketing

Sales andmarketing


ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN - A POSITIONING FACTOR OR A

MANDATORY SYSTEM?

ENVIRONMENT AS A

POSITIONING FACTOR :

• Focus on innovative, sustainable solutions

• Environmental concern as a business opportunity

• Product-oriented strategies, life cycle and systems approach

• Early users of new, innovative tools (LCA, EPI, EPD, Industrial Ecology etc.

• Systematic implementation of tools and knowledge

ENVIRONMENT AS A

MANDATORY SYSTEM

• Focus on simpler, more easy achievable solutions

• Environmental concern one of several factors to be considered in decision making

• More traditional process-orientation to problems

• Focus on ISO 14000 or EMAS

• Case to case application of environmental tools


STRATEGIC EVALUATIONS

Environmentalquality

Market value

Low Medium High

High

Medium

Low

A

B

F

C

D

E

A’

E’


Gross and net material efficiency of packaging solutions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q

Kg

emba

llas

je/1

000

kg p

rodu

kt

brutto materialforbruknetto materialforbruk


Assessment of packaging solutions - net material and energy efficiencies

0,00

1000,00

2000,00

3000,00

4000,00

5000,00

6000,00

7000,00

8000,00

9000,00

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Netto materialforbruk [Kg emballasje/1000 kg produkt]

Net

to e

nerg

ifor

bruk

[M

J/10

00 k

g pr

oduk

t]

E

D

E

F

B

C

A

N

H

O

L

I

PM

J

G

K


Strategic assessment of packaging solutions

4 3 2 1

1

2

3

4

C

BA

E

FHM

G

IL

JN

K

O

D

Environmental profile (low to good)M

ark

et

va

lue

(lo

w t

o h

igh

)


ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND EVALUATION

• Based on ISO 14031 Standard which was approved in spring 1999

• Based on environmental assessment of products and plant operation, and stakeholder assessment

• Increasing information and management value by decreasing the number of parameters to a minimum of high priority areas of concern

• Used for internal management decisions and external reporting to stakeholders


ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (EPI)

Traditional environmental

parameters

• tons of coal combusted

• tons of oil combusted

• tons of virgin clay purchased

• m3 water used in process per y

• tons of CO2 emitted to air per y

• tons of NO2 emitted to air per y

• tons of SO2 emitted to air per y

• kg Hg emitted to air per year

• kg Zn emitted to air per year

Environmental Performance

Indicators• # days per year with emissions

beyond permit• # MJ of fossil energy

combusted/ton of product• # Kg. GWA in CO2 units/ton of

product• # g heavy metals/ton of product• # kg recycled materials per ton of

product• percent of sale related to products

within green range


EPI STRUCTURE IN THE INDUSTRY

Environmentalaspect

Eco-efficiencyindicator

Management andoperational indic.

State of environ.Indicator

Lime stoneaquisition

Area of sensitiveresource

Fossil energyconsumtion

MJ energy/toncement

ElectricityconsumptionCO2

Particles Number ofprocess stops


EPI Communication matrix - Type and frequency of indicators

Owners Authori-ties

Custo-mers

Em-ployees

Neigh-bours

EnergyconsumpNaturalresourcesGlobalwarmingDustemissionsHeavymetals


EPI Environmental Management Matrix- Type and frequency of indicators?

Corp.mgmt.

Plantmgmt.

Purchas.mgmt

Salesmgmt

Env.mgmt

EnergyconsumpNaturalresourcesGlobalwarmingDustemissionsHeavymetals


IMPLEMENTATION OF EPI’S IN MANAGEMENT/COMMUNICATION

PROCESSES

Define significant aspects

Define EPI’s

Define target values for EPIs

Define responsibility

Internal regular reporting

Effect and activity indicators

Corrective measuresExternal reporting


EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - RESOURCE SENSITIVTY ASPECT 2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

Ton

n k

alk

ste

n/t

on

n s

em

en

t

1996 1997 1998 1999

Følsom ressurs Ikke-følsom ressurs


EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - ENERGY RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

MJ

/to

n c

em

en

t

1996 1997 1998 1999

Elektrisitet

Kull

Biobrensel

Energi fra spesialavfall

Energi fra restavfall


EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - NO x - EMISSIONS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

kg

NO

x/t

on

ce

me

nt

1996 1997 1998 1999

Fra båttransport

Fra biltransport

Fra prosesser


EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - NUMBER OF EMISSION

ACCIDENTS

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

An

tall

pr

år

1996 1997 1998 1999

Antall utslipp rapportert tilmyndigheter

Antall utslipp behandlet internt

Antall utslipp med naboklage


ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 1 - SHARE OF GREEN

RANGE PRODUCTS TO TOTAL SALE

0

5

10

15

20

25

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Goal 2002

Percent sale green range products


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ton

n f

orb

ruk

se

mb

alla

sje

/mill

NO

K

om

se

tnin

g

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Utvikling i mengde forbruksemballasje pr mill. NOK omsetning for Bedrift B i perioden 1995-99 (konsumprisjustert)

Plast

Glass

Metall

Fiber


RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LCA AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LCA AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

GOAL AND SCOPING

INVENTORY ANALYSIS

IMPACT ASSESSMENT

IMPROVEMENT

ASSESSMENT

IDEA GENERATION

IDEA SCREENING

CONSEPT TESTING

PRE-MARKET TESTING

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

TEST MARKETING

PRODUCT LAUNCHING


A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT

xyzw

CUSTOMER QUALITY

Organ 1

Raw M1Raw M2Raw M3Raw M4

Process

Raw M ARaw M REnergy P

UseRecycling

Production

PRODUCT STRUCTURE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

GWPLCA

Net lifecycle profitproducer

Net lifecycle costcustomer

LIFE CYCLE COSTS

Internalunit costs Potential external

unit costs (charges)

QFD

Ozon DGWP

Acidif

Ecology Resources

Non-renewRenew

Health

Ac.tox


A STEP-WISE MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT

DEVELOPMENT

Customer

requirements

Principal

Define

product

concept

Evaluate

production

process

User

study

Principle

Decide on

production

process

Estimate

market

volume

Designdesign

Detailed

Production

process

designed

Sales

preparation

Maturing

of product

design

Production

planned

Sales and

marketing

Product

adoption

Production

I

Assessment

II

concepts

III IV V

environmentalproduct

needs

identification

of referenceproductsystem

Generateideas toalternativeproduct

Evaluateand selectbest productconcepts

Optimizeselectedproductconcept

Document

quality

1. Invest. ofneeds

0. Recognit.of needs

2. Productprincipledefinition

3. Productdesign

4. Productionpreparation

5. Productexecution


WHY USE A REFERENCE PRODUCT AS A STARTING POINT?

• To identify the most important problems and sources for problems with existing products with similar functions, both concerning environmental impacts, life cycle costs and customer satisfaction (gap analysis)

• To have a reference point to document improvements with a new product


ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF LIGHT FITTING SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF LIGHT FITTING SYSTEM

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000A

luzi

nk

Ref

lek

tor

Ak

ryls

kje

rm

AB

S-

end

esty

kk

er

Rea

kto

r

Em

bal

lasj

e

Su

m r

åvar

er

Pro

d. &

Dis

trib

.

Ly

srø

r

Bru

k/A

vfa

ll

Su

m t

ota

lt

ResourcePAHHCNOxSO2CO2

*10E10


ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF RAW MATERIALS TO LIGHT FITTINGS

CO2 emissions in raw material processing for 12 lighting armature systems

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00A

luzin

k

Refl

ecto

r

Acry

l co

ver

AB

S E

nd

Part

s

Reacto

r

Pack

ag

ing

To

tal

raw

mate

rials

[kg

CO

2]

Electricity productionTransportProcesses


STEP 2: IDEA GENERATION FOR STEP 2: IDEA GENERATION FOR PRODUCT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTSPRODUCT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS

• Systematic search for improvement options based on experiences from reference case

• Identify options from four strategies for improvements


IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LIGHT FITTINGS SYSTEM

1. A new design with 30% reduction in material consumption

2. Substitution of all aluzink parts with black tin

3. Use of recovered aluminum and steel as a substitute for 70% of the virgin materials.

4. Recover the most important weight fractions after use

5. 2x36W armatures or 2x58W armatures

6. Integration of energy conserving equipments (infra red switcher, day-light switcher, modern electronic reactors etc.),


EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS FOR LIGHT FITTINGS - AVERAGE FOR LIGHT FITTINGS - AVERAGE

ENERGY CONDITIONSENERGY CONDITIONSSIMULATION OF IMPROVEMENTS UNDER AVERAGE ENERGY CONDITIONS

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Sim1 Sim2 Sim3 Sim4 Sim5a Sim5b Sim6

Per

cent

impr

ovem

ent

rela

ted

to b

ase

case

Electricity

Fossile

CO2

SO2

NOx

NMVOC

CO


LIFE CYCLE COST EVALUATION OF LIFE CYCLE COST EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR

IMPROVEMENTS OF LIGHT FITTINGSIMPROVEMENTS OF LIGHT FITTINGS

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

RE

F-1

994

EN

ØK

-199

4

2X36

W-1

994

2X58

W-1

994

RE

F-2

013

EN

ØK

-201

3

2X36

W-2

013

2X58

W-2

013

AC

CU

MU

LA

TE

D C

OST

S (N

OK

)

Energy

Light tubes

Armature


CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN PRODUCT ECONOMY AND OPTIONS PRODUCT ECONOMY AND OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF PRODUCTSFOR IMPROVEMENTS OF PRODUCTS

Economic parameter Averageweighting

Number ofpositiverelationsships

Number of zerorelationsships

Number ofnegativerelationsships

Purchasing Cost 4,6 8 3 8Life Cycle Cost 3,2 10 3 2Total all cases 18 6 10


CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AND CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AND

OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTSOPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS

Weight of customerrequirements in survey

Number of positiverelationsships

Number of zerorelationsships

Number of negativerelationsships

1 2 5 02 2 12 33 0 8 14 9 15 95 4 11 1

Total number 17 51 14Average weighting 3,64 3,57


ASSUMPTION IN THE DYNAMIC LCA ASSUMPTION IN THE DYNAMIC LCA MODELMODEL

- 10% annual increase in total environmental performance of the production of raw materials and assembly of the light fittings

- 30% increase in environmental performance of the user phase each third year, by the release of new products.

- 60% recovery and use of recovered steel and aluminum in the light fittings (scenario B), compared to 0% recovery in the reference case (scenario A)

- Replacement of the light fittings 1, 2, 4 or 12 times during a twelve-year period by the user, with new and more innovative solutions.


LIFE CYCLE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR LIGHTING ARMATURES - 60% MATERIAL RECOVERY

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12YearAcc

umul

ated

Env

iron

men

tal L

oad

(EL

U)

12 years

6 years

3 years

1 year


ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS

• ISO 14025 Guidelines for Environmental Product Declarations approved in summer 1999 - basis for industrial sectors and national/international approaches

• Norwegian prestudy carried out in 1999 - methodology and format to be finished during autumn

• Nordic project planned to be initiated during the winter 1999-2000.


P o r t l a n d S e m e n tN o r c e m A S

N o r s k M i l j ø v a r e d e k l a r a s j o n ( M V D )

B a s e r t p å e n v u r d e r i n g i h e n h o l d t i lI S O 1 4 0 2 5 o g N o r d i s k m a n u a l f o r

M V D

B a s e r t p å e n v u r d e r i n g i h e n h o l d t i l I S O 1 4 0 4 0

P r o d u s e r t a v :N o r c e m A SK o n t a k t p e r s o n : E r i k S t o l t e n b e r g - H a n s s o nT e l e f o n : + 4 7 3 5 5 7 2 3 5 4T e l e f a x : + 4 7 3 5 5 7 0 4 0 0O r g a n i s a s j o n s n u m m e r : N o - 9 3 4 9 4 9 1 4 5E M A S : N O - V - 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 2I S O - 1 4 0 0 1 r e g . N o . : 1 0 0 3M V D s e r t i f i k a t n r . :

G o d k j e n t a v :G y l d i g t i l :

B a k g r u n n s i n f o r m a s j o n :D e l e r a v l i v s l ø p e t : F r a r å v a r e u t t a k t i l f e r d i g

s e m e n tF u n k s j o n e l l e n h e t : P r o d u k s j o n a v 1 t o n n

N o r c e m I n d u s t r i s e m e n t ( P o r t l a n dS e m e n t , C E M I 4 2 , 5 R R )

Å r s t a l l f o r s t u d i e n : 1 9 9 9D a t a g r u n n l a g : ( P r o s e s s u t s l i p p e r f r a 1 9 9 5 ,

E n e r g i d a t a f r a 1 9 9 8 o g D a t a f o rr å v a r e r f r a 1 9 9 3 )

A n t a t t l e v e t i d : I k k e r e l e v a n t ( A v h e n g i g a vs l u t t p r o d u k t )

P r o d u k s j o n s s t e d : N o r c e m , 3 9 5 0 B r e v i k ,N o r g e

A n t a t t m a r k e d s o m r å d e : E u r o p a

D e n n e M V D e r g r a n s k e t a vS T Ø v e d M i e V o l d ih e n h o l d t i l m e t o d i k k f o r I S O1 4 0 2 5 , I S O 1 4 0 4 0 - 4 3 , s a m tn o r s k M V D m e t o d i k k

LL ee vv ee rr aa nn dd øø rr ee rr ssmm ii ll jj øø ss tt yy rr ii nn gg ss ss yy ss tt ee mm

N o r c e m f o r e t r e k k e r l e v e r a n d ø r e r s o m h a rs e r t i f i s e r t e k v a l i t e t s - o gm i l j ø l e d e l s e s s y s t e m e r .


FF oo rr bb rr uu kk aa vv mm aa tt ee rr ii aa ll -- ,, aa rr ee aa ll -- oo gg vv aa nn nn rr ee ss ss uu rr ss ee rrD e v i k t i g s t e m a t e r i a l r e s s u r s e r s o m i n n g å r :

k g / t o n ns e m e n t

N y e , f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r 0R e s i r k u l e r t e , f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r

0

N y e , i k k e f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r K a l k s t e i n 1 7 1 0 K v a r t s 3 0 , 1 K i s a v b r a n n 9 , 2 B a u x i t t 0 G i p s 3 5 , 6 S p r e n g s t o f f 0 , 2R e s i r k u l e r t e , i k k e f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r J e r n s u l f a t 3 , 3I k k e i n k l u d e r t ~ 0

T o t a l m a s s e : 1 7 8 8 k gH v o r a v : 9 5 , 6 % e r d e k l a r e r t

0 , 0

2 0 0 , 0

4 0 0 , 0

6 0 0 , 0

8 0 0 , 0

1 0 0 0 , 0

1 2 0 0 , 0

1 4 0 0 , 0

1 6 0 0 , 0

1 8 0 0 , 0

Kal

kste

in

Kva

rts

Kia

vbra

nn

(jer

noks

id)

Bau

xitt

(A

l-

bære

r) Gip

s

Spre

ngst

off

Jern

sulf

at

kg /

tonn

sem

ent

R e s i r k u l e r t e i k k e f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r

N y e i k k e f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r

R e s i r k u l e r t e f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r

N y e f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r

F o r b r u k a v a r e a l - o g v a n n r e s s u r s e r e r i k k ei n k l u d e r t .

EE nn ee rr gg ii ff oo rr bb rr uu kkD e v i k t i g s t e o m r å d e r m e de n e r g i f o r b r u k :D e t m e s t e a v e n e r g i f o r b r u k e t e rk n y t t e t t i l N o r c e m s e g e n p r o s e s s .

F o s s i l e n e r g i K l i n k e r p r o d u k s j o n e n e r d e n s t ø r s t e

f o r b r u k e r . B r e n s e l e t e r f o r t i d e n ih o v e d s a k k u l l , m e n o g s å P e t - c o k e .

F o r n y b a r e n e r g i : e r f o r b r u k a v v a n n k r a f t b a s e r t e l - e n e r g i i

p r o s e s s e n h o s N o r c e m ( s e m e n t - o gr å m e l s m ø l l e r i e t ) .

A v f a l l : N o r c e m h a r k o n s e s j o n f o r f o r b r e n n i n g a v

s p i l l o l j e , f a s t e a v f a l l s s t o f f e r ( s o m p l a s t ,F A B o g b i l d e k k ) o g s p e s i a l a v f a l l i s i nk l i n k e r o v n . D e t o r g a n i s k e s p e s i a l a v f a l l e tl e v e r e s f r a N O A H ’ s f o r b e h a n d l i n g s -a n l e g g i B r e v i k . A n d e l a v f a l l s b r e n s e l v i lø k e b e t y d e l i g i t i d e n 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 2 .

T o t a l t e n e r g i f o r b r u k ( M J / t o n n s e m e n t )

0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0

4 0 0 0

R å v a r e r , P r o s e s s , T r a n s p o r t e r ,

MJ

/ ton

n se

men

t

A v f a l l

F o r n y b a r e n e r g i

K j e r n e k r a f t

F o s s i l b r e n s e l

M J / t o n n

F r e m s t i l l i n g a vr å v a r e r

P r o s e s s * T r a n s p o r t T o t a l t

F o s s i l b r e n s e lO l j e / P e t - c o k e 4 6 , 3 5 2 1 , 6 2 7 6 , 4 8 4 4 , 3G a s s 1 , 7 3 0 , 1 8 , 1 3 9 , 9K u l l 2 4 4 9 , 0 2 4 4 9 , 0


UU tt ss ll ii pp pp oo gg mm ii ll jj øø pp åå vv ii rr kk nn ii nn gg ee rr

D e v i k t i g s t e k i l d e r t i lm i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g e r :O v e r g j ø d s l i n g : N O x f r a f r e m s t i l l i n g a v e n e r g i b æ r e r

o g u t s l i p p f r a p r o s e s s e n ,h o v e d s a k e l i g k l i n k e r - p r o d u k s j o n e n

N O x f r a t r a n s p o r t

F o r s u r i n g : N O x o g S O 2 f r a f r e m s t i l l i n g a v

e n e r g i b æ r e r o g u t s l i p p f r a p r o s e s s e n ,h o v e d s a k e l i g k l i n k e r - p r o d u k s j o n e n

N O x f r a t r a n s p o r t

D r i v h u s e f f e k t : C O 2 f r a p r o s e s s e n , d e l v i s f r a

a v s p a l t i n g a v C O 2 f r a k a l k s t e i n o gd e l v i s f r a f o r b r e n n i n g a v f o s s i l tb r e n s e l .

D a t a v a r i k k e t i l g j e n g e l i g f o rp å v i r k n i n g e r p å n e d b r y t i n g a vo z o n l a g e t , p å v i r k n i n g p åm e n n e s k e l i g h e l s e , t o k s i s i t e t o gr e d u k s j o n a v b i o l o g i s k m a n g f o l d

A n d r e v i k t i g e u t s l i p p k n y t t e t t i le m e n t p r o d u k s j o nS t ø y o g r y s t e l s e r v e d s p r e n g n i n gS t ø v : 1 1 7 t o n n / å rH g : 1 8 - 3 3 - 3 8 k g / å r ( 1 9 9 6 - 9 8 )U t s l i p p t i l v a n n : T O C , 8 t o n n / å r

L i v s l ø p s f a s e n e s b i d r a g t i l m i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g ( k g / t o n n ) :

L i v s l ø p s f a s e n e s b i d r a g t i l m i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g

0 %

1 0 %

2 0 %

3 0 %

4 0 %

5 0 %

6 0 %

7 0 %

8 0 %

9 0 %

1 0 0 %

T r a n s p o r t e r 2 2 , 4 2 9 0 , 4 2 7 0 0 , 0 1 6 1 , 5 5 9 0

P r o s e s s 6 9 3 , 2 6 8 1 , 8 1 2 0 0 , 1 2 0 1 1 , 6 6 4 0 , 0 0 9

R å v a r e r 4 , 5 4 8 0 , 0 9 8 0 0 , 0 0 4 0 , 3 3 6 0 , 0 0 2

D r i v h u s - e f f e k t [ C O 2 - e k v ]

F o r s u r i n g [ S O 2 - e k v ]

N e d b r y t i n g a v o z o n [ O D P -

e k v ]

D a n n e l s e a v f o t o -

o k s i d a n t e r

O v e r g j ø d s l i n g [ O 2 - e k v ]

A v f a l l [ g / k g ]

F a k t i s k e u t s l i p p s t a l l ( k g / t o n n )f o r e l e m e n t e r s o m b i d r a r t i l d e v i k t i g em i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g s k a t e g o r i e n e :

F r e m s t i l l i n ga v R å v a r e r

P r o s e s s T r a n s p o r t e r T o t a l

U t s l i p p t i l l u f t :

C O 2 4 , 5 6 8 4 2 2 7 1 0

C H 4 0 , 0 0 0 9 1 0 , 8 7 0 , 0 0 6 7 0 , 9

N 2 O 0 , 0 0 0 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 1 6 0 , 0 0 1 1 0 , 0

S O 2 0 , 0 1 0 0 , 4 5 0 , 2 5 0 , 7

N O x 0 , 0 5 6 1 , 9 0 , 2 6 2 , 3

V O C 0 , 0 0 9 5 0 , 0 2 4 2 0 , 0 3 6 0 , 0 6 9

C O 0 , 0 1 3 2 , 8 0 , 0 4 8 2 , 8

H g( m g / t o n n ) *

- 2 4 - 2 4

N H 3 1 , 8 E - 1 0 5 , 0 E - 0 8 5 , 0 E - 0 8

U t s l i p p t i l v a n n :

T o t - N 1 , 4 E - 0 4 5 , 3 E - 0 5 4 , 5 E - 0 5 2 , 4 E - 0 4

C O D 5 , 1 E - 0 5 3 , 2 E - 0 4 2 , 8 E - 0 4 6 , 5 E - 0 4

* O B S ! ! H g e r g i t t i m g / t o n n

BB ee hh aa nn dd ll ii nn gg aa vv aa vv ff aa ll ll ff rr aa ss ll uu tt tt pp rr oo dd uu kk ttN o r c e m B r e v i k f a b r i k k e r e r e nr å v a r e p r o d u s e n t . P r o d u k t e t P o r t l a n d s e m e n ti n n g å r i a n d r e p r o d u k t e r , v e s e n t l i g b e t o n g .N o r c e m e r i k k e p l i k t i g t i l å d e k l a r e r es l u t t b e h a n d l i n g i d e t d e t t e i s t o r g r a d a v h e n g e ra v b r u k e n a v p r o d u k t e t .


LL ii vv ss ll øø pp mm ee dd ss yy ss tt ee mm gg rr ee nn ss ee rrN o r c e m B r e v i k

K a l k s t e i n - u t t a k

R å m ø l l e

S e m e n t m ø l l e

K l i n k e r o v n

P a k k i n g

S p r e n g s t o f f

M a l e l e g e m e r

F l y g e a s k e

A l u m i n i u m s b æ r e r

J e r n b æ r e r

G i p s

K v a r t s

Tran

spor

t

A l l o k e r i n g s r e g l e r : F o r n y t t m a t e r i a l e e r r å v a r e r o g p r o d u k s j o n s p r o s e s s e r

i n k l u d e r t . F o r r e s i r k u l e r t m a t e r i a l e e r r e s i r k u l e r i n g s p r o s e s s e n i n k l u d e r t .

P r o d u k s j o n s f a s e n f o rp r o d u k t e t H o v e d p r o s e s s e n e v e d

N o r c e m e r u t t a k a vk a l k s t e i n f r a t o f e l t in æ r h e t e n a v b e d r i f t e n :D a l e n g r u v e o g B j ø r n t v e td a g b r u d d . K a l k s t e i n e nt i l s e t t e sk o r r e k s j o n s m a t e r i a l e r , s o mk i s a v b r a n n , k v a r t s , b a u x i t to g g i p s , o g m a l e s o gb r e n n e s v e d h ø y et e m p e r a t u r e r ( 1 4 5 0 o C ) t i lk l i n k e r .

K l i n k e r e n f i n m a l e s t i ls e m e n t . I m a l e p r o s e s s e nt i l s e t t e s m i n d r e m e n g d e rk a l k s t e i n , g i p s o gj e r n s u l f a t . ( O g f l y g e a s k e ib l a n d i n g s s e m e n t )J e r n s u l f a t e ra v f a l l s p r o d u k t f r a a n n e np r o d u k s j o n o g b e h a n d l e ss o m r e s i r k u l e r t m a t e r i a l e .

N o r c e m B r e v i k e rs e r t i f i s e r t i h e n h o l d t i l I S O9 0 0 1 o g I S O 1 4 0 0 1 o g e rE M A S - r e g i s t r e r t .

RR ee ff ee rr aa nn ss ee rrR e f e r a n s e t i l L C A r a p p o r tN o r c e m B r e v i k s m i l j ø r a p p o r t f o r 1 9 9 7 o g 1 9 9 8V o l d , M ; L C A a v H u l l d e k k e l e m e n t , S p e n n c o n


Faktor 4/10 utvikling i øko-effektivitet

20002020

2040

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Milj

øb

ela

stn

ing

se

nh

ete

rFaktor 4/10 - krav til utvikling i øko-effektivitet


Industrial Ecology - webs of value chains

Two types of industrial ecology webs

• Geographical webs (Eco-parks)

• Functional webs (Offices etc.)

C l e a n e r p r o d u c t i o n L i f e C y c l e m a n a g e m e n t I n d u s t r i a l E c o l o g y


DRIKKEVARESYSTEMETS OPPBYGGING

Production of drinking product

Cleaning of tapping water

Distribution of tapping water

Distribution of drinking product

Production of input resources

Cooling or heating by user Use of product

Waste treatment in WWTP


Sprit VinØl

Min.vann.vann

BrusSaft

Juice

MelkKaffe

Te

Drikkevann fra spring

Drikkevann fra spring som inngår i utblandet drikkevare

Drikkevann fra industriell kilde

Likartet distribusjonkjøling

Likartet distribusjon

Likartet distribusjon

Likartet distribusjonkoking

FORBRUKER I NORGE

Struktur for et komplett drikkevaresystem


Det norske drikkevareforbruket i 1997

0

50

100

150

200

250

l p

r p

ers

on

og

år

Fra vannverk via spring Fra vannverk via næringsmiddelbedrift Direkte fra produkt

Direkte fra produkt 0 0 0 129 8,88 2,5 6 0 1,7 11 8 2

Fra vannverk via næringsmiddelbedrift 102,1 47,5 15,3

Fra vannverk via spring 168,5 210 153 0 0 0 24 23 0 0 0 2

Andre kilder (mat)

Vann Kaffe Melk Brus Øl Saft Te JuiceKullsyreholdig

VinBrennevin

NTNU


Emballasjeforbruk - antall enheter justert for ombruksemballasje

Om

bru

ksg

lass

0,3

-0,7

En

ga

ng

sgla

ss 0

,3-0

,7

PE

T o

mb

ruk

0,5

PE

T O

mb

ruk

1,5

PE

T e

ng

an

g 0

,5-0

,7

Bo

ks 0

,5

Fa

t 2

5

Ka

rto

ng

0,3

-1,0

Ka

rto

ng

1,5

-2,0

Po

se

Me

lk

Bru

s

Øl

Sa

ft

Juic

e

Ku

llsyr

eh

old

ig v

an

n

Vin

Bre

nn

evi

n

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

NTNU


Factor 4/10 design methodology

- Organisation based on functional systems

- Analysis of reference system (historically and present status)

- Scenario analyses (forecasting and backcasting- VIP methodology?)

- Defining a new systems vision for a Factor 4/10 solution

- Defining and describing alternative solutions for approaching the Factor 4/10 goal

NTNU


Factor 4/10 design methodology (cont.)

- Analysing alternative solutions in a coarse context – redifining vision and solutions

- Implementation of new vision and best solutions

- Implementation of new systems architecture

- How to motivate changes in user behaviour

- Technological solutions

NTNU

Date post:	26-Mar-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	savannah-maher
View:	219 times
Download:	2 times

Østfold Research Foundation STØ What is LCA? Based in a systems approach to the product Based in...

Documents