lht=''J-ul E Aig++aFtE.ft ift Ift ffi76# ffi662e", 77e-787, zort+ 4 EJ. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol.76 No.662,779-787, Apr., 2011

TOURIST-DEPENDENT ADAPTIVE REUSEIN THE OLD RESIDE}ITIAL QUNRTER

OF MELAKA CITY, MALAYSIAv 1 'v fi fr lHfi'1Fifr t: *i rl UEAy1I&EHWWJFfiUH t: F€f bhftn

Rhan See CHUA* and Atsushi DEGUCHI* *

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This paper presents findings from the study of tourist-dependent adaptive reuse in the old residential quarter of Melaka City. Two surveys have

been conducted in this study. The first survey involves the collection of building and land use data via non-participatory observation method. While

the second survey uses a questionnaire to measure the perceptions of different users of the old quarter, namely local community which consist ofresidents and business owners, and also domestic and international tourists, on the effects of adaptive reuse. Findings show that almost 25 percent ofthe actively used buildings are housing tourist-dependent uses (TDUs), which are concentrated mainly on Jonker Street and its surrounding area. Anumber of streets have more TDUs buildings than non-TDUs, and some are dominated by one type of TDU only. This shows that tourist-dependent

reuse activity in the old quarter needs to be checked to minimise future negative implications. This study first classifies adaptive reuse approaches in

the old quarter and relates them to the different effects they bring to the old quarter. Then the concems and expectations of different user groups in

the old quarter towards the physical, social, economical and tourism effects of adaptive reuse are identified. Finally, this paper proposes planning and

area management measures to regulate adaptive reuse in the old residential quarter.

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r. INTRODUCTION

Adaptive reuse, which ir also call€d 'creative re-use't), 'refurbishment' '1), 'conversion'3) or 'rehabilitation' 4), generally means repair or refurbish a

building, and use it for new purpose which is different ftom its original use for which it was d€signed. Examples of adaptive rcus€ are found it the old

rcsidential and colim€rcial quaxter of Melaka City (ORQ), in Malaysia. This historic srea w6! listed as a LNESCO World Heritage Sit€ (WHS) on 7th July

2008, together with the neighboring old civic quarrer (Fig. l).

Melaka's old residential quarter is traditionally a popular tourist destination among both

further increased when the 'Jonker Walk'program was launched at the quarter on 9th June 2000

'). Jonker Walk program takes its name from one of the main streets in the old quarter, Jonker

Street, which was historically famous for its business and Chinese community activities. The

Jonker Walk program, which is a joint initiative between the Melaka State Government and

local communities, intends to revitalize the old residential quarter which had experienced out-

migration since the late 1970s. The program aims to reintroduce the old quarter's heritage to

the locals and visitors, and boost the local economy via tourism. The Jonker Walk program

is considered a success by the local communities and Melaka State Govemment. Due to this,

many business individuals and groups wanted to invest there. As a result, from late in the

year 2000 many investors started to buy or rent buildings in the old quarter to adapt them for

new uses. Most of the new uses are related to tourists, such as gifts shops, souvenir shops and

restaurants. It can also be observed that some buildings'physical adaptations were done with

care to conserve their architectural elements. However, there are also some examples that show

carelessness.

This research contends that adaptive reuse of buildings for the purpose of tourism alone

can be dangerous. This sfudy defines buildings that are adapted and reused with the aim for

Malaysians and people from overseas. The inflow of tourists

Fig. 1 The Study Area (LINESCO World Heritage Site)

* Doctor Candidate, Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University

* * Prof., Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Dr. Eng.

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toudst businesses as 'tourist-d€pendent adaptive reuse'. The new uses housed are called toudst-d€pendent uses (TDID. TDU means uses or activities which are

qeated solely to cater fff tourists' treeds. Because of that, these uses depend heavily otr tourists' spending to continue their opemtions or survival. Examples oi

TDU are souveDir shops, hotels, themed restauants and cafes. The opposite ofTDU is non-tourist-dependent use (Non-TDU). NTDU &re the original activities

of the historic area. Their existence is not caused by tourists' presence or demand, as they €xisted long before the anival oftourists. Hence they do not depend

on tourists to continue or'survive'. Rather, these activities are mainly catering for local consumers'needs. Examples ofNon-TDU include residential use and

traditional retail uses-

Even though tourism-led adaptive reuse can benefit a historic aiea or town, such as by boosting the local economy and improving its infrastructure.

buildbg reuse can also create negative consequences for the llistoric area's environment and its inhabilants. Possible consequences of adaptive reuse include

the loss ofrmique architecture during the process of adaptatiorL the dislocation of oiiginal residents from the town and the loss ofpdvacy for local irhabitants

Buildings that arc reused for tourism purposes rced to be plarmed aIld regulated to Fevent the historic area from losing its valuable heritag€. To do this, it

is important to mderctand how physical changes to the buildings, and also changes in iheir use, can affect the area's h€ritage significance. B€sid€s this, it is

also necessary to u{deGtand how histonc area s users perceive the consequences of building reuse foi the place. It is thereforc the aim of this paper to present

findings ftom a study condrcted in the old residential quarter ofMelaka City on the trend of tourist-dependent adaptive reuse.

2. PAST RESEARCHES

The subject ofadaptive r€use often appea$ in litemtule on building management D 6)n and architecture conservation a) 3). Adaptive reuse is also discussed

in research on conse ationled revitalization 3)e) and toudsmled conservation '0)11). These litemtures highlight the effects ofbuilding reuse in improving the

physical and ecoDomic condition of historic citi€s or areas. However, they do not define clearly how buildings should be adapted and reused within the context

of a historic area or town. Past litemture on building aalaptation and reuse also do€s not relate on how uoers ofthe historic place, such as local residents or

touri$ts, feel about the physical and social charg€s created by the new activlties in th€ historic area. Hence this sfudy wishes to frll the theoretical gap on the

subject ofbuilding adaptive reuse In historic area and also users' perceptions towards building reuse.

3. RESEARCH OBJECTWES AIID METHODOLOGY

This study has four objectives. The first objective is to identiry the q?es of tou.isFdependent uses and their location in the old rcsidential quarter of

Metaka City. The second is to clariry the types of physical adaptation and use of space involving buildings reused for TDU in the old quafier The third is to

measurc use$t concems and exp€ctations about building adaptive rcuse in this old quarter, where users are the local community and tourists, which consist

ofrcsialents, business o\rners, domestic and intemationa.l tourists in the old quarter Lastly, the objective is to propose measures to plan and manage adaptive

reuse in the old residential quater to meet users' needs.

In this study, two surveys werc conducted. The first was building use suwey, caried out to rccord all buildings and land plots'uses in the old quarter ftom

Novernber 2008 to January 2009. This sur',,ey was conducted by the authors for the duration of tbree months for two reasons. Ffust reason was that the authors

wished to undentand in depth the situation ir the study area, which include its urban chancter, people, their ways of life and also the activities found ther€.

Second rcason was that the authors intended to seek p€nnission fiom buildings' ownerc to visit thefu buildings and to hold intewiews with them, to understand

th€ purlose and details of the adaptive reuse works.

For buildings, only grcund and first floor uses were recorded du€ to time and human rcsource limitations. Building uses were recorded by a non-

participatory obsewation method, involving observation ftom outside the buildings and not inside. This method was used because of the large number

of buildings to be surveyed wilhin a limited time. A total of 947 building and land plot uses were classified into I 5 use groups, which include residential,

rctail, seryice, wholesale uses and vacant buildings. Building use data were then analyzed by fiequeDcy aDd the results displayed by GIS. Subsequently,

a questionnaire survey was conducted from July to August 2009, aimed at collecting the opinions of local community and tourists about building adaptive

reuse iD the old quarter. In ihis suwey, the qu€stionnaire tests to the toudts w€re distributed at restaurants and guest house locat€d in the study area which are

popular with local and foriegn tourists.

A total of 358 samples werc collected. 132 samples were locals living or doing businesses in the oal quarter, and 206 were visiting tourists. Locals

rcspondents werc selected by proportional stratified-random sampling, and toudsts,via rundom sampling. The rcsponse rate for locals and toudsts were 48%

and 86% respectively. In the questionnaire, iespondents were asked to state their opinions about a list ofchanges in the old quafi€r related to adaptive reus€.

Respondents chose their answerc ftom six given options fion'strongly disagrce', 'moderately disagre€', 'sligltly disagree', 'slightly agree', 'moderately

agree' to 'strongly agree'. Data collected ftom the qlrestionnaire were tested using the Mann-Witney U-Test to id€ntiry the difference in opinions among the

local co$muDity and tourists.

4. TOUNSFDEPENDENT ADAPTIVE REUSE AT OLD RESIDINTIAL QUARTf,R

4.'l G€nerd Buildtug and Latrd Uses rt the Old Quarter

The results ofthe building use suvey show that the us€ of buildirgs and land plots in the old quartd can be divided into two main types: building or

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land with active use; or Foperty with passive use. The fomer meaDs plac€s that are fiequently occupied or visi&d by people, while the latter are places less

ftequented or not used at all The results also show that more than thrce quarters ofthe grouhd-floor building ard land uses in the old quarter are active uses(76.2%). These uses include retail (25.5%), residential (17.5%), service uses (16.9%), wo*shops (6.1%), art galleries (3%), wholesale (2.6%), religiousbuildings (1.8olo) and agdculture (0 7%). Passive uses include vacant or idle buildings (14.5%0), stomge or warehous€s (7.1%), buildiDg under renovarion (1.1%)

and cemeteries (0.2%) (Fig. 2).

1) Buildlngsr Upp€r Floor Us€

For buildings'upper floor space, the survey shows that active uses make up slightly more than half of the total uses (51.6%), while the remainder are

passive uses. For activ€ uses, residential use is the single larg€st use found on the first floor oflhe buildings (,+0.2%), folowed by other uses such as services (47o),

community uses (2.3%) and art gatleries (1.6%). Passive uses are mainly vacant spaces (27.3%) and storage (14.5%). The finalings show that th€ old quarter

is still a living ar€a with people staying on the upper floor of the buildings. But the number of dwellen could have reduced over the years, as indicated by the

lorge arnount ofvacancy and storage on upper floors.

2) Concentration of Uses

The survey finding shows that residential buildings are located at many

places in the old quarter. They are especially concentrated on Heeren Street,

Jalan Kampung Kuli and Kampung Ketek/Kampung Dua. Retail uses are

concentrated on Jonker Street, and service uses are dispersed within the old

quarter (Fig. 3).

The results also show that wholesale and storage buildings remain

concentrated along Jalan Kampung Pantai, which has been the traditional

wholesale hub of Melaka city since the early 20th century, due to itsproximity to Melaka River. Religious institutions important to the history

of Melaka and Malaysia such as cheng Hong Teng Temple, Sri poyyatha

Residential

I Groud Floor Uses (%) tr lst Floor Uses (%)

Fig. 2 Building and Land Uses in the Old Quarter

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vinayagar Moorthi Temple and Masjid Kampwg Kling renain on Jalan T\rkang Besi, Jalan Tuk&ng Emas and Jalan Tokong. Buildings with upper residential

floors can still be found at many places in the old quarter, and are not confined to one area or steet only. This is because the olil quaxter was the former

rcsidential cente ofM€laka City.

This research has made a comparison with the works on the concenhation of building use in the old qua(er by Chi published in 1 983 r'z) and Funo et al.

'3) pulished in 2005. The finding from the comparison with Chi's research shows that a number ofbuilding uses or activities in the past, such as dentisb and

tailors, have now dedeased, which reflects their declining importanc€ in the old quarter due to the reduced demand ftom lessening reside . The comparison

with the research by Funo et al. indicate that the concentration of major uses, especially residential and religious uses, remaineal largely unchangeal fiom 20

yeirs &go. Despite minimal change ir the conceDtration of building use, this research found that many uses or activities insiale the buildings in the old quarter,

hod Dow chaDged towads toudst-dependent uses or activities.

4.2. Tourist-dep€Ddent Uses f,t the Old Qrurter1) Gen€rrl Composition atrd Locstion

This study examined the occurrence oftourist-d€pendent uses and th€ir location ir the old quarter Th€ suvey results show thet almost one quarter of the

building and land uses are TDU (24.3%), and a little more than halfare NTDU (59.1%). There are also us€s that do not fall into either category, namely land

plots wilhout buildings, or buildings without any activity inside, such as vacant buildings, vacad lsm4 buildings under rcno\,€tion or cemereries (16.6010) (Fig. 4).

This survey also found tourist-d€pendent uses consist ofmainly retail-based uses (51.2%) and service-based uses (32.67o). Both uses make up more than

two third of the total TDU in the old quarter. Other tourist-dep€ndent uses inctude art galleries (9.8%), workshops (3.5%) and buildings with educational

puposes such as Dutch period house tumed into museum (2.8%) (Fig. 5).

In the old quarter, tourist-dependent uses are nainly concentmted in the central part of the area, particularly along Jonker Street, which is the main

business street and backbone ofthe Jonk€r Walk Program (Fig. 6). Other streets which also recorded relatively high numberc ofTDU are Heeren Street, Jalan

Tokong, Lorong Hang Jebat, Jalan Hang Kasturi and Jalan Hang Lekir, all ofwhich intersect JoDker Steet (Fig. 7).

At streets level, almost all st€€ts showed some occurence of tourist-dependent activities in reus€d buildings. How€ver, certain streels show higher

numbeN of activiti€s compared to oth€rs. For example, a relatively high number of TDU are found at Heeren Stree! Jalan Tokong, Jalan Hang Jebat, Jalan

Hang Kasturi and Jelan Kubu. There arc also streets wherc the number of tourist-dependent uses is higher than non-lourist-dependent uses, such as Jonk€r

Stieet and Jalan Hang Lekir This stlldy suggests that if lhis kind ofbuilding rcuse trend is not checked, it could pose a grcat threat to the town or sheetscape ofthe old quarter and its historic and cultuml legacy.

2) Composition and Location of Retail-based Tourist-dependent Uses

For retail-based TDU, gift and souvenir shops are the single largest use

found in the old quarter (53%). They are followed by food and beverage

products shops (17.9%o) and clothes and accessories shops (14.5%) (Fig. 8).

Further analysis shows that Jonker Street has the highest number (n:49) and

most diverse types of retail-based TDU compared to other streets (at least one

occuffence for each use category). Jonker Street also has the most gift and

souvenir shops, clothes and accessories shops and antiques shops (Fig. 9). The

occuffence of such a trend can be related to the 'spillover effect' of the Jonker

walk Program, which prompted buildings in its surroundings to be reused due

to their proximity to the main attraction (Fig. l0).

3) composition and Location of service-based rourist-dependent uses

For service-based TDU, restaurants, caf6s and pubs are the largest uses in

d**d*Hd:d

I Tourists{ependent Uses

I Non-touristsdependent Uses

I Not Relevant

I Total Burldings and Lots

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Fig 7 Tourist-dependent Uses and Non-tourist-dependent Uses by Streets

Fig 4 Tourist-dependent Uses Fig 5 Tourist-dependent Uses Componentsand Non-tourist-dependent Uses

Fig 6 Tourist-dependent Uses and Non-tourist-dependent Uses Location

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Fig. 8 Components of Retail-based Tourist-dependent Uses

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the old quarter, which is about three quarters of the total service-based TDU

(73.8%). The second and third most service-based tourist-dependent uses are

tourist accommodation (13.8%) and buildings used for personal and health

care services, such as massage centers andhair salons (7.5%) (Fig. 1l). The

survey shows that Heeren Street, which is parallel to Jonker Street on the

south, has the highest number of service-based TDU (n:19) (Fig. 12). These

uses are dominated by tourist accommodations (n:6) and restaurants and

caf6s (n:12). Many restaurants and cafes are also located at Jonker Street

(n:13). At some streets, only one type of service-based tourist-dependent

use can be found. For example, at Jalan Tukang Emas and Jalan Kampung

Pantai, only tourist accommodation can be observed. While at Jalan Hang

Kasturi, Jalan Hang Lekiu and Jalan Kubu, only restaurants and cafes are

found. For example at Jalan Hang Kasturi, there are l0 themed restaurants

and cafes and no other type of TDU. It is believed that if this kind of trend

continues, the old quarter could one day see its streets dominated by one type

of tourist-dependent use only. This could reduce the diversity of activities in

a particular street and take away its original character.

5. BUILDING ADAPTATION AND REUSE

The results of the building use survey reveal that buildings in the old

quarter that were adapted and reused involve either one or both of these

interventions: a) Adaptation to the physical components of a building; and/or

b) Reuse of a building's internal space.

5.1 Adapting Buildings' Physical Components

The survey found that when a building had undergone the process

of physical adaptation, at least one of these components was involved: a)

Interior or structure of a building; b) Space outside the building but within

its lot boundary; andlor c) Building's external fabric or envelope (Fig. l3).

Examples of the adaptive reuse of buildings in the old quarter also

show that when adaptation is carried out, at least one of the following

three interventions is usually applied. The first intervention involves the

modification, alteration or reconfiguration of the physical components of

a building. The second intervention involves an addition or extension to a

building. The third type of intervention involves partial demolition. Among

the three, modification creates the most minimal change to the building,

while partial demolition causes the most severe change. The application

of different choice of intervention can generate a different intensity

of consequences for the historic area. For example, a modification or

reconfiguration to the intemal space or structure of a building will generate

relatively minor consequences for the historic area compared to partial

demolition of the building's facade or the installation of new elements on

the building's exterior (Fig. la). This is because internal changes are usually

visually concealed from the public, who often view heritage from the public

General Goods,

Shoes,3,2.60% r1'O.9oAntique and Used- '"'i / -jn""r"utional

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Fig. 9 Location of Retail-based Tourist-dependent Uses by Streets

Monetary andOffrce,Finance, 2.5,3

Public Amenities,

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Fig. 1l Components of Service-based Tourist-dependent Uses

I Food and Bevcrage M Monetary and Finance

tl Personal and Health Care E Public Amenities

H Office

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Fig. 13 Physical Components of Buildings in the Old Residential Quarter

Heeren Jonker Jln. T. Jln. T. Jln. Jln. Kg. Lrg. H. Jln. H. Jln. H.

Street Street Besi Emas Tokong Pantai Jebat Kasturi Lekir

Fig. l2 Location of Service-based Tourist-dependent Uses by Streets

f Retail-based TDU

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Fig. 10 Location of Retail-based and Service-based Tourist-dependent Uses

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space e). Zero change or total change to a building should not be considered as adaptive reuse, as th€ former does not involve any act of adaptation or rcuse,

and the latter presents complot€ transformation inside and out, which should b€ avoided for buildings in a historic area.

5,2 Reuse of Buildingsr Irtemsl SpNc€

Thc survey results also show that the intemal spaces of reused buildings in the old quarter. whose buildings are mainly two-storey shophouses orto\r'rihouses, are either partially or fully reused with new activities. The findings which werc based on the suvey of 50 adapt€d and reused buildings in the oldquarter, show that partial reuse is usually chamcterized by mixed us€s withitr a building, and can appear in three forms. Th€ fust is the reuse ofthe Aont int€mal

space of a building's ground flool; the second is the reuse of th€ ftont intemal spac€s of th€ building's growd and upper floor, and the third is the reuse of lhe

buildinS's entire ground floor (Fig. l5). Examples of such reuses in the old quarter includ€ art galleries, cafes, souvenir shops or workshops. Other Eeces inthe building usually rernain as a residenc€, become slorage, or ar€ even left vacant or idle. For a building which is fitlly ieus€d, often the entire building is

us€d for only one single new use, such as toudst accommodation, rcstaunnts or a( galleri€s. A fully reused building poses greater challenges to the old quart€r

compared to a paftially rcused building. This is because the former intoduces totally n€w activity into the whole building, which csn extend the consequences

ofthe change to its surrounding area, and have either positive or negative effects on a larger scale. On the oth€r hand, the latter mixes existing and new uses

within a building. Mixes ofuses are unlikely to generate dmstic consequences to ihe old quarter as new activities arc wedged b€tween the existing. However

there could be a potential conflict ofuses ifthe current ones cannot aalapt to the new or vice vena. Planring for full or partiel reuse shoulal be concemed about

ihe likely consequences ofboth rcuse methods.

No. 81, JonkerStreet. The Ge-ographer Cafe. Aball-shaped sign,window canopiesand mechanicalsun-shades havebeen fixed intothe facade ofthisbuilding.

No. 6-8, Jonker S

Wa Kee ChickenRice Restaurant.

w..rr>.:1.r ,- No. 39, HeerenStreet. KafeUmeda. Theback of the build-ing has been ex-tended to becomea coffee shop,which has itsown access point,without needingto go through thefront.

No. 21 Jonker Street.Famosa Chicken RiceRestaurant. A paymentcounter, serving counterand refrigerator havebeen added inside thefront area ofthe shop.

ground floor facadethis building haspartially demolThe inner space isthe kitchen areathe shop.

No. 124,HeerenJehanFine Arts.wall at the

of the buildlot haspartialdemotoentrancethe

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Intensity of Change

Total Surveyed Cases (50 Cases)

Fig. 14 Types of Building Physical Adaptation in the old Residential euarter

ases) Exampleof IIses

Partial ReuseFull Reuse

Type Il8 Samples (36%)

Partial Reuse

Type 2

16 Samples (32%)

ffiGround floor

ffi

1l Samples (22%)

t^,-- ^ffiGround floor

Type 3

5 Samples (10%)

MWGround floor

ffi

Tvne I Tvpe 2 Type 3ReusedSpace

Souvenir shops,

food productsshops. restaurants,

cafes, hair saloon,massage centre,office, art gallerycrafts/art work-shons.

Souvenirshops, foodproducts

shops, restau-rants, cafes,

art gallerycrafts/artworkshons

ArtGaller-ies.

Restau-rants,cafes, artgallery ho-tel/touristaccommo-dation.

Non-reuseSnace

Residential, storage/warehouse, vacant, idle.

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Fig. 15 Types of Reused Building Internal Space in the old Residential Quarter

6. LOCAI COMMUNITY AND TOURISTSI PERCEPTIONS ON TOURIST-DEPENDENT ADAPTIVE REUSf,

The results of the Marm-Whitney U-Test show that therc are two types of outcomes when comparilg the perceptions of local commmity and tourists inthe old quarter on adaptive reuse. The fiIst outcome shows that theie are similar concems and expectations ftom these two user goups about building adaptive

reuse; while the other outcome indicates their different concems and expectations.

Both user groups sgre€ that adapting and reusing buildings makes lhe old quart€r more lively (Table l) (Fig. 16). How€ver, they also sharc conc€ms that

buildings with new uses reduce the privacy of residents living nearby (Fig. 17) and make the old quarter too touristic and comm€rcialized (Fig. l8). Both

grcups have the opinion that n€w activities are not mme int€resting than traditional one (Fig. 18). These results show that local community and tourist are

concemed about the consequences ofadaptive reuse that might atrect the social and hedtage aspects of the old quafi€r

Subsequently, Mann-WhitDey U-Test results indicate that local community feel that adaptive rcus€ makes the historic place livelier, promotes the

rehabilitation ofexisting buildings and encourag€s gentdfication (Table l). While tourists f€el that adaptive reus€ makes the old quarter safer and also deates

businesses that provid€ better quality services. They also feel that buildhg reuse could affect heritage in the old quarter, and hence its ability to athact visitors.

Local community' afld toudsts' concems sbout the consequences of adaptivc reuse show that differcnt grcups have different expectations for the old quarter.

For local community, tlrcy indicate their expectation that the old quarter keep its valuable h€ritage alld at the same time, be a good place to live. For toudsts,

th€ emphasis is for the old quartfl to ensue that tourists' visiting expedences are enhanced and their expectations m€t regarding its unique heritage, the

availability ofquality services and safe8 Usels' concems and €xpectatioDs are important and should be used to guide the plarnring and rcgulation ofbuilding

rcuse at historic towns or areas.

7. PLAIINING FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE IN OLD RESIDENTIAL QUARTER

7.1 Eiisting Pl&nning Cuidelines

Currandy, there are three plarming documeDts used by Melaka City Govemment to regulate adaptive reuse activity in the old quarter: the Melaka Central

Distdct lrcal Plan, 20 I 5 ra),

Special Area Plan: Melaka Historical City Conservation Area Management Plan '5), and Melaka Hisloricsl City Consewation Area

Table I Localal L ommuntty and I ourtsts' Perceptions on the Effects of Adaptive Reuse in the Old Residential OuarterResults of Mann-Whitnev U-Test Interpretations of Results

No. Impacts of Adaptive Reuse atHistoric Area Group n Mean

RankSum ofRanks U Z Asymp. Sig.

(2-tailed)ullIerence rn (Jplnrons Similarity in Opinions

FindingsLocals Tourists Agree DisagreePhysical and Environment

Historic area becomes morelively.

LocalTouristsTotal

132205337

204.9145.89

27046.529906.s

8791 .5 -5.6 I 9 0.000

oLocals feel adaptive reuse improves theenvironment of the place by making itmore livelv-.,

Reuse of buildings makes oldquarter safer place.

LocalsTouristsTotal

132202334

122.36t9'7

16t5239793

7374 7.033 0.000o Tourists feel reuse improves the safety

of the historic environment.

]. Rehabilitated historic buildingsare more attractive than non-rehabilitated buildinss.

LocalsTouristsTotal

131206337

192.4154.12

252043t749

10428 -3.608 0.000o Locals feel reuse improves the build-

ings' physical appearance.

SocialReuse of buildings makes oldquarter good place to live.

LocalsTouristsTota I

13120s336

172.24l66.ll

22564340s2

12937 -0.514 0.s66o Both locals and tourists leel reuse

improves the living environment of thehistoric nlace.

Reuse of buildings promotesgentrification.

LocalsTouristsTotal

13220111t

t94.43148.99

25664.529946.5

9645.5 -4.278 0.000 o Locals feel that reuse improves thesocial mix of the place.

-) Reuse ofbuildings reduces oldquarter's habitants' privacy.

LocalsTouristsTotal

t32204ji5

I 58.83t74.76

20965.535650.5

r2t87.5 t.498 0.t34o Locals and tourists feel reuse reduces

the privacy ofpeople living at thehistoric area.

Economv+I Businesses operating in reused

buildings give quality services.LocalsTouristsTotal

132205717

t38.77r 88.46

183183863s

9540 -4.651 0.000 o Tourists feel reuse improves the serviceof businesses.

Heri age Tourism1. Reuse of buildings causes old

quarter to lose its heritage at-tractions.

LocalsTouristsTotal

t32206338

144.58185.47

l 9084.538206.5

I 0306.5 3.833 0.000 o Tourists feel reuse reduces the heritageattraction ofthe historic place.

Reuse of buildings makes oldquarter a commercialised.

LocalsTouristsTofal

131205336

168.51168.5

22014.534541.5

t3426.5 -0.001 0.999O

Locals and tourists feel reuse can makehistoric area touristic area fill withcommercialization.

l Modern activities at the oldquarter are more interesting (hantraditional ones

LocalsTouristsTotal

132205

1 58.83l75.s.s

2096s35988

t2187 1.582 0.1 14

oLocals and tourists feel traditionalactivities at the historic area are moreinterestins than new activities

l00o/",

50'A'

il. E,t_t nI I \57)7

13816 I l

tl*,,1r"Ii..Reuse of building

promotesgentrification.

il Disagree ! Agree

Fig. 17 Perceptions on the SocialEffects of Adaptive Reuse

nnI'of lunb

nLll4ils I l

I I l3$l4,tltlI ro"ut. lrou.irt.l

lReuse of buildinglI reduces local I

I inhabitants' I

I privacy. I

r00%

l

5\Yo'

n151.5ltt1lllo*ftL_l

Reuse of buildingmakes OQ

touristic andcommercialized.

ilDisagree nAgree

Fig. 18 Perceptions on the TourismEffects of Adaptive Reuse

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Action Plan t6). However, this study found a Nmber of limitations with the existing guidelircs, whsr€ firstly, the guidelines in these documeDts are not sp€cifi-

cally fomulated to address the issue ofexcessive mber ofbuildirgs in the old quarter being adapted and reused for tourist-oriented busircss and service, as

this issue has never been identified as a problem beforc. Second, the emphasis and depth of all thre€ documents are alifferent. For €xample Melaka Central

District Ircal Plan 2015 has no specific provisions dealing with adaptive reuse even though it provides general urban design guidelines for the olal quarter

The other document, the Action Plan does provide detail analysis and guidelines to conhol adaptive reuse activity, however the focus is only on individual

street and not the whole old quarter. In additiotr to that, th€ Action Pla[ regulate adaptive reuse activity by conftollirg nuiDly building use, which this study

believes, is insufrcient to support the planning of the old quarter effectively. This rcseaxch contends that there should be other complimentary a€chanism,

such as area nenagemeot measule, which can help in co rolling the building adaptiv€ reuse in the old quarter

7.2 Reserrch Proposal

This paper puts fo*ard a proposal that wish€s to compliment existing guidelines, in addressing the situation of adaptive reus€ and tourist-dependent uses

in the old qudrt€r. The proposal is based on the needs ofihe use$, which axe grouped into three categories: 1) Lively envircnrnent; 2) Historical intactness

or integrity, aDd 3) Quality of service. To meet the users' D€€ds for lively €nvironment and historical integrity, eight principles which include building use

concentration, building use type, quaDtity of existing use, adaptation interyantion, awaxeness installation aod arca manageflren! have been prcposed to ensure

the old quarter is lively and contains historical integrity to meet local arld tourists' ne€ds. Wlile the principle ofproduct and service monagem€nt is proposed

to improve the quality of s€rvice in the old quarter to meet mainly tourists' need. Th€ implementation of these principles should consider both toudst-

dependent uses and non-tourist-dependent uses in the old quart€r Over-emphasizing TDU related aalaptive reus€ will make the old qu&rter too touristic anal

commercialize4 whereas old quarter without arly new activity would make it stagDant and dull. Therefore, these principles which are mainly planning and

maDagement measuresr interd to achieve a situation in the old quarter that is a rcsult ofbalaice TDU and NTDU, aDd that can meet useN' n€eds (Fig. l9).

The reason why not only planning measues are Foposed for this study but also matreg€ment measures is b€cause this study believes ptanning coDhol

must b€ complimented by rnanag€m€nt ofthe area in the old quaxier, especially if the outcome intenals to achieve improve service for tourists and indease

awareness arnong locals about th€ rced to implement adaptive rcuse appropriately in the old qu.arter.

t. CONCLUSION

This study, which focuses mainly on building adaptive reuse st the old residential quart€r of Melaka City for tourist-dependent uses, has ialentifieal a

Dumber of findings rhich could allow a aleeper understaDding of the subject of adaptive rcuse in the historic city. In this res€arcb, it is fould that most ofthe new activities housed in adapted and reused buitdings at the old rcsidentia.l quarter are retail busiDesses and services aimed at toudsts. Tourist-alepend€nt

us€s arc also concenhated mainly at the cential part of the old quarter, with most of ihe reused building fouDd on Jonker Stree! H€€reD Street and rtreets

intersecting them. The high concentration of TDU around this area could have been prompted by the successful implementation ofthe Jonker Walk progremme

Research Findings ProposalLocals Need Category

l. Historic area becomesmore lively. a

2. Reuse of buildings pro-motes gentrification. o

3. Reuse of buildingsmakes old quarter safer Oplace.

Reuse of buildingsmakes old quarter good O Oplace to live.

5. Reuse of buildingsreduces old quarter's O Ohabitants' privacy.

Will ettbct the concentration of TDU and NTDU in old quarter.This will influence the flow of people and traffic in the quarter,which will affect inhabitants'privacy and visitors'feeling in thequarter.

Will affect the balance between TDU and NTDU in old quarter,and how TDU should not threaten the privacy ofresidents ordamage the quarter's historical image, but create lively and safeenvironment.

Wili affect the presence of large number of TDU or NTDU in oldquarter. Dominance of TDU over NTDU could jeopardize thehistorical quality ofthe quarter.

To indicate building's need to be rehabilitated or otherwise. Reha-bilitate building is better than not, to produce historical intactness,safety, functionality and quality visual for building and the quarter.

To dictate the kind ofintervention when building undergo adaptireuse process_. Low intensity adaptation create less damage to Iintactness of built heritage.

To determine the amount of internal space to be reused. Mospace to be reused means higher intensity ofchange, which cou

Building useconcentration

Building usetype

Quantity ofexisting use

Buildingrehabilitation

Adaptationintervention

Intemal spacereuse

Instil aware-ness

Area manage-ment

affect the feeling in the quarter and the privacy ofiesidents.

To increase building owners, inhabitants and business ownersawareness about the need to balance TDU and NTDU in the olquarter, so that both can complement each other, than one dominaling the other.

A torrrism marketing and promotion measure to identiff attractin the old quarter linked to TDU or NTDU, so that the area wthese attractions are located can be upgraded, packaged and prmoted to visitors and locals alike, to improve the quality of area,highlight and reintroduce the heritage of the old quarter.

6. Rehabilitatedhistoricbuildings are more at-tractive than non-reha- abilitated buildings.

7. Reuse of buildingscauses. old quarter.to lose oits heritage attractions.

8. Reuse of buildingsmakes old quarter a O Ocommercialised.

9. Modem activities aremore interesting than O Otraditional ones.

9. Product and To increase the quality of the products and services to touriGservice man- locals. It involves the identification, development, packaging andagement promotion of products and services that reflect the-cultural herif

age and people ofthe old quarter

10. Businesses operating inreused buildings givequality services.

Fig. 19 Proposed Measures to Control Adaptive Reuse in the Old Quarter

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which aift to regenerate lhe old quaxter through a toudsm-led urban revitalisation progmrnme. How€ver, lhere is a possibility that some streets will have more

than half ofth€ir buildings adapted and reused for toudst-dep€ndent uses such as souvenir shops or restaurants itr the fuirre. There coulal also be a situation

wherc only one kind of tourist{ependent use dominat€s a whole street or section of an arca within the old quarter. The clmelrt situation in the old quarter is

gearing towards this hen4 v.hich could continue as tourism alemand grows due to Meleka CiVs recent inclusion in the IINESCO WHS.

This study attempts to classiry the types of approaches and interventioDs used for the reuse ofbuildings in lh€ old quarter This classification proiluces

some indic&tors which are able to help individuals or ofrcials deciile how buildings located in lhe historic aree can be adapted and reuse4 to achieve the

intended intrnsity of change for the building, street or area. This classificalion may be the first attempt to compare adaptive reus€ approaches with the efrects

lhey bring to the historic area ofan Asian city.

Findings ftom this research also alemonstrate that users ofth€ old quaxter, namely the local cornmunity which consist of the rcsidents and business owers,

and also domestic and iDt€mational tourists, have diff€rent and similar concems and expectations about the consequ€nces that adaptive reus€ brings to the

old quarter. The findings suggest that dif€rent users view changes brought by adaptive reuse difrerently, and their views reflect their concems and also their

expectations for the old quarter. The findings also indicate therc is no cl€ax 'yes or no' answ6 for adaptive reuse, heDce there should not be a ,orc-size-fits-all'

rule for building adaptation and reuse in the histodc area. Rathet building reuse should be implemented based on the concens and expectatioD of the historic

&r€a's userc and how these usefs desire the place to be.

The proposal in this paper is meant to steer building adaptation and reus€ in the old residential quarter ofMelaka City. B€sid€s that, it wishes to sugg€st

to urba[ planne$, heritage managers and decision mak€rs, the possible measues to be implemented in the old quart€r, to complim€nt and strengthen existiDg

guidelines in addressing the issue ofadaptive reuse towards tourist-dependent uses. The sequential methodology of this research, which start€d from collecting

building use data, to conducti[g perception surey on histodc area s users about th€ etrects of adaptive r€use, anal up to the final task of formulating plnningguidelines, can be all emulated and applied in olher historic areas, towr$ or cities that wish to implement and regulate tourist-dependent aalaptive reuse activity.

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13) Funo' S, Yarnasfi D, Utaka Y, Ongsavangchai N & Yamadr, K: Conside€tions or urban formation and rhe form of townllous€ of oftt roM M ablrca (Mataysia\t, Joumat oJlrchitectwe Planning. Anhitectual Institute ofJapan, No. 590, pp. 4l-47, 2005.

14) Town Plaiming Departnea[ Melaka Cenial Disrict Local pta,, 20 j 5, MetakJ City Council, Melata, 2009.

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