Part B- Human Environment Interaction Lessons 1-4 Unit 3: Human
and Physical Systems
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Video- Geography: Movement and Human-Environment Interaction
Geography: Movement and Human-Environment Interaction
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Human Environment Interaction Lesson 1- Geographic Factors
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Geographic Factors Geographic factors affect human settlement.
Human settlement and cultural development are shaped by geographic
features like mountains, deserts, and water. Other factors that
affect cultural development are climate, location, topography,
water resources, and natural resources.
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Climate The climate of a region affects where people settle and
how they survive. People build their homes and grow food
differently in dry, hot regions than in cooler, wet regions. Sudden
changes in climate can bring events such as floods, droughts, and
famine.
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How Climate Impacts People People do not live on the continent
of Antarctica because its climate is too cold. Mexico has a warm,
dry climate. People who visit there will want to wear light-weight
clothing. People in hot, dry climates, such as a desert, have to
make houses out of whatever they can find. Native Americans who
lived in the dry Southwest built their houses out of mud or clay.
The mud and clay was easy to find in the dry region.
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Location Location: where the region is affects how the culture
develops and how history unfolds. Secluded islands have less
cultural and historical influences than a land-locked country.
Location also affects what areas of a region get settled first.
Typically, those lands closest to water are settled first, and then
the culture expands outwards.
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How Location Impacts People Food People who live by the sea may
eat more fish than people who live inland. People who live inland
often farm. Different kinds of plants and animals are natural to
different areas. People have to learn to plant crops that will grow
in their area.
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How Location Impacts People Clothing People who live in the
North wear warmer clothes with a lot of layers, while people who
live in the South wear lighter clothes. The climate of a location
helps people decide what to wear to be comfortable.
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How Location Impacts People Shelter People use different
materials to build their homes in different locations. People near
oceans sometimes put their houses on poles to protect from
flooding. People in colder climates have thicker walls than people
who live in warm climates.
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How Location Impacts People Transportation People use different
ways to get around in different locations. Ancient people used
boats to travel around and trade with other countries. In the
Pacific Ocean, small island countries also use boats to go from
island to island. In the United States, people use cars, trucks,
and airplanes for transportation.
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How Location Impacts People Recreation People do different
things for fun in different locations. In the mountains, people ski
on the snow. On the coast, people play in the ocean and build
sandcastles. In the forest, people can hike and explore. Location
helps decide what you do for fun.
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Topography Topography: the physical layout of a region. The
locations of mountains, valleys, and deserts affect where people
settle and how they travel. Mountains and deserts also give natural
barriers to other cultures, keeping people from traveling through
or over them without technologically advanced transportation.
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Water Water: cultures have been settling near water for
centuries. Water allows for transportation, leading to trading and
exchanging of cultural ideas and objects. Lakes and rivers also
provide water for drinking and for growing crops.
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Natural Resources Natural resources: people grow and create
different products based on the natural resources available to
them. One culture may develop and trade timber; another might sell
oil. The natural resources that are available affect how a culture
survives and thrives.
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Human Environment Interaction Lesson 2- Types of Systems
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Types of Systems Physical and human systems have shaped the way
that human societies develop. Physical systems are natural
characteristics such as rivers and mountains. Human systems are
manmade characteristics such as political boundaries and trade
routes.
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Patterns of Migration After the last ice age, glaciers
retreated in northern Europe. Animal herds moved north because the
climate was now warmer. Hunter-gatherers followed these herds,
migrating north themselves. Pigs and camels were first domesticated
in the Middle East. When the climate dried and made farming and
grazing very hard, migration spread the animals to Africa and
Asia.
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Patterns of Migration Early humans arrived in Australia about
40,00045,000 years ago. They migrated through a land bridge from
Southeast Asia.
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Physical Environment and Natural Resources In Ancient Egypt,
the Nile River flooded each year in June. This flooding left
nutrient-rich soil on the land. After the water levels decreased,
the Egyptians would plant their crops in the moist soil.
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Physical Environment and Natural Resources Greece is made up of
many islands and peninsulas. The mainland of Greece is very
mountainous and is very difficult to travel over land. Because many
of the Greek cities were on or near the sea, the Greeks used
sailing as their primary way to travel and to ship goods.
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Physical Environment and Natural Resources Mesopotamia was very
dry, but the people who lived there were able to build canals to
bring water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to irrigate their
cropland. One of the ways in which the Mesopotamians used the
nearby rivers was for transportation. By using the sail,
Mesopotamians were able to trade over long distances.
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Physical Environment and Natural Resources The domestication of
oxen was a major achievement of the Mesopotamians. Oxen were needed
to provide the power to use plows. By being able to plow their
fields, the Mesopotamians were able to have very productive
farmland.
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Cultural Diffusion and Economic Interdependence The Silk Road
was a trade route that connected China to civilizations further
west. It was used to trade silk, spices, gold, ivory, exotic
animals, and other goods. It also spread beliefs between
civilizations. The Silk Road brought profits to the traders who
used it, while towns and cities along the Silk Road made money from
the traders. Because of the importance of trade with Europe, the
Chinese needed a powerful empire to protect the Silk Road. The Silk
Road remained prominent until improved ships allowed the silk trade
to continue by sea.
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Cultural Diffusion and Economic Interdependence The Persians
made many improvements to their empire in the form of canals,
roads, and ports. Because of these improvements, trade grew
throughout the Near East region, making Persia a great trading
center.
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Cultural Diffusion and Economic Interdependence Phoenicia's
economy was based on trade, which spread throughout the
Mediterranean between 1200 BC and 900 BC. The Phoenicians developed
the first written alphabet, which the Greeks adopted through
trading with them.
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Cultural Diffusion and Economic Interdependence The
Mediterranean Sea was important to many groups of people after the
Phoenicians. It connected sailors and merchants from southern
Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. Great powers such as
the Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire also expanded through the
Mediterranean.
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Cultural Diffusion and Economic Interdependence After the
Crusades of the 11th to 13th centuries, trade increased between the
Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. The riches of new trade
sources led to towns expanding.
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Establishing and Maintaining Political Boundaries Civilizations
have created structures to establish or defend their own political
boundaries. One example of this is the Great Wall of China, which
was built between 220 and 206 B.C. to defend China's northern
border from invaders.
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Establishing and Maintaining Political Boundaries Ancient
civilizations often used their military power in order to expand
their political boundaries. Ancient civilizations would need to
have a strong military in order to maintain control of their
empires.
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Establishing and Maintaining Political Boundaries Bodies of
water have also separated groups of people throughout history. Many
early civilizations and modern countries have had their boundaries
influenced by rivers or oceans. Early cultures in Japan and Britain
were able to stay isolated from their neighbors for generations
because they lived on islands.
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Other Human Systems Ancient Egypt had a centralized government
that controlled almost all aspects of public life. When they were
not farming, Egyptians were required to build major projects for
the pharaoh, who had absolute power over their lives. Under the
pharaoh, nobles and priests directed most government affairs.
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Types of Human Environment Interaction Lesson 3
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Human Environment Interaction Civilizations change because of
many different reasons. They can change negatively because of
warfare, environmental changes, overpopulation, disease, or
political collapse. Sometimes these changes, along with new ideas,
can bring positive changes to civilizations.
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Warfare Warfare can lower the population of a civilization. It
can cause hardships like a low food supply, or can result in the
takeover of one civilization by another. Civilizations have been
completely wiped out because of warfare. The ancient civilization
of the Indus Valley, for example, survived for thousands of years
before suddenly vanishing. Other civilizations cropped up around
the same time the Indus Valley civilization disappeared. It is easy
to assume they were attacked and destroyed.
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Warfare Ancient Egypt is another example of a civilization
disappearing because of warfare. The ancient Egyptians were
conquered by the early Roman Empire in 30 BC.
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Environmental Change Environmental changes can come in many
forms. Ice Ages create a unique climate, for example. Certain
animals can thrive in the colder temperatures of the Ice Age. When
the Ice Age comes to an end, however, these same animals will
mostly likely die, forcing a civilization that hunts the animals to
find other things to eat.
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Environmental Change Earthquakes or volcanoes can cause massive
changes to the environment, as well. They cause physical
destruction and can mean a lower population because of deaths.
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Overpopulation Overpopulation means an area that has too many
people living there. This can mean that people do not have enough
space to live, the area cannot produce enough food for all the
people to eat, or there is not enough water to drink.
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Overpopulation Overpopulation usually happens when more people
are being born than are dying. Many times overpopulation can lead
to the collapse of a civilization because people die of disease and
starvation.
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Disease Diseases t hreaten all civilizations. Sometimes a
disease will hurt a civilization simply because the people have no
immunity to the disease. This can lead to a much smaller population
or even wipe out a civilization completely because they are not
prepared to handle the disease.
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Disease The Black Death is an example of such a disease. It
killed as many as 100 million people in the 1400s. The Black Death
is believed to have decreased the population of Europe by up to
60%.
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Disease Another example is the impact of diseases brought by
European explorers on natives in the Americas. The Native American
populations were greatly reduced because they had no immunity to
European diseases like smallpox.
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Political Collapse Political collapse occurs when a government
has lost power. At times people have overthrown governments by
revolutions because they were unhappy. Other times governments have
simply declined in power gradually.
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Political Collapse Ancient Rome, for example, was a great
empire which lasted for many centuries. Eventually, however, the
power of the government declined, so the civilization declined as
well.
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Unreliable Food Source Civilizations rely on certain types of
food in order to survive. When a food source becomes unreliable, a
civilization must make adjustments. They can move in search of
other things to eat, or they may adopt an agricultural society so
they have more control over their source of food. In either case,
the civilization must adapt or they will not be able to
survive.
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New Ideas New ideas can often improve how a civilization lives
and works. New ideas can include technological advancements and
inventions. New ideas can also mean new techniques in different
areas like art, architecture, literature, and labor.
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New Ideas The Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries is a good
example of how new ideas can change a civilization. Beginning in
Italy and later spreading throughout much of Europe, the
Renaissance brought about changes in art, politics, science,
religion, and education. The Renaissance is probably most well
known for great works of art by men such as Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo.
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Human Environment Interaction Lesson 4- Example: The Middle
East
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Human Environment Interaction- The Middle East The Middle East
is an area of the world with large amounts of oil reserves.
However, the region's harsh, desert climate makes fresh water
scarce. Industrialization and oil extraction have had damaging
effects on the environment.
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Geography and Climate The Middle East has a variety of
geographic features, including mountains, plains, plateaus, and
coastlines. Some parts of Lebanon and Israel enjoy a temperate,
Mediterranean climate. Much of the region, however, is dominated by
desert terrain and dry climate. Most people do not live in these
desert areas, living instead living in cities that are built near
sources of water.
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Water Middle Eastern climate is so dry that fresh water has
become a precious natural resource. Water is needed not only for
drinking but also for agriculture, which is still a major industry
in most Middle Eastern nations.
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Water Droughts and human development have had negative effects
on the few freshwater sources located in the Middle East. The Dead
Sea, which is between Israel and Jordan, is shrinking due to
overuse. Some countries build dams to harvest the fresh water of
rivers, but this also decreases the amount of water that will reach
further down the river into other countries. Droughts and farming
are causing deserts to actually expand into land that had once been
fertile, a process known as desertification.
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Water Desalination is the process of removing salt from water
to make it drinkable. The process is very expensive and few Middle
Eastern countries can afford to invest in it. Due to Saudi Arabia's
wealth from oil sales, it is one of few Middle Eastern countries
that can afford the process.
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Other Natural Resources Despite the region's harsh climate, it
has some of the richest natural resources in the world. The Persian
Gulf has historically been a source of fish and pearls, which the
people who live there use for trade. In modern times, discoveries
of petroleum (oil) have brought economic booms to the Middle
Eastern nations that have access to them. Oil is perhaps the most
valuable export of several Middle Eastern countries, and countries
with access to oil in the Persian Gulf have become wealthy.
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Pollution Some nations in the Middle East are changing to
industrial- based economies at a faster pace than they change their
laws to regulate industry. When this happens, factories do not have
restrictions on air, soil, or water quality, and their production
can have damaging effects on the environment.
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Pollution More commonly, environment in the Middle East is
damaged through oil extraction. Accidental oil spills can destroy
both ecosystems and environmental industries like fishing or
tourism. Sometimes political conflict can destroy the environment.
This occurred in the Gulf War in 1991, when Iraq burned Kuwait's
oil wells and dumped more oil into the Persian Gulf, an event from
which the soldiers and the Gulf environment are still
suffering.