Part Two

British History

By Zhang yonglan

Chapter III The decline of Feudalism in England

Main and difficult points:

Teaching aims: Students shall grasp the causes for the decline of

feudalism .

The causes and nature of Hundred year’s war .

I. Hundred year’s war(1337-1453)

(Renaissance,Italy about 1350,The Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

1 Edward III (1327-1377 AD)

(Edward II(1284-1327) lacked the royal dignity of his father and failed miserably as king.

Offspring: Edward, the Black Prince; John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; Edmund of Langley, Duke of York. 2. The fifty-year reign of Edward III :(1) middle class in Parliament. (2)Chivalric ( 武士 )code : an apex( 顶峰 ) chivalry , the glory of war.

(3) Edward's claim to the throne of France (through his mother, Isabella).

(4)English invasion of France in 1355.

(5) mercantilism( 重商主义 ) ,merchants , middle class subjects appeared.

(6) English replaced French as the national language (1362). (7) John Wycliff : an ecclesiastical ( 教会的 ) reform movement that challenged church exploitation

(8) During 1348-1350, bubonic plague (the Black Death) ravaged the populations of Europe by as much as a fifty per cent. the ensuing rise in prices and wages.

(9) Edward, the Black Prince, died in 1376

the King had ordered the Prince to wear, on that day, a black cuirass( 胸甲 ), richly ornamented ,eulogised his valour and pronounced him worthy of empire.

Black Death,1348

John Wycliffe (1320-1384) 威克里夫，约翰： (1328?-1384) 英国神学家和宗教改革者，他反对圣经作为教皇权力的基础，抨击圣体论，由此激起新教改革运动by 1370 ,teaching the freedom of religious conscience

II. Wat Tyler’s Rising

Lollards

Rising:1381

III. The Second Half of the Hundred Years’ War

1.Richard II(1377-1399) :

“Merciless Parliament “ of 1388

1389 moderate king

son of Edward the Black Prince

2. Henry IV(1399-1413)

Henry IV : born in 1367 to John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster.

usurping the throne from the king.Henry V (1413-1422)

Henry VI (1422-1461)

1415,French,Joan of Arc

Chapter IV Growth of Capitalism and the Rule of the Tudors

Henry VIII and The British Navy

Chapter IV Growth of Capitalism and the Rule of the Tudors

Teaching aims: Students shall master the historical background for

the growth of capitalism and Renaissance.

Main and difficult teaching points:

. 1 the causes for the growth of capitalism.

2.the features of Renaissance.

rebirth.  This period saw a rebirth in knowledge.   The Renaissance was turning from God to man.  Italy, a desire to explore more deeply the "humane" features of human life, interest in themselves . from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries.

Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions.

I ． The European Renaissance

(1400 to Early 1500s)

Greek culture

a wild and crazy affair--as witnessed in the sagas of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey.

by 700 BC, an Olympic realm - the gods themselves lived under a divine order--with Zeus as the presiding figure over this order.

Background:

(2 )Socrates (mid-late 400s BC): human reason-- --was capable of discovering the basic features of this divine order. a divine spirit of "justice" that flowed through all life, giving it purpose and structure. 

(4)Plato (early-mid 300s BC) :ideas of form

1. Greek philosophers

(3) Aristotle (mid 300s BC): categories and rules for orderly thinking in logic, ethics, science, politics. the world as a material entity.

(1)An overview of the Greek Cosmic visionfrom Chaos to Order

5.Pythagoras( 毕达哥拉斯 , 古希腊哲学家和数学家 :

Pythagoras : (1) the soul was immortal and went through a series of reincarnations( 转世灵魂在另一身体内的再生 );

(2)the founder of a strict way of life that emphasized dietary restrictions, religious ritual and rigorous self discipline.

2. Technological Development

(1)The clock, compass ,printing press.  In around 1450 Johannes Gutenberg introduced the new printing .

(2)1492, Columbus. Spanish explorers to conquer most of Mexico and Latin America. (3)1520 Magellan, in 1522-- the first complete circumnavigation of the world.

(4)Astronomy (Early 1600s) :The "Copernican Revolution"

the universe as infinite and identical with God. Galileo Galilei, the sun--not the earth--was the center of t

hings.

3.The Artistic Expression

(1)Leonardo da Vinci.  interest in the individual(2)Painting:the human figure as realistically as possible, often with backgrounds of the natural world. In works from the Middle Ages, saints and Biblical figures are arranged in unnatural, geometric groups, and backgrounds : washes of gold.

(3)Musicproportions, opera. Secular music is non-religious music singers sang without instruments.  Vocal music, love songs.   

The musical mass: the Catholic Church's religious service.

(4)ArchitectureGothic spires and decorations: imitating movement towards heaven were replaced by elegant symmetry demonstrating the intellect of man.

Aerial view of the Cathedral

4.Renaissance Women and Men

a Renaissance Woman : marry well, be loyal to her husband and give birth to boys. A Renaissance Man : well-educated, have cultural grace, be a gentleman and understand the arts and sciences,have refinement, be of noble birth and have courage.

2.Religion(1)Luther, Martin

assailing the corruption of the church

the influence of Martin Luther:

(2) John Calvin (1509 to 1564):  people being accountable(负责 ) to no earthly ruler but to God alone.  thrift, industry, sobriety, and responsibility . The influence of Calvinism spread throughout the entire Western world.

3.The Protestant Reformationone operating directly under the sovereignty of God a theory of "divine rights" of burghers--in counter to the "divine rights" theory of the monarchy. 

4 Catholic counter-ReformationLuther's teaching on divine grace and justification alone by faith was condemned. The Roman church, championed by the most powerful ruling family in Europe (the Spanish Habsburgs)

5.Elizabeth(1558-1603 AD)

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

(1).entertained many marriage proposals and flirted incessantly, she never married or had children. (2). calm and calculating (even though she had a horrendous temper) in her political acumen (Quickness, accuracy, and keenness of judgment or insight.), employing capable and distinguished men to carrying out royal prerogative. (3).Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587. (4). England emerged as the world's strongest naval power.(Elizabeth was a master of political science. Literature bloomed through the works of Spenser.

Edward III|

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster + Catherine Swynford|

John Beaufort|

John 3rd Earl of Somerset|

Margaret Beaufort|

Henry VII (House of Tudor) + Elizabeth 1485-1509

| Katherine + Henry VIII + Anne Boleyn + Jane Seymour

1509-1547 | | |

Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI1553-1558 1558-1603 1547-1553

Henry VIII led the Anglican church to break from Rome in order to (1) get a divorce from his first wife Katherine and (2) to regain the lands which had been willed to the Catholic church.   His son by his third wife, Jane Seymour, ruled as Edward VI. When Edward died, Mary I, his first daughter by Katherine, became Queen. Katherine was Catholic, and consequently so was Mary. Mary tried to restore Catholicism, and became known as "Bloody Marry." 

(She was fought in part because restoring Catholicism would mean that those lands which Henry VIII took from the church and gave to various noblemen would have to be given back to the Church.) When she died, childless, her sister Elizabeth (daughter of Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn) became Queen.

• She, like her mother, was Protestant. Meanwhile, Mary Queen of Scots was trying to capture the English throne. She was descended through her mother, Margaret, from Henry VII.  Mary Queen of Scots was forced by her subjects to abdicate the throne in Scotland because she was implicated in the murder of her husband.

Elizabeth, believing that by killing Mary she would only be teaching others to kill her, had her imprisoned. But after repeated plots from prison, Elizabeth finally had her beheaded. Elizabeth never had any children, but she stipulated that Mary Queen of Scotts's son, James VI of Scotland, should succeed her to the throne. He did, becoming James I of England.

Henry VII|

                                    Margaret + James IV of Scotland

|James V of Scotland

|Mary Queen of Scots

|James VI of Scotland and

James I of England (House of Stuart)1603-1625

|Charles I (1625-1649)

Charles I was beheaded in 1649 after the English Civil War.   The commonwealth/protectorate then ruled until 1660, when Charles II was restored to the throne. Oliver Cromwell was Lord Protector from 1653-1658, and his son Richard Cromwell, "Tumble-down Dick," was Lord Protector from 1658 until he resigned in 1660.

Charles I         |                   |                           |

          Charles II       James II                daughter                       1662-1685     1685-1688                

|                                                       |              |                  |       

                                  Anne        Mary II   + William III

                      1702-1714             1688-1702

Charles II died without a legitimate heir, and so his Catholic brother, James II, assumed the throne. The English did not like that he was Catholic, so Parliament deposed him in favor of William of Orange (a grandson by a daughter of Charles I) and Mary (the Protestant daughter of James II) in the so called "Glorious Revolution" or "Bloodless Revolution." They ruled jointly as Mary II and William III. When they died without an heir, Anne, another Protestant daughter of James II, became Queen. When she died, the great grandson of James I (through his mother) became King George I. At this time, James II's son, who was in exile in Scotland, made a failed bid for the throne. He was called "The Old Pretender," and this is referred to as the First Jacobite Rebellion. Later, in 1745, his son, "Bonnie Prince Charles" made another failed bid for the throne, and this is called the Second Jacobite Rebellion.

George I (House of Hanover)1714-1727|George II (1727-1760)|some child|George III (1760-1820) | | | George IV William IV some son 1820-1830 1830-1837 | Victoria (1837-1901) | Edward VII (1901-1910) (House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) | George V (House of Windsor) 1910-1936 | | Edward VIII (abdicates) George VI (1936-1952) | Elizabeth II (1952 - )