PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

3/4/2007PARTICIPLE CLAUSES[Insert Year] School Year

Druga gimnazijaProf. Sasa CirkovicIII / IV SF3/4/2007Participle Clauses I and II - ING- EDBEING -EDWe can give information about someone or something using a participle clause. These clauses are often similar to defining relative clause beginning which, who or that.

3/4/2007Participle Clauses I and II We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the building (which connects the two halves)The weapon used in the murder has now been found. (the weapon that was used)The prisoners being released are all women. (..who are being released)

3/4/2007-ING clausesWe often use an ING clause instead of a defining relative clause with an active verb:The man driving the bus is my brother. (..who is driving)The land stretching away to the left all belongs to Mr. Thompson. ( the land which stretches)Police took away Dr Lee and items belonging to him. (the items that belong/belonged to him)

3/4/2007-ING clauses Sometime we cant use and ing clause:The man who Tim is meeting (not: the man Tim meeting.)The snow which fell over night has caused traffic chaos. (not: the snow falling over night) 3/4/2007Past participle and BEING past participle clausesWe often use this type of clauses instead of a defining relative clause with a passive verb:The book published last week is her first. (the book that was published)The boys being chosen for the team are under 9. (the boys who are being chosen)

3/4/2007Participle clauses with adverbial meaning We can use present or past participle in a clause which has adverbial meaning giving information about time, reason, result Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry. (=when she opened her eyes)Faced with a big bill, John has taken an extra job. (=because he is faced)Feeling tired, she went to bed. Formed 2 years ago, the club is a new one

3/4/2007Participle clauses with adverbial meaning Being imported, the radios were more expensive. Having been hunted, the elephants got killed.

Not wanting to wake her, Steve left the house silently. (because he didnt want to)Arriving at the party we saw Ruth standing alone. (when we arrived)Having wanted to drive a train all his life, this was an opportunity not to be missed. (Because he had wanted to drive)

3/4/2007Participle clauses with adverbial meaning Glancing over his shoulder, he could see the dog chasing him. (As he glanced)Having completed the book, he had a holiday. (After he had completed the book)Putting on a serious face, she began to tell the story. Having driven five hrs, Don learnt that he had forgotten his wallet. (after he had been driving for 5hrs)

3/4/2007Participle clauses with adverbial meaning Sometimes we can use either an ing clause or a having+PP clause with similar meanings, although using a having+PP clause emphasizes that something is completed before the action in the main clause. Taking off / Having taken off his shoes, Ray walked into the house. Participle clauses with adverbial meaning Some clause talk about reasons and results:

Knowing exactly what he wanted, I didnt spend much time shopping. Being slim, he could squeeze through the opening in the fence. Having been invited to the party, he could hardly refuse to go.3/4/2007