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AnKiT PaL

Dept. of Veterinary Medicine

College of Vet. Science & A.H.A.A.U.,

Anand - 388001

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PERITONITIS

Inflammation of the peritoneum isaccompanied by abdominal painwhich varies in degree with theseverity and extent of the peritonitis.

Peritoneum is a membrane thatcovers the surface of both the organsthat lie in the abdominal cavity andthe inner surface of the abdominal

cavity itself.

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Peritonitis

Abdominal Pain

Toxemia

Rigidityof

Abdomi

nal Wall

FecalStasis

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Peritonitis

TraumaticChronicAcuteDiffuseAcutelocal

Classificatio

n

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Etiology

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Etiology

Cattle Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Perforation or leakage of abomasal ulcer

Rupture of abomasum

Rumenitis subsequent to acute

carbohydrate indigestion

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Etiology

Cattle Hepatic abscess of black disease

Injection : Sterile or non-sterile solutions

Rupture during parturition or correctionof dystocia

Tuberculosis, sporadic bovine

encephalomyelitis

Rupture or erosion caused by larvae ofGastrophilus or Habronema species

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Etiology

Species

Cause

Horses Infectious, chemical or parasitic injury; Caecal,

colonic or gastric rupture.Sheep Intestinal abscess rupture, Oesophagostomum

spp.; serositis caused by Mycoplasma spp.

Goats Serositis caused by Mycoplasma spp.

Pigs Ileal perforation; Secondary to Glassers disease

caused by Haemophilus suis.

Dogs Feline infectious peritonitis; due to surgery,trauma or mild pancreatis; gastrointestinalulcers, ruptured uterus, ruptured liver orprostatic abscess.

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Pathogene

sis

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Toxemia

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Shock and hemorrhage

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Paralytic ileus

Reflex inhibition ofalimentary tract tone and

movement

Rupture of GI tractwith spillage of largevolume of intestinal

contents

Paralytic ileus orruminal stasis or

intestinal obstruction

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Adhesions

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Abdominaldistention

Interference inrespiration

Abdominal pain

Fluid

accumulation

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ClinicalFindings

Acute Peritonitis:1.Abdominal pain

The animal guards the abdomen

Stiff gait or recumbent

Cautious gait, with a rigid, arched back

Grunting - walking or when passing urineor feces

Pain response on deep palpation in cattle

Pain responses in all species are mostlyevident

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ClinicalFindings

Acute Peritonitis:

2.Fever-

Fever is common but may be suppressed byprostaglandin inhibitors

In dogs fever is a common with peritonitis

In Cattle fever is typical during the first 24-36hr in acute, local peritonitis.

High fever suggests acute, diffuse peritonitis

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3. Abdominal distention-

Due to accumulation of peritoneal exudate Hemorrhage septicemia toxemia

paralytic ileus shock adhesions

4. Fluid transudation-

sequesters electrolytes and protein in theabdominal cavity and atonic gut, and venousstasis leads to:

Hypotension Acid-base disturbances Circulatory collapse

Clinical Findings

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5. Shock and Icterus-

Toxemia and bacteremia in generalized biliaryperitonitis

6. Animals with secondary peritonitis may alsoexhibit

signs of the primary illness

7. Appetite-Anorexia and depression vomiting anddiarrhea

In large animals, anorexia may be seen in acute,diffuse peritonitis

In chronic cases, tympany, ruminal contractions isweak, reduced or absent

Clinical Findings

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Abdominal distentionRupture of abdomen

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8. Rectal palpation

Little or no feces Tacky, dry mucosa Fibrinous adhesions between intestinal loops

9. In horses Severe colic Intestinal stasis Tachycardia Caecal rupture

Clinical Findings

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Clinical

Pathology Paracentesis of peritoneum-Collection and examination of the peritoneal fluid

Leucopenia,neutropenia and

a degenerative leftshift

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Diagnosis

st reliable clinical indicators Confirmatory diagnosis

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Abdominal sonography

Reticular abscess

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Abdominal paracentesis

Degenerative left shift

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Differential

diagnosisTraumatic reticuloperitonitis

Intestinal splenic orhepatic abscess

ColicAscites

Intestinal, splenic orhepatic

obstruction

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Treatment

Initial treatmentStabilizing metabolic

consequencesFluid therapy electrolyt

plasma or blood

Determiningnidus

Broad spectrumantibiotic therapy

Aminoglycosides,Quinolones,

Cephalosporins

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Treatment

urgical interference Exploratorylaparotomy

Abdominal drainag

Post operative

management

Maintaining serum

protein and electrolytes

Nutritional

supplement

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