PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 115 - … usage survey report 271 arable crops in the united kingdom...

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 271

ARABLE CROPS

IN THE

UNITED KINGDOM

2016

D. Garthwaite, I. Barker, L. Ridley, A. Mace, G. Parrish, R. MacArthur, Y. Lu.

Land Use & Sustainability Team

Fera

Sand Hutton

York

YO41 1LZ

ii

A NATIONAL STATISTICS SURVEY

National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. They are free from any political interference. The UK Statistics Authority has a statutory duty to assess National Statistics for compliance with this Code of Practice. Further information is available from the Office for National Statistics website (http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html). The statistics undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customers’ needs. The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics: • meet identified user needs; • are well explained and readily accessible; • are produced according to sound methods; and • are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest. Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed. If you have any enquiries or feedback on the statistics included in this report they can be directed to the contact given below: Pesticide Usage Survey Team – e-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 01904 462032 Alternatively, please contact: Fera at: [email protected] DATA USES

The data collected is used for a number of purposes including:

• Quantifying pesticide usage and changes in the use of active substances over time;

• Policy, including assessing the economic and/or environmental implications of the introduction of new active

substances and the withdrawal/non-authorisation of pesticide products (the data reported to organisations such

as the OECD and EU enabling the UK to honour international agreements); evaluating changes in growing

methods and Integrated Pest Management where this has an impact on pesticide usage;

• Informing the pesticide risk assessment (authorisation) process;

• Informing the targeting of monitoring programmes for residues in food and the environment;

• Contributing to assessing the impact of pesticide use, principally as part of the Pesticides Forum’s Annual

Report;

• Responding to enquiries (for example, Parliamentary Questions, correspondence, queries under the Freedom

of Information Act or Environmental Information Regulations, etc.);

• Providing information to assist research projects which can support all of the above activities;

• Training/teaching programmes which are designed to improve practice in the use of pesticides by the

farming/training industries;

• Informing the Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) programme to help identify potential misuse of pesticides.

REVISIONS POLICY This report presents a comprehensive summary of data for arable crops grown and taken to harvest in 2016. We will provide information on any revisions we make to the report or the datasets if any inaccuracies or errors occur. Details of any revisions, including the date upon which they were changed, will appear on the following website: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/surveys/index.cfm

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html

mailto:[email protected]


https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/surveys/index.cfm

iii

CONTENTS Page

Executive Summary 1

Introduction 2

Trends 3

Crops 5

Pesticide Usage 6

Pesticide usage on cereals

Wheat 7

Winter barley 11

Spring barley 15

Oats 19

Rye 23

Triticale 26

Pesticide usage on oilseeds

Oilseed rape 29

Linseed 33

Pesticide usage on potatoes

Ware potatoes 37

Seed potatoes 41

Pesticide usage on pulses

Dry harvest peas 45

Field beans 49

Pesticide usage on sugar beet 53

Appendix 1 – Arable application tables 57

Appendix 2 – Arable definitions 79

Appendix 3 – Arable methodology 80

Appendix 4 – Arable standard errors 84

Appendix 5 – First raising factors 92

Acknowledgements 93

References 93

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report contains information on arable crops including wheat, barley (spring & winter), oats, rye, triticale, oilseed rape, linseed, ware & seed potatoes, dry harvest peas, field beans and sugar beet. Data on pesticide usage on these crops were collected from 21,602 examples (individual fields of arable crops) grown on 1,246 holdings throughout the United Kingdom (16 of which were organic). Herbicide applications made to fallow ground and prior to drilling a harvested crop are included, applications made to failed crops have been excluded. Minor crops encountered, but not included in this report include borage, echium, hemp, lupin, millet and quinoa. The sample accounted for 6% of the total area of arable crops grown in the United Kingdom during the 2016 season (autumn 2015 through to harvest in 2016). The area of crops surveyed in each region was proportional to the area of arable crops grown in that region. The data on the area of pesticide treatments and the amount of active substances applied have been raised to give national usage estimates.

Wheat comprised 44% of the area of all arable crops grown in 2016, oilseed rape (spring & winter) 14%, spring barley 16%, winter barley 10%, ware potatoes 3%, beans 4%, oats 3%, sugar beet 2%, peas, rye and linseed 1% each and seed potatoes and triticale less than 1%. In terms of pesticide area treated, wheat accounted for 52% of the total, oilseed rape (spring & winter) 13%, ware potatoes 6%, spring barley 10%, winter barley 9%, beans (spring & winter) 3%, sugar beet and oats 2%, seed potatoes and peas 1% and rye, linseed & triticale less than 1%. By weight, applications to wheat constituted 53% of the total weight of active substances applied, ware potatoes 11%, oilseed rape 11%, winter barley 8%, spring barley 7%, field beans 3%, sugar beet 2%, oats, seed potatoes and peas 1% and rye, triticale & linseed less than 1% each.

Fungicides accounted for 39% of the total pesticide-treated area of arable farm crops grown in the United Kingdom in 2016, herbicides 32%, growth regulators 11%, seed treatments 8%, insecticides & nematicides 7%, molluscicides 3%, sulphur and physical control agents less than 1% each. By weight, herbicides accounted for 46% of the pesticide active substances applied, fungicides 34%, growth regulators 16% and insecticides & nematicides, molluscicides, seed treatments and sulphur 1% each.

The most extensively-used fungicide formulations applied as sprays were chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, prothioconazole/tebuconazole and epoxiconazole. Chlorothalonil was also the most widely-used individual active substance and in terms of weight applied, the principal formulation used.

The most extensively-used herbicide formulations were glyphosate, diflufenican/flufenacet and iodosulfuron-methyl-

sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl. Glyphosate was the herbicide used most extensively by weight applied, accounting for

almost 2,221 tonnes of active substance.

The pyrethroids were the most extensively-used foliar applied insecticides (excluding nematicides), accounting for 94% of the insecticide-treated area, followed by neonicotinoids 2%, carbamates 2% and all other insecticides 2%. Two insecticides accounted for 74% of the total insecticide-treated area of all arable farm crops: lambda-cyhalothrin 51% and cypermethrin 23%.

The insecticide/fungicide formulation, clothianidin/prothioconazole, was the principal seed treatment formulation used, accounting for 20% of the seed treatment area. Two fungicide formulations, prochloraz/triticonazole and prochloraz/thiram, were used on 15% and 8% of the seed treatment area.

Chlormequat applied alone or in mixtures accounted for 53% of the area of arable crops treated with specific growth regulators.

Metaldehyde (86% by area treated), ferric phosphate (13%) and methiocarb 1% were the only molluscicides encountered.

The area of all arable crops grown, excluding set-aside, increased by 1% between 2010 and 2016, and decreased 2% since 2014. Since 2010 there has been an increase in the area treated by 12%, and an increase in the weight of pesticides applied by 18%. Since the previous survey in 2014 the area treated decreased by 1%, with the weight increasing by 6%.

The report shows major increases in the use of chlorothalonil (22% by area treated, 27% by weight applied) and in glyphosate (24% by area treated and 26% by weight applied). The area treated with metaldehyde increased by 33% between 2014 and 2016 with a 21% increase in weight applied. The insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin increased by 30% in terms of area treated with a 35% increase in weight applied. The withdrawal of active substances since the 2014 survey notably include carbendazim, flusilazole and methiocarb.

2

INTRODUCTION

The Expert Committee on Pesticides (ECP) advises government on all aspects of pesticide use. In order to discharge

this function, the Committee must regularly monitor the usage of all pesticides. It needs accurate data on the usage of

individual pesticides. Pesticide usage data are now also required under the EU Statistics Regulation (1185/2009/EC).

As part of the on-going process for obtaining data, the Pesticide Usage Survey Teams of Fera Science Ltd., a joint

venture between Capita PLC and the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), Science & Advice for

Scottish Agriculture (SASA), a division of the Scottish Government’s Agriculture and Rural Economy Directorate and

the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA)

conducted surveys of pesticide usage in arable crops in 2015/16 by visiting holdings throughout the United Kingdom

during the winter of 2016/17.

Since 2010, all surveys of pesticide usage in agriculture and horticulture have been fully co-ordinated by the survey

teams of England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The methodology used for sample selection and the

collection of data from sample holdings is identical in each region. Reports are produced of pesticide usage throughout

the United Kingdom. All teams have undertaken recent United Kingdom Statistics Authority (UKSA) audits and the

data are accredited as National Statistics.

This was the fourth survey of usage on arable crops in the whole of the United Kingdom and the thirteenth survey of

pesticide usage on arable farm crops carried out by the Great Britain Pesticide Usage Survey Teams. The previous

report for the United Kingdom was published in 2015 covering pesticide usage on arable crops in 2014 (Garthwaite et.

al., 2015).

Additional data on crop agronomy are collected for all surveys but may not be presented within the report. For

additional data relating to the surveys please refer to the contacts below.

Information on all aspects of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom as a whole, or for Wales or the Defra regions of

England, may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, UK

YO41 1LZ.

For further information please contact:

The survey team – e-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 01904 462 032

Or visit the website: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/surveys/index.cfm

Alternatively, please contact: Fera at: [email protected]

Further data relating specifically to Scotland may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at Science and

Advice for Scottish Agriculture, Edinburgh. Also available at:

http://www.sasa.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticide-usage/pesticide-usage-survey-reports

Copies of reports on pesticide usage in Northern Ireland may be obtained from Her Majesty's Stationery Offices. Also

available at:

https://www.afbini.gov.uk/articles/pesticide-usage-monitoring-reports

Recently-published reports for the United Kingdom, Great Britain, England & Wales and Northern Ireland can also be

viewed and downloaded on the Internet at:





http://www.sasa.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticide-usage/pesticide-usage-survey-reports

https://www.afbini.gov.uk/articles/pesticide-usage-monitoring-reports


3

TRENDS

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2010 2012 2014 2016

thou

san

d h

ect

are

s

Figure 1 - Changes in the area of arable crops grown in the United Kingdom - 2010 - 2016

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2010 2012 2014 2016

treate

d t

hou

san

d h

ect

are

s

Figure 2 - Changes in the overall treated area of arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2010 - 2016

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

15.0

15.5

16.0

16.5

17.0

2010 2012 2014 2016

tho

usa

nd

to

nn

es

Figure 3 - Changes in the overall weight of pesticides applied to arable crops in the United Kingdom -

2010 - 2016

4

TRENDS (cont.)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Insecticides Fungicides Growth regulators Herbicides & desiccants Molluscicides &repellents

Seed treatments

treate

d t

hou

san

d h

ect

are

s

Figure 4 - Changes in the area treated of the major pesticide groups applied to arable crops in the

United Kingdom - 2010 - 2016

2010

2012

2014

2016

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Insecticides Fungicides Growth regulators Herbicides & desiccants Molluscicides &repellents

Seed treatments

tho

usa

nd

to

nn

es

Figure 5 - Changes in the weight of the major pesticide groups applied to arable crops in the United

Kingdom - 2010 - 2016

2010

2012

2014

2016

5

CROPS

Information is given concerning thirteen types of arable crops, comprising wheat; spring & winter barley; oats; rye;

triticale; oilseed rape; linseed, ware & seed potatoes; dry harvest peas; field beans; and sugar beet. Data on pesticide

usage on these were collected from 21,602 examples (individual fields of arable crops or groups of fields treated

identically) grown on 1,246 holdings throughout the United Kingdom. The sample accounted for 6% of the total area of

arable crops grown in United Kingdom during the 2016 harvest season.

16%

23%

11%4%

2%

10%

8%

12%

1% 12%

1%

Figure 6 - Regional distribution of arable crops in the United Kingdom - 20161

East Midlands

Eastern

London & South East

North East

North West

South West

West Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

44%

11%

16%

3%

1%

<1% 14%

1%

3%<1%

1%

4%

2%

Figure 6a - Relative areas of different crops in the United Kingdom - 2016

Wheat

Winter barley

Spring barley

Oats

Rye

Triticale

Oilseed rape

Linseed

Potatoes

Seed potatoes

Peas

Beans

Sugar beet

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EastMidlands

Eastern London &South East

NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthWest

WestMidlands

Yorkshire& the

Humber

Wales Scotland NorthernIreland

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 6b - Comparison of regional distribution and treated area of arable crops in the United

Kingdom - 2016

Area grown

Area treated

1Please note - All Pie-Charts within this report should be read clockwise from the top, as both the pie segments and the contents of the key

appear in the same order.

6

PESTICIDE USAGE

16%

23%

11%

4%

2%

10%

8%

12%

1%12%

1%

Figure 7 - Regional distribution of pesticide usage on arable crops in the United Kingdom- 2016

(area treated)

East Midlands

Eastern

London & South East

North East

North West

South West

West Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Insecticides &nematicides

Fungicides Herbicides Growthregulators

Molluscicides &repellents

Sulphur Seed treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 8 - Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0


Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators Molluscicides &repellents

All pesticides

Nu

mb

er o

f a

pp

licati

on

s

Figure 9 - Average number of applications made to arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2016

(excluding seed treatments)

Spray rounds

Products

Active substances

For maps of the United Kingdom showing individual Government Office regions, please visit the following website:

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/maps/index.html

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/maps/index.html

7

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CEREALS

Wheat

• 1,823,336 hectares of wheat grown in the United Kingdom

• 26,664,966 treated hectares

• 8,874.3 tonnes applied

• 0.3% of wheat remained untreated

• Wheat received on average 4 fungicides, 3 herbicides, 2 growth regulators, 1 insecticide application and

1 molluscicide

• The main varieties encountered included JB Diego, Skyfall, Crusoe, Revelation, Evolution and

Reflection

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Insecticides &

nematicides

Fungicides Herbicides Growth

regulators

Molluscicides &

repellents


Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 10 - Usage of pesticides on wheat - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 11 - Timing of pesticide applications on wheat: September 2015 - August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

8

Wheat – Fungicides

• Formulation area treated: 11,463,897 hectares

• Weight of active substances applied: 3,138.5 tonnes

• The five most common formulations were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlorothalonil 2,694,253 1,285,185 0.24 0.80 1.84 0.48

Epoxiconazole 882,158 66,666 0.08 0.38 1.27 0.60

Tebuconazole 845,103 131,419 0.07 0.39 1.19 0.62

Fluxapyroxad 542,870 33,308 0.05 0.25 1.21 0.49

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 499,953 83,031 0.04 0.23 1.17 0.67

27%

25%

26%

6%

3%13%

Figure 12 - Wheat - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

septoria

general disease control

rust/septoria

fusarium

rust

other diseases

9

Wheat – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 1,075,162 843,343 0.15 0.46 1.27 0.49

Diflufenican/flufenacet 798,781 185,177 0.11 0.41 1.05 0.83

Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 664,557 9,863 0.09 0.35 1.03 0.94

Fluroxypyr 513,087 65,258 0.07 0.27 1.03 0.47

Diflufenican 446,131 30,573 0.06 0.24 1.02 0.55

35%

19%

18%

6%

6%

16%

Figure 13 - Wheat - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

general weed control

blackgrass

broad-leaved weeds

cleavers

grass weeds

other weeds

Wheat – Growth regulators


• Weight of active substances applied: 2,008.6tonnes


Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlormequat 2,158,837 1,804,577 0.54 0.82 1.44 0.56

Trinexapac-ethyl 1,295,712 41,121 0.32 0.53 1.33 0.31

Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-

calcium 150,787 20,923 0.04 0.07 1.18 0.26

Chlormequat/imazaquin 149,220 75,245 0.04 0.08 1.09 0.55

2-chloroethylphosphonic

acid/mepiquat 64,173 22,427 0.02 0.03 1.06 0.38

10

Wheat – Insecticides


• Weight of active substances applied: 27.6 tonnes


Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Lambda-cyhalothrin 671,302 3,290 0.51 0.29 1.28 0.98

Cypermethrin 393,661 9,442 0.30 0.18 1.16 0.96

Esfenvalerate 103,101 374 0.08 0.05 1.09 0.88

Zeta-cypermethrin 50,787 642 0.04 0.02 1.34 0.84

Tau-fluvalinate 20,683 668 0.02 0.01 1.00 0.67

93%

2%

5%

Figure 14 - Wheat - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

orange wheat blossom midge

other pests

Wheat – Seed Treatments

• Formulation area treated: 1,922,502


• 4% of the seed remained untreated

• Where specified the most common formulations were:

Formulation area

treated (ha)

Weight of a.s. applied

(kg)

Proportion of seed

treatment-treated area

Proportion of census

area treated

(excluding unspecified

treatments)

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 680,581 72,487 0.35 0.37

Prochloraz/triticonazole 249,085 7,276 0.13 0.13

Prothioconazole 208,735 3,739 0.11 0.11

Fludioxonil 124,965 1,145 0.07 0.07

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 104,256 2,124 0.05 0.06

11

Winter barley

• 439,441 hectares of winter barley grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.4% of winter barley remained untreated

• Winter barley received on average 3 herbicides, 2 fungicides, 2 growth regulators and 1 insecticide

application

• The main varieties encountered included KWS Glacier, KWS Cassia, KWS Tower, Volume, Bazooka

and SY Venture

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Insecticides &

nematicides


regulators

Molluscicides

& repellents

Sulphur Seed

treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 15 - Usage of pesticides on winter barley - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 16 - Timing of pesticide applications on winter barley: September 2015 - August

2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

12

Winter barley – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Bixafen/prothioconazole 174,313 22,884 0.12 0.24 1.66 0.50

Chlorothalonil 141,595 65,517 0.10 0.27 1.21 0.46

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 124,063 29,385 0.08 0.19 1.47 0.41

Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 118,319 17,784 0.08 0.20 1.35 0.69

Cyprodinil/isopyrazam 106,114 27,859 0.07 0.20 1.22 0.54

32%

21%10%

5%

3%

29%

Figure 17 - Winter barley - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)


rhynchosporium

net blotch/rhynchosporium

mildew

mildew/rhynchosporium

other diseases

13

Winter barley – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 227,075 171,441 0.15 0.42 1.23 0.48


Pinoxaden 142,515 5,019 0.09 0.32 1.00 0.59

Diflufenican 108,873 7,197 0.07 0.24 1.03 0.53

Pendimethalin 90,706 73,890 0.06 0.20 1.02 0.62

34%

21%10%

9%

7%

4%

15%

Figure 18 - Winter barley - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

blackgrass

wild oats

cleavers

grass weeds

other weeds

Winter barley – Growth regulators

• Formulation area treated: 786,932 hectares


• The five most common formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlormequat 330,689 288,393 0.42 0.63 1.19 0.58

Trinexapac-ethyl 259,907 9,066 0.33 0.49 1.20 0.23


calcium 61,208 10,198 0.08 0.13 1.09 0.32


acid/mepiquat 48,048 19,584 0.06 0.10 1.05 0.44

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 44,967 8,852 0.06 0.10 1.01 0.41

14

Winter barley – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Lambda-cyhalothrin 135,585 636 0.47 0.25 1.22 0.94

Cypermethrin 94,232 2,314 0.32 0.19 1.13 0.98

Esfenvalerate 34,688 122 0.12 0.08 1.03 0.85


Tau-fluvalinate 6,198 233 0.02 0.01 1.39 0.78

Almost all, 97%, of insecticide applications were for the control of aphids.

Winter barley – Seed Treatments





Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)



Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconazole 74,839 1,204 0.16 0.17

Prothioconazole 33,346 572 0.07 0.08

Clothianidin 26,271 2,246 0.06 0.06

15

Spring barley

• 682,968 hectares of spring barley grown in the United Kingdom



• 1.4% of spring barley remained untreated

• Spring barley received on average 3 herbicides, 2 fungicides, 1 growth regulator and 1 insecticide

• The main varieties encountered included Propino, Concerto, Odyssey, KWS Irina and Waggon

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Insecticides &

nematicides


regulators

Molluscicides

& repellents

Sulphur Seed

treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 19 - Usage of pesticides on spring barley - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 20 - Timing of pesticide applications on spring barley: September 2015 - August

2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

16

Spring barley – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlorothalonil 219,922 98,317 0.13 0.28 1.16 0.45

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 219,061 45,421 0.12 0.23 1.42 0.36

Bixafen/prothioconazole 206,405 24,603 0.12 0.20 1.49 0.46

Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 145,576 19,581 0.08 0.16 1.30 0.62

Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/trifloxy

strobin 105,826 12,795 0.06 0.10 1.48 0.50

51%

22%

5%

4%

4%

14%

Figure 21- Spring barley - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)


rhynchosporium

net blotch/rhynchosporium

mildew/rhynchosporium

mildew

other diseases

17

Spring barley – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 361,687 294,611 0.17 0.41 1.29 0.50

Metsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-

methyl 263,512 9,034 0.13 0.37 1.05 0.78

Pinoxaden 227,448 7,657 0.11 0.32 1.05 0.56

Fluroxypyr 206,692 23,845 0.10 0.30 1.01 0.77

Mecoprop-P 161,571 102,214 0.08 0.23 1.03 0.49

36%

27%

8%

5%

3%

21%

Figure 22 - Spring barley - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

wild oats

cleavers

crop desiccation

other weeds

Spring barley – Growth regulators




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of

a.s. applied

(kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlormequat 99,763 64,458 0.31 0.14 1.01 0.75


2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 38,079 4,958 0.12 0.06 1.00 0.54

Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 36,776 5,164 0.11 0.04 1.21 0.27

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 34,499 9,916 0.11 0.05 1.00 0.42

18

Spring barley – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Esfenvalerate 16,252 60 0.10 0.02 1.04 0.89

Cypermethrin 13,014 226 0.08 0.02 1.00 0.70


Beta-cyfluthrin 4,235 21 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.65

83%

17%

Figure 23 - Spring barley - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

other pests

Spring barley – Seed Treatments



• 9.8% of the seed remained untreated


Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)


Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconaz

ole 185,988 3,231 0.30 0.27

Fludioxonil 28,254 265 0.05 0.04

Imazalil/ipconazole 25,470 341 0.04 0.04


19

Oats

• 140,897 hectares of oats grown in the United Kingdom

• 926,343 treated hectares

• 233.4 tonnes applied

• 6.2% of oats remained untreated

• Oats received on average 2 herbicides, 2 fungicides, 1 growth regulator and 1 insecticide

• 53% of the crop was winter sown

• The main varieties encountered included Mascani, Canyon, Gerald, Dalguise, Firth and Aspen

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Insecticides &

nematicides


regulators

Molluscicides

& repellents

Sulphur Seed

treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 24 - Usage of pesticides on oats - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 25 - Timing of pesticide applications on oats: September 2015 - August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

20

Oats – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Tebuconazole 31,863 4,783 0.11 0.17 1.37 0.60

Proquinazid 26,977 722 0.10 0.16 1.23 0.54

Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 24,403 4,376 0.09 0.15 1.14 0.64

Epoxiconazole 22,429 1,145 0.08 0.12 1.36 0.41

Azoxystrobin 16,680 1,942 0.06 0.11 1.07 0.47

23%

20%

19%

16%

11%

9%

2%

Figure 26 - Oats - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

mildew


crown rust

rust

mildew/rust

crown rust/mildew

other diseases

21

Oats – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 65,322 52,144 0.21 0.42 1.11 0.49

Fluroxypyr 31,568 4,189 0.10 0.22 1.02 0.73

Mecoprop-P 28,295 20,194 0.09 0.20 1.01 0.55

Diflufenican/flupyrsulfuron-methyl 22,734 1,653 0.07 0.16 1.02 0.92

Florasulam/fluroxypyr 22,184 1,667 0.07 0.15 1.01 0.54

37%

33%

10%

4%

3%13%

Figure 27 - Oats - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

cleavers

crop desiccation

grass weeds

other weeds

Oats – Growth regulators



• The five formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlormequat 81,187 75,882 0.53 0.52 1.11 0.62



calcium 16,473 2,703 0.11 0.11 1.07 0.31

Prohexadione-calcium/trinexapac-ethyl 793 25 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.34


acid/mepiquat 30 8 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.37

22

Oats – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Cypermethrin 14,213 347 0.23 0.09 1.06 0.98


Alpha-cypermethrin 1,516 15 0.02 0.01 1.00 0.67

Beta-cyfluthrin 855 2 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.38

Almost all, 94%, of insecticide applications were for the control of aphids.

Oats – Seed Treatments





Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Prochloraz/triticonazole 28,591 765 0.26 0.20


Fludioxonil 12,133 110 0.11 0.08


Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 9,747 193 0.09 0.07

23

Rye

• 29,765 hectares of rye grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.4% of rye remained untreated

• Rye received on average 2 fungicides, 2 growth regulators, 2 herbicides, 2 insecticide and 1 molluscicide

• The main varieties encountered included KWS Magnifico, SU Cossani, SU Drive and Humbolt

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50




Seed treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 28 - Usage of pesticides on rye - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 29 - Timing of pesticide applications on rye: September 2015 - August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

24

Rye – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Azoxystrobin 12,527 1,611 0.19 0.31 1.41 0.51

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph 6,090 1,740 0.09 0.18 1.16 0.57

Fenpropimorph 5,773 1,822 0.09 0.16 1.25 0.42

Tebuconazole 5,183 672 0.08 0.14 1.33 0.52


Septoria/rust accounted for 29% of the reasons for use of fungicides, with mildew/rust being specified on 27% of the

area. General disease control and mildew each accounted for 19% of the area, with other diseases making up the

remaining 6%. Rye – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 12,772 11,355 0.19 0.37 1.15 0.52

Pendimethalin 11,853 10,145 0.17 0.41 1.00 0.65


Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 8,066 77 0.12 0.28 1.00 0.79

Diflufenican 6,113 310 0.09 0.21 1.00 0.49

25

Rye – Growth regulators




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlormequat 22,491 21,533 0.42 0.62 1.26 0.64

Trinexapac-ethyl 18,528 733 0.35 0.60 1.08 0.39

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 7,182 3,956 0.13 0.25 1.02 0.60


calcium 3,231 641 0.06 0.11 1.00 0.38

Prohexadione-calcium/trinexapac-

ethyl 1,524 48 0.03 0.05 1.00 0.25

Rye – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Cypermethrin 5,917 145 0.31 0.19 1.07 0.98


Tau-fluvalinate 275 13 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.98

Esfenvalerate 57 0 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.01

Rye – Seed Treatments



• 35.9% of seed remained untreated


Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Prochloraz/triticonazole 4,009 62 0.22 0.14

Fludioxonil 2,319 9 0.13 0.08

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 1,628 99 0.09 0.06

Difenoconazole/fludioxonil/tebuconazole 545 4 0.03 0.02

Difenoconazole/fludioxonil 282 2 0.02 0.01

26

Triticale

• 11,018 hectares of triticale grown in the United Kingdom



• 1.2% of triticale remained untreated

• Triticale received on average 3 herbicides, 3 fungicides, 1 insecticide and 2 growth regulators

• The main varieties encountered included Tribeca, Ragtac, Dublet, KWS Fido and Agostino

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50




Seed treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 30 - Usage of pesticides on triticale - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 31 - Timing of pesticide applications on triticale: September 2015 - August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

27

Triticale – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of

a.s. applied

(kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Epoxiconazole/metconazole 6,903 518 0.22 0.31 2.00 0.39

Tebuconazole 4,640 663 0.15 0.29 1.44 0.57

Epoxiconazole 3,110 207 0.10 0.23 1.24 0.53

Chlorothalonil 2,590 1,207 0.08 0.12 2.00 0.47

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/kresoxim-

methyl 2,301 611 0.07 0.10 2.00 0.66

Most fungicides applied to triticale were used for the control of yellow rust, 50%, general disease control accounted for

44%. Septoria (3%) and mildew/septoria (3%) comprised the remainder. Triticale – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 7,733 7,151 0.21 0.64 1.09 0.54

Fluroxypyr 7,063 902 0.19 0.64 1.00 0.64

Pendimethalin 4,238 3,368 0.12 0.38 1.00 0.60

Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-

methyl 4,109 47 0.11 0.37 1.00 0.96


27%

27%12%

11%

6%

12%

5%

Figure 32 - Triticale - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


blackgrass

volunteers

wild oats

grass weeds

cleavers

28

Triticale – Growth regulators




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlormequat 8,219 8,845 0.42 0.73 1.03 0.74


acid/mepiquat 5,213 2,712 0.27 0.47 1.00 0.57

Trinexapac-ethyl 3,260 111 0.17 0.30 1.00 0.34

Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 1,263 269 0.07 0.10 1.17 0.41

Prohexadione-calcium/trinexapac-

ethyl 897 28 0.05 0.08 1.00 0.33

Triticale – Insecticides



• The three formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Cypermethrin 2,297 57 0.21 0.21 1.00 1.00


Triticale – Seed Treatments




• The four formulations encountered were:

Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)


Clothianidin/prothioconazole 911 87 0.20 0.08

Fludioxonil 228 2 0.05 0.02

Prochloraz/triticonazole 96 3 0.02 0.01

29

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OILSEEDS

Oilseed rape

• 579,111 hectares of oilseed rape grown in the United Kingdom (98% of which is winter sown)



• 0.1% of oilseed rape remained untreated

• Oilseed rape received on average 4 herbicides, 3 fungicides, 3 insecticides, 1 growth regulator and 2

molluscicides (metaldehyde accounted for 89% of all molluscicide usage)

• The main winter varieties encountered included DK Extrovert, Incentive, Charger, Picto, and Campus;

spring varieties included Tamirin, Mirakel, Delight and Ability

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Insecticides &

nematicides


regulators

Molluscicides &

repellents


Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 33 - Usage of pesticides on oilseed rape (spring & winter) - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 34 - Timing of pesticide applications on winter oilseed rape: September 2015 -

August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

30

Oilseed rape – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Prothioconazole 370,221 38,502 0.18 0.40 1.60 0.60

Tebuconazole 339,820 57,020 0.17 0.44 1.30 0.67

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 280,518 42,676 0.14 0.32 1.53 0.63

Azoxystrobin 169,799 24,564 0.08 0.23 1.24 0.58

Penthiopyrad/picoxystrobin 144,051 19,053 0.07 0.24 1.04 0.55

30%

23%14%

12%

7%

14%

Figure 35 - Oilseed rape - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

sclerotinia

phoma

light leaf spot

light leaf spot/phoma


other diseases

31

Oilseed rape – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 500,488 520,517 0.22 0.66 1.30 0.69

Propaquizafop 302,041 16,122 0.13 0.50 1.03 0.36

Propyzamide 235,289 179,287 0.10 0.40 1.01 0.90

Aminopyralid/propyzamide 170,194 137,083 0.07 0.29 1.03 0.94

Dimethenamid-P/metazachlor/quinmerac 162,994 148,962 0.07 0.25 1.12 0.73

21%

16%

14%11%

10%

8%

20%

Figure 36 - Oilseed rape - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

blackgrass

crop desiccation

volunteer cereals

grass weeds

other weeds

Oilseed rape – Growth regulators



• The 2 formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Mepiquat chloride/metconazole 45,545 8,923 1.00 0.08 1.00 0.58

Trinexapac-ethyl 33 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.37

Unspecified growth regulators accounted for 134 ha of the area treated.

It should be noted that the fungicides metconazole and tebuconazole, both have effective plant growth regulation

properties and therefore can have a dual purpose on oilseed rape.

32

Oilseed rape – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Cypermethrin 295,781 7,113 0.23 0.34 1.47 0.87

Tau-fluvalinate 166,191 7,636 0.13 0.27 1.05 0.96


Alpha-cypermethrin 40,660 488 0.03 0.05 1.41 0.77

58%

12%

11%

7%

12%

Figure 37 - Oilseed rape - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

cabbage stem flea beetle

aphids

pollen beetle

seed weevil

other pests

Oilseed rape – Seed Treatments





Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Prochloraz/thiram 331,227 8,713 0.63 0.57

Thiram 34,111 595 0.06 0.06

Methiocarb 15,399 185 0.03 0.03

Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin 4,183 151 0.01 0.01

Fludioxonil/metalaxyl-

M/thiamethoxam 2,197 63 <0.01 <0.01

33

Linseed

• 27,817 hectares of linseed grown in the United Kingdom



• 5.6% of linseed remained untreated

• Linseed received on average 4 herbicides, 2 fungicides, 1 insecticide and 1 growth regulator

• 81% of the crop was spring sown

• The main varieties encountered included Altess, Juliet, Marquise, Nulin VT 50 and Everest (winter)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100



Molluscicides& repellents

PhysicalControl

Seedtreatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 38 - Usage of pesticides on linseed - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 39 - Timing of pesticide applications on linseed: September 2015 - August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

34

Linseed – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Tebuconazole 16,261 2,619 0.49 0.53 1.13 0.64

Difenoconazole 8,413 661 0.25 0.20 1.55 0.63

Metconazole 5,958 279 0.18 0.21 1.06 0.65

Difenoconazole/paclobutrazol 1,816 108 0.05 0.07 1.00 0.45

Boscalid 598 83 0.02 0.02 1.00 0.56

22%

19%

17%

15%

11%

11%

5%

Figure 40 - Linseed - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

botrytis

mildew

alternaria

sclerotinia

rust

mildew/rust

fusarium

35

Linseed – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 26,769 22,208 0.28 0.61 1.55 0.50

Clethodim 9,232 1,100 0.09 0.34 1.00 0.99

Bromoxynil 8,359 2,346 0.09 0.30 1.00 0.70

Amidosulfuron/iodosulfuron-methyl-

sodium 8,349 216 0.09 0.27 1.12 0.94

Amidosulfuron 7,391 178 0.08 0.27 1.00 0.80

33%

23%

12%

12%

8%

8%

2% 2%

Figure 41 - Linseed - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


blackgrass

grass weeds

desiccation

wild oats

volunteer cereals

other weeds

36

Linseed – Insecticides



• The three formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Cypermethrin 3,470 82 0.27 0.13 1.00 0.79


Control of flax flea beetles accounted for 88% of insecticide usage.

Linseed – Seed Treatments




• A single formulation was encountered:

Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Prochloraz 1,928 39 0.18 0.07

37

PESTICIDE USAGE ON POTATOES

Ware Potatoes

• 125,386 hectares of ware potatoes were grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.2% of ware potatoes remained untreated

• Ware potatoes received on average 12 fungicides, 3 herbicides, 3 molluscicides, 2 insecticides and 1

growth regulator. (Metaldehyde accounted for 78% of the molluscicide total, ferric phosphate 22% and

methiocarb <1%)

• The main varieties encountered included Maris Piper, Lady Rosetta, Estima, Maris Peer, Markies, King

Edward and Amour

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80





Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 42 - Usage of pesticides on ware potatoes - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 43 - Timing of pesticide applications on ware potatoes: October 2015 - September 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides & nematicides

Growth regulators

38

Ware Potatoes – Fungicides



• The five most used formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide -

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Fluazinam 410,256 62,853 0.20 0.79 4.15 0.77

Cymoxanil/mancozeb 382,234 528,506 0.19 0.80 3.83 0.92

Cyazofamid 228,329 17,627 0.11 0.68 2.66 0.96

Cymoxanil 183,267 16,779 0.09 0.44 3.26 0.89

Mandipropamid 132,861 19,768 0.07 0.58 1.82 0.99

98%

2%

Figure 44 - Ware potatoes - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

blight

other diseases

39

Ware potatoes – Herbicides & dessicants



• The five most used formulations encountered were:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Diquat 239,893 95,853 0.35 0.93 2.04 0.53

Linuron 95,140 54,811 0.14 0.75 1.00 0.77

Metribuzin 78,247 28,409 0.12 0.58 1.07 0.58

Glyphosate 65,304 60,770 0.10 0.45 1.12 0.61

Carfentrazone-ethyl 55,572 2,232 0.08 0.38 1.16 0.91

33%

27%

27%

3%

6%

4%

Figure 45 - Ware potatoes - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

desiccation

broad-leaved weeds


cleavers

grass weeds

other weeds

Ware potatoes – Growth regulators



• There was a single formulation encountered:

Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

growth

regulator –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Maleic hydrazide 19,863 58,738 1.00 0.16 1.00 0.99

40

Ware potatoes – Insecticides & nematicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Thiacloprid 18,145 1,702 0.18 0.13 1.15 0.98

Fosthiazate 17,833 49,057 0.18 0.14 1.03 0.92

Ethoprophos 7,635 42,671 0.08 0.06 1.00 0.93

Esfenvalerate 7,298 35 0.07 0.04 1.26 0.95

Please note that Ethoprophos is primarily used as a nematicide for potato cyst nematode control although it has activity

against other soil pests.

96%

4%

Figure 46 - Ware potatoes - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

other pests

Potato cyst nematode accounted for 100% of reasons given for nematicide usage.

Ware potatoes – Seed Treatments



• 16% of the seed remained untreated, but other fungicides may have been applied at the time of planting


Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Pencycuron 31,733 18,985 0.29 0.25

Imazalil 29,534 761 0.27 0.23

Flutolanil 6,089 1,580 0.06 0.05

Imazalil/pencycuron 2,901 1,830 0.03 0.02

Imazalil/thiabendazole 1,821 234 0.02 0.01

41

Seed Potatoes

• 16,733 hectares of seed potatoes were grown in the United Kingdom



• All seed potatoes encountered were treated

Seed potatoes received on average 10 fungicides, 7 insecticides, 3 herbicides and 3 molluscicides • Where information was provided, the main varieties encounted were

Hermes, Cara, Maris Piper Maris Peer, Brooke and Harmony

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Fungicides Herbicides Molluscicides &repellents

Seed treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 47 - Usage of pesticides on seed potatoes - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 48 - Timing of pesticide applications on seed potatoes: January 2016 - December

2016

Fungicides

Herbicides


42

Seed Potatoes – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide -

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Cyazofamid 32,647 2,609 0.16 0.83 2.36 1.00

Cymoxanil 32,621 2,734 0.16 0.63 3.08 0.82

Cymoxanil/mancozeb 24,969 30,784 0.12 0.60 2.50 0.84

Fluazinam 24,533 7,511 0.12 0.76 1.93 0.65

Mandipropamid 23,201 3,352 0.11 0.74 1.88 0.96

100%

<1%

Figure 49 - Seed potatoes - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

blight

mildew

43

Seed potatoes – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Diquat 34,126 11,699 0.46 0.93 2.21 0.46

Carfentrazone-ethyl 12,979 659 0.17 0.67 1.16 0.92

Metribuzin 10,720 4,953 0.14 0.63 1.01 0.74

Linuron 9,555 5,242 0.13 0.57 1.01 0.91

Flufenacet/metribuzin 3,068 2,683 0.04 0.18 1.01 0.84

47%

52%

1%

Figure 50 - Seed potatoes - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

crop desiccation


broad-leaved weeds

44

Seed potatoes – Insecticides & nematicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Esfenvalerate 22,678 107 0.25 0.60 2.25 0.95

Pymetrozine 10,927 1,583 0.12 0.43 1.53 0.97

Thiacloprid 10,324 934 0.11 0.43 1.44 0.94

Flonicamid 6,529 520 0.07 0.26 1.58 1.00

Aphids were the main pests controlled, accounting for 99% of insecticide applications. The main reason for the control

of the aphids would have been to prevent virus spreading into the plants and resultant tubers.

Seed potatoes – Seed Treatments



• 14.8% of the seed remained untreated, but other fungicides may have been applied at the time of

planting


Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Pencycuron 9,334 7,069 0.64 0.55

Flutolanil 1,936 807 0.13 0.12

Imazalil/thiabendazole 1,011 171 0.07 0.06

Fludioxonil 453 45 0.03 0.03

Imazalil 303 11 0.02 0.02

45

PESTICIDE USAGE ON PULSES

Dry harvest peas

• 50,718 hectares of dry harvest peas grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.4% of dry harvest peas remained untreated

• Dry harvest peas received on average 4 herbicides, 3 insecticides and 2 fungicides

• The main varieties encountered included Prophet, Kabuki, Daytona and Sakura

• All crops encountered were spring-sown

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90




Pe

rcen

tage

of

tota

l

Figure 51 - Usage of pesticides on dry-harvest peas - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 52 - Timing of pesticide applications on dry-harvest peas: September 2015 -

August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

46

Dry harvest peas – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 45,618 23,871 0.55 0.67 1.34 0.63

Azoxystrobin 24,781 3,291 0.30 0.41 1.20 0.53

Chlorothalonil 4,270 2,391 0.05 0.06 1.32 0.41

Metconazole 2,842 114 0.03 0.06 1.00 0.55

Tebuconazole 2,261 364 0.03 0.04 1.00 0.64

21%

19%

19%

8%

7%

7%

19%

Figure 53 - Dry harvest peas - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

unspecified mildews

botrytis/downy mildew

botrytis

leaf spot/mildew

downy mildew

botrytis/rust

other diseases

47

Dry harvest peas – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 46,629 40,719 0.24 0.67 1.36 0.53

Imazamox/pendimethalin 28,732 27,758 0.15 0.57 1.00 0.80

MCPB 23,448 25,346 0.12 0.46 1.00 0.60

Bentazone 21,134 17,010 0.11 0.42 1.00 0.56

Pendimethalin 12,846 12,437 0.07 0.25 1.00 0.73

43%

23%

11%

8%

3%

2%10%

Figure 54 - Dry harvest peas - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


blackgrass

grass weeds

charlock

wild oats

other weeds

48

Dry harvest peas – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Pirimicarb 26,970 2,888 0.25 0.43 1.25 0.76


Cypermethrin 6,385 159 0.06 0.12 1.00 1.00

Thiacloprid 6,035 478 0.06 0.10 1.21 0.82

46%

24%

16%

14%

Figure 55 - Dry harvest peas - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

pea moth

weevil

other pests

Dry harvest peas – Seed Treatments




• The two formulations encountered were:

Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Thiram 18,316 2,686 0.45 0.36

Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M 12,337 2,061 0.31 0.24

49

Field beans

• 177,492 hectares of field beans grown in the United Kingdom (79% were spring sown)



• 0.8% of field beans remained untreated

• Field beans received on average 3 herbicides, 2 insecticides and 2 fungicides

• The main varieties encountered included Fuego, Vertigo and Fanfare (spring) and Wizard (winter)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80




Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 56 - Usage of pesticides on field beans - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 56a - Timing of pesticide applications on winter field beans: September 2015 -

August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 56b - Timing of pesticide applications on spring field beans: September 2015 -

August 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Field beans – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 177,474 100,108 0.46 0.70 1.44 0.68

Tebuconazole 45,797 7,261 0.12 0.19 1.34 0.63

Azoxystrobin 44,466 6,243 0.12 0.22 1.14 0.56

Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 42,227 7,700 0.11 0.21 1.14 0.55

Chlorothalonil 34,711 20,450 0.09 0.14 1.40 0.57

46%

17%

8%

7%

4%

18%

Figure 57 - Field beans - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

chocolate spot

chocolate spot/rust

rust

downy mildew

chocolate spot/downy mildew

other diseases

51

Field beans – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Glyphosate 143,351 124,475 0.26 0.57 1.41 0.57

Pendimethalin 83,626 79,534 0.15 0.47 1.00 0.72

Clomazone/linuron 58,203 31,412 0.10 0.32 1.03 0.91

Imazamox/pendimethalin 56,888 52,375 0.10 0.32 1.00 0.77

Clomazone 43,049 3,043 0.08 0.24 1.00 0.73

36%

32%

7%

7%

4%

14%

Figure 58 - Field beans - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

grass weeds

blackgrass

wild oats

other weeds

52

Field beans – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Cypermethrin 36,380 851 0.11 0.15 1.35 0.94

Pirimicarb 29,727 3,078 0.09 0.15 1.07 0.74

Esfenvalerate 20,579 92 0.06 0.09 1.32 0.89


33%

31%

13%

5%

18%

Figure 59 - Field beans - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

bruchid beetle

weevil

aphids

aphids/bruchid beetle

other pests

The weevils indicated in the figure above are most likely to be pea & bean weevils Sitona spp.

Field beans – Seed Treatments




• The two formulations encountered were:

Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated


treatments)

Thiram 1,029 220 0.09 0.01

Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M 1,026 142 0.09 0.01

53

PESTICIDE USAGE ON SUGAR BEET

Sugar beet

• 85,946 hectares of sugar beet grown in the United Kingdom



• There were no untreated crops of sugar beet recorded

• Sugar beet received on average 5 herbicides, 2 fungicides and 1 insecticide

• The main varieties encountered included Haydn, KWS Sabatina, Hornet, Springbok, BTS 470 and

Stingray

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100



Seed treatments

Pe

rcen

tage o

f to

tal

Figure 60 - Usage of pesticides on sugar beet - 2016

Area treated

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Pe

rcen

tage o

f a

pp

lica

tio

ns

Figure 61 - Timing of pesticide applications on sugar beet: November 2015 - October 2016

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

54

Sugar beet – Fungicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Cyproconazole/trifloxystrobin 96,566 16,882 0.66 0.74 1.52 0.93

Cyproconazole 14,116 475 0.10 0.08 2.05 0.56

Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 13,972 2,002 0.10 0.12 1.33 0.78


Cyproconazole/picoxystrobin 5,201 1,118 0.04 0.05 1.22 0.77

70%

9%

7%

6%

8%

Figure 62 - Sugar beet - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

mildew/rust

unspecified mildew

mildew/ramularia

ramularia/rust

other diseases

55

Sugar beet – Herbicides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

herbicide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate

Metamitron 148,405 90,779 0.18 0.84 2.05 0.28

Desmedipham/ethofumesate/lenacil/p

henmedipham 94,342 21,110 0.11 0.62 1.76 0.71

Triflusulfuron-methyl 88,890 933 0.11 0.61 1.69 0.70

Glyphosate 73,758 66,918 0.09 0.58 1.29 0.53

Lenacil 58,240 9,607 0.07 0.41 1.59 0.61

53%

24%

2%

2%

2%

17%

Figure 63 - Sugar beet - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


volunteer potatoes

annual meadow grass

blackgrass

other weeds

56

Sugar Beet – Insecticides




Formulation

area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)

Proportion of

insecticide –

treated area

Proportion of

census area

treated

Average

number of

applications

(where

applied)

Average

proportion of

full label rate


Thiacloprid 7,210 622 0.27 0.08 1.00 0.90

Oxamyl 2,966 1,856 0.11 0.03 1.00 1.04

Chlorpyrifos 1,856 559 0.07 0.01 1.09 0.41

Beta-cyfluthrin 870 4 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.67

Please note that oxamyl is an insecticide/nematicide primarily used to control free-living nematodes and/or beet cyst

nematodes. However, it does control a range of pests including millipedes, pygmy mangold beetle & beet leaf miners.

The apparent high rate of oxamyl is an anomaly due to the variability of rates according to row spacing. None of the

rates encountered in the survey exceeded the maximum recommended for this product.

57%31%

12%

Figure 64 - Sugar beet - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

leaf miner

flea beetle

Sugar beet – Seed Treatments



• No untreated seed was encountered

• The area of some of the insecticidal seed treatments is possibly an under-estimate of the total used

Formulation area

treated (ha)


(kg)

Proportion of seed



area treated

Hymexazol 85,946 1,679 0.37 1.00

Thiram 85,946 107 0.37 1.00

Thiamethoxam 29,645 1,779 0.13 0.34

Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin 19,527 1,328 0.08 0.23

Tefluthrin 10,560 106 0.05 0.12

57

APPENDIX 1 – ARABLE APPLICATION TABLES

Table 1 Area of arable crops grown in the United Kingdom 2016 (hectares)

East

Midlands

Eastern London &

South East

North

East

North

West

South

West

West

Midlands

Yorkshire &

the Humber

Wales Scotland Northern

Ireland

United

Kingdom

Wheat1 335,039 467,514 218,760 67,600 37,314 159,034 163,494 234,961 21,410 109,594 8,616 1,823,336

Winter barley 49,331 89,775 36,415 28,748 16,382 48,869 35,086 71,044 8,132 48,031 7,628 439,441

Spring barley 60,087 89,247 66,093 12,271 24,073 85,289 28,498 50,046 13,757 238,899 14,708 682,968

Oats1 11,683 12,331 19,227 8,279 4,709 20,935 17,013 8,228 5,025 31,210 2,257 140,897

Rye 4,702 7,412 4,103 390 298 3,864 2,217 1,816 1,119 3,725 119 29,765

Triticale1 1,206 1,679 1,334 223 813 3,129 1,028 992 . 614 . 11,018

Oilseed rape1 139,412 129,946 71,461 23,506 4,963 50,135 49,076 74,308 5,080 30,672 552 579,111

Linseed1 4,799 6,306 6,128 178 184 5,071 2,672 1,942 537 . . 27,817

Potatoes 15,612 36,031 3,295 1,213 7,534 7,865 15,011 17,539 3,140 14,766 3,380 125,386

Seed potatoes 9 637 122 179 2 412 128 1,960 117 12,760 407 16,733

Peas 7,455 21,312 8,955 1,135 669 4,009 3,944 2,463 . 776 . 50,718

Beans1 35,634 49,396 32,502 4,551 2,799 13,262 15,116 20,071 870 3,002 289 177,492

Sugar beet 19,964 53,617 808 77 684 1,859 2,531 6,406 . . . 85,946

All arable crops 684,933 965,203 469,203 148,350 100,424 403,733 335,814 491,776 59,187 494,049 37,956 4,190,628

1 Includes spring and winter sown crops

58

Table 2 Treated areas of arable crops in the United Kingdom 2016 by crop group (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley

Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed

rape

Linseed Potatoes

ware

Potatoes

seed

Peas Beans Sugar beet All crops

Insecticides & nematicides 1,305,358 290,576 162,336 61,844 18,931 11,170 1,278,472 12,750 98,873 90,623 106,433 338,619 27,096 3,803,081

Fungicides 11,463,897 1,488,848 1,758,555 281,067 65,398 30,743 2,042,188 33,337 2,005,596 204,833 82,328 383,104 146,000 19,985,894

Herbicides 7,270,944 1,539,190 2,086,523 318,530 68,402 36,757 2,308,920 97,182 679,182 75,067 193,062 557,392 838,512 16,069,663

Growth regulators 4,011,183 786,932 323,772 153,044 53,639 19,343 45,713 914 19,863 . . . . 5,414,403

Molluscicides & repellents 673,582 44,547 18,621 2,877 5,517 1,454 509,768 787 146,370 14,657 5,485 585 5,357 1,429,607

Sulphur 17,500 661 4,756 137 . . 4,395 . 278 . 1,689 4,412 . 33,828

Physical control agents . . . . . . 354 . . . . . 354

All seed treatments 1,922,502 458,275 616,455 108,844 17,947 4,531 529,578 10,574 108,366 14,617 40,359 11,054 233,695 4,076,797

All pesticides 26,664,966 4,609,029 4,971,018 926,343 229,834 103,998 6,719,034 155,898 3,058,528 399,797 429,356 1,295,166 1,250,660 50,813,627

Table 2a Weight of pesticides applied to arable crops in the United Kingdom 2016 by crop group (tonnes of active substance)

Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed Potatoes

ware

Potatoes

seed

Peas Beans Sugar beet All crops

Insecticides & nematicides 27.6 3.7 1.7 0.7 0.2 0.1 24.5 0.2 101.3 4.2 4.0 6.0 3.2 177.4

Fungicides 3,138.5 310.7 357.5 43.7 11.6 5.0 336.7 3.8 1,177.6 102.5 30.4 143.6 23.0 5,684.4

Herbicides 3,477.8 715.7 711.7 104.6 30.0 13.5 1,376.2 40.0 386.8 31.7 153.9 415.4 313.1 7,770.4

Growth regulators 2,008.6 347.4 95.2 80.6 27.1 12.1 8.9 0.1 58.7 . . . . 2,638.7

Molluscicides & repellents 77.2 5.3 2.0 0.3 0.6 0.1 54.3 0.1 17.3 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.7 160.4

Sulphur 27.9 0.8 29.3 0.2 . . 17.8 . 0.4 . 2.7 14.5 . 93.7

Physical control agents . . . . . . <0.1 . . . . . . <0.1

All seed treatments 116.6 20.3 14.2 3.4 0.2 0.1 9.7 0.0 23.7 8.1 4.7 0.4 5.2 206.7

All pesticides 8,874.3 1,403.9 1,211.5 233.4 69.7 30.9 1,828.2 44.2 1,765.8 148.2 196.4 579.9 345.2 16,731.7

59

Table 3 Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2016 - percentage area of crops treated with pesticides

Crop group Insecticides &

nematicides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators

Molluscicides &

repellents Seed treatments Not treated

Wheat 50.97 98.97 98.19 90 25.52 96.16 0.26

Winter barley 51.81 97.51 98.21 82.97 7.67 95.4 0.45

Spring barley 22.05 94.49 97.19 36.14 1.63 89.77 1.25

Oats 38.04 84.48 91.22 65.34 2.01 76.17 6.13

Rye 36.36 81.07 89.39 70.99 16.51 62.65 0.44

Triticale 70.04 96.62 98.85 76.47 13.04 41.12 1.15

Oilseed rape 87.79 94.97 98.18 7.69 61.07 88.26 0.08

Linseed 38.62 60.84 92.33 3.35 2.89 38.76 5.73

Potatoes 50.37 99.82 99.22 16.18 38.87 83.47 0.17

Seed potatoes 82.7 100 95.27 . 35.75 84.36 .

Peas 82.38 80.76 97.19 . 5.8 79.92 0.39

Beans 82 88.77 96.07 . 0.34 6.4 0.79

Sugar beet 25.65 95.74 100 . 4.46 99.43 .

All crops 52.3 95.95 97.65 58.27 22.32 88.04 0.67

Table 4a Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2016 - number of spray rounds applied to crops (excluding seed treatments)

Crop group Insecticides & nematicides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators Molluscicides & repellents All pecticides

Wheat 1.4 3.6 3.1 1.7 1.4 6.6

Winter barley 1.2 2.4 2.7 1.6 1.3 5

Spring barley 1.1 1.9 2.5 1.4 1.2 3.6

Oats 1.1 1.8 2.1 1.3 1.2 3.5

Rye 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.3 4.6

Triticale 1 2.6 3.1 2 1.1 5.6

Oilseed rape 2.6 3.1 3.7 1 1.5 7.5

Linseed 1.4 1.7 3.8 1 1 5.2

Potatoes 1.5 11.6 3.3 1 2.9 15.9

Seed potatoes 6.5 9.6 2.8 . 2.6 12.6

Peas 2.5 1.5 3.5 . 1.1 5.8

Beans 2.3 2 2.5 . 1 5

Sugar beet 1.2 1.7 5.1 . 1.5 6.9

All crops 1.8 3.3 3.1 1.7 1.5 6.3

60

Table 4b Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2016 – number of products (other than seed treatments) applied to crops


Wheat 1.4 6.6 4.5 2.6 1.5 14.5

Winter barley 1.3 3.7 3.9 2.3 1.5 10.3

Spring barley 1.1 2.8 3.5 1.4 1.6 7.2

Oats 1.1 2.5 2.7 1.6 1.2 6.5

Rye 2.1 3.7 3.3 3 1.3 10.5

Triticale 1 4.1 4 2.7 1.1 11

Oilseed rape 2.6 3.7 4.4 1 1.5 11.3

Linseed 1.4 1.9 4.4 1 1 6.2

Potatoes 1.5 16.3 5.7 1 3 24.4

Seed potatoes 7.9 13.2 4.8 . 2.6 26

Peas 3.1 2.2 4.8 . 1.1 9.6

Beans 2.5 2.6 3.4 . 1 7.9

Sugar beet 1.3 1.8 10.5 . 1.5 12.7

All crops 1.8 5.2 4.3 2.3 1.6 12.3

Table 4c Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2016 – number of active substances (other than seed treatments) applied to crops


Wheat 1.4 10.1 6.7 2.9 1.5 20.5

Winter barley 1.3 6.2 5.4 2.7 1.5 14.7

Spring barley 1.1 4.9 5 1.9 1.6 10.8

Oats 1.1 3.8 3.9 1.9 1.2 8.9

Rye 2.1 5.9 4.5 3.8 1.3 14.5

Triticale 1 5.7 5.5 3.6 1.1 14.7

Oilseed rape 2.6 5.2 5.6 2 1.5 14.1

Linseed 1.4 2 4.6 1 1 6.6

Potatoes 1.5 22.7 5.8 1 3 31

Seed potatoes 7.9 18.6 5.1 . 2.6 31.6

Peas 3.1 3.7 5.5 . 1.1 11.5

Beans 2.5 4.1 4.2 . 1 10

Sugar beet 1.3 3.4 16.1 . 1.5 19.8

All crops 1.8 8 6.1 2.7 1.6 16.9

61

Table 5 Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2016 (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Fungicides Azoxystrobin 110,904 9,729 8,975 16,680 12,527 2,155 169,799 . 15,811 24,781 44,466 . 415,826

Azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil 203,166 11,604 11,428 . . 364 . . 1,409 . . . 227,971

Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 9,380 921 1,686 24,403 4,849 . 47,749 . . . 7,335 96,323

Bixafen/fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 85,816 24 55 . . . . . . . . 85,895

Bixafen/prothioconazole 308,430 174,313 206,406 1,705 . . . . . . . 690,854

Bixafen/prothioconazole/spiroxamine 147,267 . . . . . . . . . . 147,267

Bixafen/prothioconazole/tebuconazole 205,040 . . . . . 55,730 . . . . 260,770

Boscalid . . . . . . 98,595 598 . . . 99,193

Boscalid/epoxiconazole 204,509 4,449 6,778 1,461 904 451 . . . . . 218,553

Boscalid/pyraclostrobin . . . . . . . . 12,183 1,936 42,227 . 56,346

Chlorothalonil 2,694,253 141,595 219,922 1,036 . 2,590 76 . 4,270 34,711 . 3,098,453

Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 94,544 757 1,281 . . . . . 45,618 177,474 . 319,674

Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole/propiconazole 252,738 6,402 4,295 . . . . . . . . 263,435

Chlorothalonil/penthiopyrad 125,603 11,022 11,121 . . . . . . . . 147,746

Chlorothalonil/picoxystrobin 4,190 11,593 39,108 . . . . . . . . 54,891

Chlorothalonil/proquinazid 51,393 12,706 4,448 . . . . . . . . 68,547

Chlorothalonil/tebuconazole 278,621 955 . . . 476 . . . . . 280,051

Copper oxychloride 33,200 8,848 13,645 1,619 1,264 . 373 . 2,251 . 1,667 . 62,867

Cyazofamid . . . . . . . . 260,976 . . . 260,976

Cyflufenamid 55,886 9,906 4,182 11,962 . . . . . . . 81,936

Cymoxanil . . . . . . . . 215,888 . . . 215,888

Cymoxanil/fluazinam . . . . . . . . 50,955 . . . 50,955

Cymoxanil/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 407,203 . . . 407,203

Cymoxanil/propamocarb hydrochloride . . . . . . . . 52,677 . . . 52,677

Cyproconazole 36,274 . 30 924 2,646 . . . . 4,380 14,116 58,371

Cyproconazole/penthiopyrad 58,242 . . . . . . . . . . 58,242

Cyproconazole/trifloxystrobin . . . . . . . . . . 96,566 96,566

Cyprodinil 49 55,834 14,010 39 . . . . . . . 69,932

Cyprodinil/isopyrazam . 106,114 67,669 . . . . . . . . 173,783

Difenoconazole . . . . . . 96,006 8,413 5,144 . . . 109,562

Dimethomorph/fluazinam . . . . . . . . 50,889 . . . 50,889

Dimethomorph/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 53,958 . . . 53,958

Epoxiconazole 882,158 11,525 10,851 22,429 3,232 3,110 . . . . 4,662 937,966

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph 146,590 30,029 22,939 5,471 6,090 1,333 . . . . . 212,452

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/kresoxim-methyl 66,173 4,646 11,913 15,034 2,942 2,301 . . . . . 103,010

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/metrafenone 46,659 2,050 4,651 13,789 . . . . . . . 67,150

Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad 477,838 16,925 6,495 . 545 128 . . . . . 501,931

Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin 160,318 24,967 45,418 745 . . . . . . . 231,447

Epoxiconazole/folpet 132,675 4,747 5,320 . . . . . . . . 142,742

Epoxiconazole/isopyrazam 108,100 10,393 5,685 . 1,937 . . . . . . 126,115

Epoxiconazole/metconazole 376,543 38 499 . . 6,903 . . . . . 383,983

Epoxiconazole/metrafenone 49,569 6,760 . 12,449 4,196 1,350 . . . . . 74,324

Epoxiconazole/prochloraz 67,089 2,258 3,882 . . 96 . . . . . 73,325

Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 53,574 . 2,314 11,362 152 183 . . . . 13,972 81,557

62

Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2016 (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Fungicides (cont.) Fenpropimorph 67,174 50,529 24,959 15,156 5,774 163 476 . . . . 164,231

Fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin 15,255 11,340 20,780 9,765 . . . . . . . 57,141

Fluazinam . . . . . . . . 434,789 . . . 434,789

Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride . . . . . . . . 120,794 . . . 120,794

Fluopyram/prothioconazole . . . . . . 60,376 . . . . 60,376

Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 197,025 33,844 49,479 9,291 3,625 . 35 . . . . 293,300

Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 2,938 76,930 105,826 . 149 . . . . . . 185,842

Fluxapyroxad 542,870 20,770 26,481 476 . 897 . . . . . 591,493

Fluxapyroxad/metconazole 81,030 793 . . . . . . . . . 81,822

Fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin 104,599 19,761 9,027 279 . 183 . . . . . 133,848

Folpet 51,303 30,512 44,085 1,325 . . . . . . . 127,226

Isopyrazam . 39,685 60,583 . . . . . . . . 100,268

Mancozeb 9,547 . . . . . . . 110,924 . . . 120,471

Mandipropamid . . . . . . . . 156,063 . . . 156,063

Metconazole 6,575 96 1,074 188 . 228 34,854 5,958 2,842 1,705 . 53,519

Penthiopyrad 345,398 25,481 24,258 . . . . . . . . 395,137

Penthiopyrad/picoxystrobin 32,168 5,930 1,479 1,688 . 304 144,052 . . . . 185,619

Picoxystrobin 1,695 753 . 4,223 . . 46,953 . . . . 53,624

Prochloraz/proquinazid/tebuconazole 50,679 12,907 8,854 1,159 . . . . . . . 73,599

Prochloraz/tebuconazole 198,173 481 4,050 . 1,445 . 129,426 . . . . 333,574

Proquinazid 69,126 13,229 5,791 26,977 1,704 938 . . . . . 117,765

Prothioconazole 291,821 53,529 42,046 4,071 222 . 370,221 . . . . 761,910

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 24,962 124,063 219,061 4,925 549 . . . . . . 373,559

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine/tebuconazole 50,207 18,583 28,973 1,310 . . . . . . . 99,073

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 499,953 68,894 104,026 5,655 2,319 897 280,518 292 . . . 962,555

Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 31,582 118,319 145,576 15 . . . . . . . 295,492

Pyraclostrobin 212,861 16,941 31,050 12,835 2,844 872 . . . . . 277,404

Tebuconazole 845,103 14,158 10,112 31,863 5,183 4,640 339,820 16,261 2,261 45,797 . 1,315,198

Trifloxystrobin . 22,517 40,505 . . . . . . . . 63,022

Other fungicides1,2 205,058 27,698 15,476 8,759 300 183 167,132 1,816 258,517 620 30,677 9,349 725,584

All fungicides 11,463,89

6

1,488,848 1,758,555 281,067 65,398 30,743 2,042,188 33,337 2,210,429 82,328 383,104 146,000 19,985,893

1Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides

2Other fungicides include ametoctradin/dimethomorph, ametoctradin/mancozeb, amisulbrom, azoxystrobin/isopyrazam, azoxystrobin/tebuconazole, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb, boscalid/dimoxystrobin,

boscalid/epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin, boscalid/metconazole, carbendazim/flusilazole, chlorothalonil/cymoxanil, chlorothalonil/mancozeb, chlorothalonil/propiconazole, cymoxanil/famoxadone, cymoxanil/mandipropamid,

cymoxanil/zoxamide, cyproconazole/picoxystrobin, cyproconazole/propiconazole, cyprodinil/picoxystrobin, difenoconazole/fenpropidin, difenoconazole/mandipropamid, difenoconazole/paclobutrazol,

difenoconazole/propiconazole, dimethomorph/zoxamide, dimoxystrobin/epoxiconazole, epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin, fenamidone/propamocarb hydrochloride, fenpropidin/prochloraz/tebuconazole,

fenpropimorph/flusilazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, iprodione/thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb/metalaxyl-M, mancozeb/zoxamide, metalaxyl-M, metrafenone, pencycuron, prochloraz, prochloraz/propiconazole, propiconazole,

pyriofenone, quinoxyfen, spiroxamine, spiroxamine/tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and unspecified fungicides.

63


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Herbicides & desiccants

Amidosulfuron/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 41,979 9,130 7,518 . . . . 8,349 . . . 66,976

Aminopyralid/propyzamide . . . . . . 170,194 . . . . 170,194

Bentazone . . . . . . . 1,146 783 21,134 33,366 . 56,429

Bifenox 848 . . . . . 72,661 . . . . 73,508

Carbetamide . . . . . . 55,709 1,119 . 8,667 . 65,495

Carfentrazone-ethyl 264 557 265 . . . . 258 68,550 . 192 914 71,000

Clethodim . . 44 32 . . 157,104 9,232 584 146 19,350 186,491

Clodinafop-propargyl 173,150 . 450 . 152 1,856 . . . . . 175,608

Clomazone . . . . . . 113,749 . 24,748 9,706 43,050 . 191,252

Clomazone/linuron . . . . . . . . 2,679 9,684 58,203 . 70,566

Clopyralid 423 610 739 117 . . 32,669 3,432 . . 56,473 94,461

Clopyralid/florasulam/fluroxypyr 20,063 5,407 40,356 4,941 . . . . . . . 70,767

Desmedipham/ethofumesate/lenacil/phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . 94,342 94,342

Dicamba/mecoprop-P 3,990 431 90,619 9,588 . . . . . . . 104,627

Diflufenican 446,131 108,873 29,456 15,060 6,113 1,075 . . . . . 606,707

Diflufenican/flufenacet 798,781 215,919 101,020 18,065 11,678 4,009 . . . . . 1,149,472

Diflufenican/flufenacet/flurtamone 337,211 30,891 . . . . . . . . . 368,102

Diflufenican/flupyrsulfuron-methyl 25,949 7,397 . 22,734 . . . . . . . 56,080

Diflufenican/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 83,379 20 . . . . . . . . . 83,399

Dimethenamid-P/metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 162,994 . . . . 162,994

Diquat 1,172 2,248 199 244 70 . 9,301 5,321 274,020 7,521 4,838 216 305,148

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 33,037 10,160 13,931 . . . . . . . . 57,128

Florasulam 43,275 9,522 5,149 6,947 . . . . . . . 64,892

Florasulam/fluroxypyr 227,106 59,198 60,177 22,184 4,302 128 . . . . . 373,095

Florasulam/pyroxsulam 136,608 . . . 331 411 . . . . . 137,350

Fluazifop-P-butyl . . . . . . 57,981 2,119 413 3,305 2,208 66,026

Flufenacet 85,099 14,302 . . . . . . . . . 99,400

Flufenacet/pendimethalin 351,704 78,873 32,930 81 . . . . . . . 463,588

Flupyrsulfuron-methyl 134,530 52,538 . 1,960 275 . . . . . . 189,302

Fluroxypyr 513,087 84,764 206,692 31,568 460 7,063 . . . . . 843,632

Glyphosate 1,075,162 227,075 361,687 65,322 12,772 7,733 500,488 26,769 66,956 46,629 143,351 73,758 2,607,702

Imazamox/pendimethalin . . . . . . . . 28,732 56,888 . 85,621

Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 664,557 1,451 147 . 5,700 1,246 . . . . . 673,101

Lenacil . . . . . . . . . . 58,240 58,240

Linuron . . . . . . . . 104,695 4,254 14,593 . 123,541

64


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Herbicides & desiccants (cont.)

MCPA 29,468 1,264 18,208 6,691 806 476 . . 118 . 68 83 57,181

Mecoprop-P 138,429 27,762 161,571 28,295 1,666 550 . . . . . 358,273

Metamitron . . . . . . . . . . 148,405 148,405

Metazachlor . . . . . . 111,937 1,398 . . . 113,335

Metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 98,665 . . . . 98,665

Metribuzin . . . . . . . . 88,967 . . . 88,967

Metsulfuron-methyl 196,499 35,481 64,886 11,481 . 2,383 . 5,813 . . . 316,544

Metsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl 143,018 36,083 263,512 6,035 . . . . . . . 448,648

Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 162,515 44,657 131,569 22,052 8,066 4,109 . . . . . 372,969

Pendimethalin 359,456 90,706 48,295 914 11,853 4,238 . . 23,836 12,846 83,626 . 635,771

Pendimethalin/picolinafen 175,863 73,245 41,516 1,746 . 128 . . . . . 292,497

Pinoxaden 62,687 142,515 227,448 23 . . . . . . . 432,673

Propaquizafop . . . . . . 302,041 5,172 3,076 7,427 16,794 12,839 347,348

Propyzamide . . . . . . 235,289 . . 25,269 . 260,558

Prosulfocarb 312,865 51,983 9,695 . 750 . . . 35,229 . 11,045 . 421,567

Quizalofop-P-tefuryl . . . . . . 60,839 2,135 . 1,195 501 64,670

Thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 42,985 13,524 76,316 16,870 . 476 . . . . . 150,171

Tri-allate 240,816 36,832 10,759 . 775 . . 2,539 5,908 6,549 219 304,396

Tribenuron-methyl 29,828 8,203 16,869 7,117 671 . . . . . . 62,688

Triflusulfuron-methyl . . . . . . . . . . 88,891 88,891

Other herbicides & desicants1 179,014 57,570 64,504 18,463 1,961 877 167,301 22,382 60,594 38,225 46,246 282,075 939,212

All herbicides & desiccants 7,270,944 1,539,191 2,086,523 318,530 68,402 36,757 2,308,920 97,183 754,249 193,062 557,392 838,513 16,069,663

1Other herbicides include 2,4-D, 2,4-D/glyphosate, 2,4-D/MCPA, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DB/MCPA, amidosulfuron, aminopyralid/metazachlor/picloram, bromoxynil, bromoxynil/diflufenican, bromoxynil/ioxynil, carfentrazone-

ethyl/flupyrsulfuron-methyl, carfentrazone-ethyl/mecoprop-p, chloridazon, chloridazon/metamitron, chlorotoluron/diflufenican, chlorotoluron/diflufenican/pendimethalin, clodinafop-propargyl/pinoxaden, clodinafop-propargyl/prosulfocarb, clomazone/metazachlor, clomazone/metribuzin, clomazone/pendimethalin, clopyralid/florasulam, clopyralid/picloram, cycloxydim, desmedipham/ethofumesate/phenmedipham,

desmedipham/phenmedipham, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dichlorprop-P/MCPA/mecoprop-P, diflufenican/florasulam, diflufenican/flurtamone, diflufenican/Isoproturon, diflufenican/metsulfuron-methyl,

diflufenican/pendimethalin, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-p/metazachlor, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethofumesate, ethofumesate/metamitron, ethofumesate/metamitron/phenmedipham, ethofumesate/phenmedipham, florasulam/tribenuron-methyl, flufenacet/metribuzin, flufenacet/picolinafen, flumioxazine, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/pyroxsulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/triclopyr,

glyphosate/pyraflufen-ethyl, imazamox/metazachlor, imazamox/metazachlor/quinmerac, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, Isoproturon, lenacil/triflusulfuron-methyl, MCPB, mesotrione, metobromuron, napropamide,

pendimethalin/pyroxsulam, phenmedipham, picolinafen, propoxycarbazone-sodium, pyridate, pyraflufen-ethyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, rimsulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulfosulfuron, tepraloxydim, thifensulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron methyl and unspecified herbicides.

65


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops


Alpha-cypermethrin 11,861 2,618 402 1,516 . . 40,660 . 477 340 . 57,873

Cypermethrin 393,661 94,232 13,014 14,213 5,917 2,297 295,781 3,471 1,865 6,385 36,380 . 867,213

Esfenvalerate 103,101 34,688 16,252 61 57 . . . 29,976 567 20,579 . 205,282

Lambda-cyhalothrin 671,302 135,585 111,687 37,930 10,357 7,679 610,836 6,026 66,173 55,229 218,450 13,744 1,944,997

Pirimicarb 4,194 1,415 . . . . 1,497 . 3,456 26,970 29,727 451 67,709

Tau-fluvalinate 20,683 6,198 1,645 . 275 . 166,191 . . 1,950 . 196,942

Thiacloprid 775 . . . . . 32,904 . 28,469 6,035 . 7,210 75,394

Zeta-cypermethrin 50,787 12,320 12,367 7,073 2,325 1,194 77,654 3,254 440 9,421 18,947 . 195,782

Other insecticides & nematicides1 48,994 3,521 6,970 1,051 52,950 59,117 1,349 12,246 5,692 191,889

All insecticides & nematicides 1,305,358 290,576 162,336 61,844 18,931 11,170 1,278,472 12,750 189,496 106,433 338,619 27,096 3,803,080

Molluscicides & repellents

Ferric phosphate 94,057 5,555 3,681 120 266 . 46,337 . 34,794 . . 1,399 186,208

Metaldehyde 571,346 38,992 14,939 2,757 5,251 1,454 452,806 787 125,387 5,485 585 3,957 1,223,746

Other molluscicides & repellents2 8,179 10,626 846 19,651

All molluscicides & repellents 673,582 44,547 18,621 2,877 5,517 1,454 509,768 787 161,027 5,485 585 5,357 1,429,606

Sulphur 17,500 661 4,756 137 . . 4,395 . 278 1,689 4,412 . 33,828

Other Physical Controls

Garlic . . . . . . . 354 . . . 354

1Other insecticides and nematicides include acetamiprid, beta-cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, dimethoate, ethoprophos, flonicamid, fosthiazate, indoxacarb, oxamyl, pymetrozine, rotenone, thiamethoxam and unspecified

insecticides.

2Other molluscicides & repellents include methiocarb and unspecified molluscicides.

66


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Growth regulators

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 58,174 44,967 38,079 . 559 128 . . . . . 141,907

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 64,173 48,048 34,499 30 7,182 5,213 . . . . . 159,144

Chlormequat 2,158,837 330,689 99,763 81,187 22,491 8,219 . 914 . . . 2,702,099

Chlormequat/imazaquin 149,220 . . . 123 . . . . . . 149,343

Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 150,787 61,208 36,776 16,473 3,231 1,263 . . . . . 269,738

Prohexadione-calcium/trinexapac-ethyl 61,747 14,531 764 793 1,524 897 . . . . . 80,257

Trinexapac-ethyl 1,295,712 259,907 91,872 54,561 18,528 3,260 33 . . . . 1,723,874

Other growth regulators1 72,532 27,583 22,020 364 45,679 19,863 188,041

All growth regulators 4,011,183 786,932 323,772 153,044 53,639 19,344 45,713 914 19,863 5,414,402

1Other growth regulators include 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat chloride, chlormequat chloride, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat

chloride, chlormequat/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, maleic hydrazide, mepiquat chloride/metconazole and unspecified growth regulators.

67


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Seed treatments

Fungicide seed treatments

Fludioxonil 124,965 11,189 28,254 12,133 2,319 228 . . 634 . . . 179,723

Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconazole . 74,839 185,988 . . . . . . . . 260,827

Fluquinconazole/prochloraz 68,473 3,176 . . . . . . . . . 71,649

Hymexazol . . . . . . . . . . 85,947 85,947

Prochloraz/thiram . . . . . . 331,227 . . . . 331,227

Prochloraz/triticonazole 249,085 101,512 220,273 28,591 4,009 96 . . . . . 603,566

Prothioconazole 208,735 33,346 21,412 11,953 . 1,295 . . . . . 276,741

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 104,256 5,648 13,627 9,748 . . . . . . . 133,279

Silthiofam 100,624 11,741 . . . . . . . . . 112,365

Tebuconazole . 438 . . . . . . . . . 438

Thiram . . . . . . 34,111 . 18,316 1,029 85,947 139,403

Fungicide/insecticide seed treatments

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 680,581 99,896 10,593 18,711 1,628 911 . . . . . 812,321

Insecticide seed treatments

Clothianidin 47,461 26,271 . 311 . . . . . . . 74,043

Unspecified seed treatments 247,433 68,349 89,640 23,202 9,164 2,001 139,763 8,646 36,797 9,442 8,998 . 643,435

Other seed treatments1 90,888 21,870 46,668 4,196 827 . 24,477 1,928 85,552 12,600 1,026 61,801 351,834

All seed treatments 1,922,502 458,275 616,455 108,844 17,947 4,531 529,578 10,574 122,983 40,359 11,054 233,695 4,076,797

1Other seed treatments include beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin, carboxin/thiram, cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M, difenoconazole/fludioxonil, difenoconazole/fludioxonil/tebuconazole, fludioxonil/metalaxyl-m/thiamethoxam,

fludioxonil/tefluthrin, fluquinconazole, flutolanil, imazalil, imazalil/ipconazole, imazalil/pencycuron, imazalil/thiabendazole, imidacloprid, ipconazole, methiocarb, pencycuron, prochloraz, tefluthrin, thiamethoxam, unspecified

growth promoters and zinc ammonium.

68

Table 6 Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2016 (kg of active substances applied)

Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Fungicides

Azoxystrobin 11,174 925 959 1,942 1,612 170 24,564 . 10,317 3,291 6,243 . 61,197

Azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil 111,422 6,102 6,078 . . 200 . . 676 . . . 124,478

Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 1,364 129 157 4,376 1,205 . 9,756 . . . 1,459 18,446

Bixafen/fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 19,238 6 5 . . . . . . . . 19,249

Bixafen/prothioconazole 72,094 22,884 24,603 185 . . . . . . . 119,765

Bixafen/prothioconazole/spiroxamine 72,575 . . . . . . . . . . 72,575

Bixafen/prothioconazole/tebuconazole 62,516 . . . . . 14,056 . . . . 76,573

Boscalid . . . . . . 11,764 83 . . . 11,847

Boscalid/epoxiconazole 59,668 902 1,288 438 271 96 . . . . . 62,662

Boscalid/pyraclostrobin . . . . . . . . 1,017 323 7,700 . 9,041

Chlorothalonil 1,285,185 65,517 98,317 523 . 1,207 19 . 2,391 20,450 . 1,473,609

Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 44,729 328 451 . . . . . 23,872 100,108 . 169,487

Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole/propiconazole 127,324 3,129 2,396 . . . . . . . . 132,848

Chlorothalonil/penthiopyrad 55,769 3,718 4,407 . . . . . . . . 63,894

Chlorothalonil/picoxystrobin 1,504 5,464 16,539 . . . . . . . . 23,506

Chlorothalonil/proquinazid 22,623 4,834 2,098 . . . . . . . . 29,554

Chlorothalonil/tebuconazole 160,514 545 . . . 243 . . . . . 161,301

Copper oxychloride 3,662 1,232 1,536 190 106 . 39 . 1,976 . 201 . 8,942

Cyazofamid . . . . . . . . 20,236 . . . 20,236

Cyflufenamid 351 65 26 85 . . . . . . . 526

Cymoxanil . . . . . . . . 19,514 . . . 19,514

Cymoxanil/fluazinam . . . . . . . . 15,477 . . . 15,477

Cymoxanil/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 559,290 . . . 559,290

Cymoxanil/propamocarb hydrochloride . . . . . . . . 49,389 . . . 49,389

Cyproconazole 1,536 . 1 27 93 . . . . 170 475 2,302

Cyproconazole/penthiopyrad 9,185 . . . . . . . . . . 9,185

Cyproconazole/trifloxystrobin . . . . . . . . . . 16,882 16,882

Cyprodinil 5 10,771 2,159 3 . . . . . . . 12,938

Cyprodinil/isopyrazam . 27,859 17,012 . . . . . . . . 44,871

Difenoconazole . . . . . . 6,790 661 628 . . . 8,079

Dimethomorph/fluazinam . . . . . . . . 15,246 . . . 15,246

Dimethomorph/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 92,643 . . . 92,643

Epoxiconazole 66,666 807 576 1,145 232 207 . . . . 291 69,923

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph 47,977 7,416 6,270 1,425 1,740 385 . . . . . 65,213

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/kresoxim-methyl 18,177 881 2,126 4,130 878 611 . . . . . 26,802

Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/metrafenone 10,553 556 706 3,904 . . . . . . . 15,718

Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad 64,024 1,822 701 . 68 21 . . . . . 66,635

Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin 35,454 3,599 6,699 109 . . . . . . . 45,861

Epoxiconazole/folpet 88,480 2,610 1,971 . . . . . . . . 93,060

Epoxiconazole/isopyrazam 18,798 1,429 683 . 316 . . . . . . 21,225

Epoxiconazole/metconazole 26,791 4 9 . . 518 . . . . . 27,323

Epoxiconazole/metrafenone 5,480 801 . 1,709 588 134 . . . . . 8,711

Epoxiconazole/prochloraz 12,756 339 963 . . 28 . . . . . 14,086

69

Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2016 (kg of active substances applied)

Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Fungicides (cont.)

Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 6,476 . 142 1,565 18 22 . . . . 2,002 10,225

Fenpropimorph 15,261 12,889 6,421 4,854 1,822 73 36 . . . . 41,356

Fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin 5,036 2,831 6,597 3,780 . . . . . . . 18,244

Fluazinam . . . . . . . . 70,365 . . . 70,365

Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride . . . . . . . . 129,655 . . . 129,655

Fluopyram/prothioconazole . . . . . . 11,537 . . . . 11,537

Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 32,230 5,434 6,461 1,215 540 . 6 . . . . 45,885

Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 336 11,141 12,795 . 22 . . . . . . 24,294

Fluxapyroxad 33,308 718 886 12 . 45 . . . . . 34,969

Fluxapyroxad/metconazole 8,779 46 . . . . . . . . . 8,825

Fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin 17,606 2,481 1,004 31 . 29 . . . . . 21,151

Folpet 23,007 12,970 16,961 596 . . . . . . . 53,535

Isopyrazam . 2,324 3,236 . . . . . . . . 5,561

Mancozeb 8,974 . . . . . . . 116,983 . . . 125,958

Mandipropamid . . . . . . . . 23,120 . . . 23,120

Metconazole 142 4 21 8 . 1 1,603 279 114 74 . 2,247

Penthiopyrad 50,873 3,243 2,488 . . . . . . . . 56,603

Penthiopyrad/picoxystrobin 5,436 874 178 229 . 18 19,053 . . . . 25,788

Picoxystrobin 73 43 . 533 . . 9,847 . . . . 10,495

Prochloraz/proquinazid/tebuconazole 12,534 3,095 2,027 292 . . . . . . . 17,948

Prochloraz/tebuconazole 67,319 114 1,188 . 612 . 48,187 . . . . 117,420

Proquinazid 1,726 294 160 722 45 24 . . . . . 2,971

Prothioconazole 29,119 4,732 3,538 411 22 . 38,502 . . . . 76,324

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 5,405 29,385 45,421 1,324 129 . . . . . . 81,663

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine/tebuconazole 13,902 4,926 7,043 450 . . . . . . . 26,322

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 83,031 8,953 12,959 825 232 179 42,676 44 . . . 148,900

Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 3,768 17,784 19,581 2 . . . . . . . 41,135

Pyraclostrobin 13,928 1,562 2,225 1,051 274 60 . . . . . 19,100

Tebuconazole 131,419 1,701 1,145 4,783 672 663 57,020 2,619 364 7,261 . 207,647

Trifloxystrobin . 2,217 3,457 . . . . . . . . 5,675

Epoxiconazole/prochloraz 12,756 339 963 . . 28 . . . . . 14,086

Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 6,476 . 142 1,565 18 22 . . . . 2,002 10,225

Fenpropimorph 15,261 12,889 6,421 4,854 1,822 73 36 . . . . 41,356

Other fungicides1,2 51,202 6,258 2,790 779 97 57 41,266 108 153,557 6 1,375 1,877 259,371

All fungicides 3,138,484 310,689 357,457 43,652 11,594 4,989 336,721 3,794 1,280,089 30,360 143,582 22,987 5,684,397

1Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides.

2Other fungicides include ametoctradin/dimethomorph, ametoctradin/mancozeb, amisulbrom, azoxystrobin/isopyrazam, azoxystrobin/tebuconazole, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb, boscalid/dimoxystrobin,

boscalid/epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin, boscalid/metconazole, carbendazim/flusilazole, chlorothalonil/cymoxanil, chlorothalonil/mancozeb, chlorothalonil/propiconazole, cymoxanil/famoxadone, cymoxanil/mandipropamid, cymoxanil/zoxamide, cyproconazole/picoxystrobin, cyproconazole/propiconazole, cyprodinil/picoxystrobin, difenoconazole/fenpropidin, difenoconazole/mandipropamid, difenoconazole/paclobutrazol,

difenoconazole/propiconazole, dimethomorph/zoxamide, dimoxystrobin/epoxiconazole, epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin, fenamidone/propamocarb hydrochloride, fenpropidin/prochloraz/tebuconazole,

fenpropimorph/flusilazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, iprodione/thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb/metalaxyl-M, mancozeb/zoxamide, metalaxyl-M, metrafenone, pencycuron, prochloraz, prochloraz/propiconazole, propiconazole, pyriofenone, quinoxyfen, spiroxamine, spiroxamine/tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and unspecified fungicides.

70


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Herbicides & desiccants

Amidosulfuron/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 676 200 158 . . . . 216 . . . 1,249

Aminopyralid/propyzamide . . . . . . 137,083 . . . . 137,083

Bentazone . . . . . . . 1,083 625 17,010 26,437 . 45,154

Bifenox 610 . . . . . 31,313 . . . . 31,923

Carbetamide . . . . . . 86,454 1,678 . 15,228 . 103,360

Carfentrazone-ethyl 2 10 5 . . . . 3 2,892 . 4 7 2,923

Clethodim . . <1 4 . . 18,339 1,100 69 17 2,284 21,814

Clodinafop-propargyl 5,202 . 16 . 5 57 . . . . . 5,280

Clomazone . . . . . . 8,562 . 1,500 758 3,043 . 13,863

Clomazone/linuron . . . . . . . . 1,376 5,309 31,412 . 38,097

Clopyralid 18 43 49 8 . . 3,745 315 . . 5,298 9,477

Clopyralid/florasulam/fluroxypyr 3,705 1,006 5,860 938 . . . . . . . 11,509

Desmedipham/ethofumesate/lenacil/phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . 21,110 21,110

Dicamba/mecoprop-P 1,996 354 47,768 5,490 . . . . . . . 55,609

Diflufenican 30,573 7,197 1,286 1,147 310 89 . . . . . 40,602

Diflufenican/flufenacet 185,177 49,552 14,608 3,234 2,895 1,090 . . . . . 256,554

Diflufenican/flufenacet/flurtamone 128,366 6,003 . . . . . . . . . 134,369

Diflufenican/flupyrsulfuron-methyl 1,263 401 . 1,653 . . . . . . . 3,317

Diflufenican/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 4,548 <1 . . . . . . . . . 4,548

Dimethenamid-P/metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 148,962 . . . . 148,962

Diquat 703 1,289 20 163 49 . 4,233 3,083 107,553 4,036 2,671 129 123,928

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 2,007 661 830 . . . . . . . . 3,498

Florasulam 171 43 16 29 . . . . . . . 258

Florasulam/fluroxypyr 18,571 5,242 4,728 1,667 319 7 . . . . . 30,532

Florasulam/pyroxsulam 2,861 . . . 7 9 . . . . . 2,877

Fluazifop-P-butyl . . . . . . 4,611 229 26 333 310 5,509

Flufenacet 16,607 2,877 . . . . . . . . . 19,484

Flufenacet/pendimethalin 379,132 85,593 23,614 59 . . . . . . . 488,398

Flupyrsulfuron-methyl 1,046 497 . 9 1 . . . . . . 1,553

Fluroxypyr 65,258 11,510 23,845 4,189 52 902 . . . . . 105,757

Glyphosate 843,343 171,441 294,611 52,144 11,355 7,151 520,517 22,208 62,630 40,719 124,475 66,918 2,217,512

Imazamox/pendimethalin . . . . . . . . 27,758 52,375 . 80,133

Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 9,863 20 2 . 88 19 . . . . . 9,993

Lenacil . . . . . . . . . . 9,607 9,607

Linuron . . . . . . . . 60,053 2,421 7,822 . 70,295

71


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Herbicides & desiccants (cont.)

MCPA 27,259 792 12,103 7,224 906 168 . . 59 . 34 42 48,585

Mecoprop-P 90,549 19,212 102,223 20,194 1,050 498 . . . . . 233,725

Metamitron . . . . . . . . . . 90,779 90,779

Metazachlor . . . . . . 71,328 699 . . . 72,027

Metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 84,794 . . . . 84,794

Metribuzin . . . . . . . . 33,362 . . . 33,362

Metsulfuron-methyl 854 155 288 56 . 12 . 27 . . . 1,392

Metsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl 4,250 1,082 9,034 159 . . . . . . . 14,524

Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 1,538 440 1,358 208 77 47 . . . . . 3,667

Pendimethalin 316,625 73,890 45,021 834 10,145 3,368 . . 27,013 12,437 79,534 . 568,868

Pendimethalin/picolinafen 138,141 59,562 34,972 1,472 . 97 . . . . . 234,242

Pinoxaden 2,193 5,019 7,657 <1 . . . . . . . 14,871

Propaquizafop . . . . . . 16,122 360 300 623 1,133 1,083 19,620

Propyzamide . . . . . . 179,287 . . 19,736 . 199,023

Prosulfocarb 562,227 92,524 20,570 . 907 . . . 94,960 . 25,094 . 796,281

Quizalofop-P-tefuryl . . . . . . 1,794 84 . 82 26 1,985

Thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 943 325 1,854 457 . 14 . . . . . 3,593

Tri-allate 538,412 81,839 24,237 . 1,744 . . 5,619 13,292 14,747 493 680,383

Tribenuron-methyl 271 74 122 77 10 . . . . . . 553

Triflusulfuron-methyl . . . . . . . . . . 933 933

Other herbicides1 92,870 36,875 34,811 3,143 32 19 59,044 3,285 26,138 29,473 11,220 114,122 411,033

All herbicides 3,477,829 715,724 711,665 104,556 29,951 13,547 1,376,189 39,988 418,459 153,928 415,395 313,139 7,770,375

1Other herbicides include 2,4-D, 2,4-D/glyphosate, 2,4-D/MCPA, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DB/MCPA, amidosulfuron, aminopyralid/metazachlor/picloram, bromoxynil, bromoxynil/diflufenican, bromoxynil/ioxynil, carfentrazone-

ethyl/flupyrsulfuron-methyl, carfentrazone-ethyl/mecoprop-p, chloridazon, chloridazon/metamitron, chlorotoluron/diflufenican, chlorotoluron/diflufenican/pendimethalin, clodinafop-propargyl/pinoxaden, clodinafop-

propargyl/prosulfocarb, clomazone/metazachlor, clomazone/metribuzin, clomazone/pendimethalin, clopyralid/florasulam, clopyralid/picloram, cycloxydim, desmedipham/ethofumesate/phenmedipham, desmedipham/phenmedipham, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dichlorprop-P/MCPA/mecoprop-P, diflufenican/florasulam, diflufenican/flurtamone, diflufenican/Isoproturon, diflufenican/metsulfuron-methyl,

diflufenican/pendimethalin, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-p/metazachlor, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethofumesate, ethofumesate/metamitron, ethofumesate/metamitron/phenmedipham, ethofumesate/phenmedipham,

florasulam/tribenuron-methyl, flufenacet/metribuzin, flufenacet/picolinafen, flumioxazine, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/pyroxsulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/triclopyr, glyphosate/pyraflufen-ethyl, imazamox/metazachlor, imazamox/metazachlor/quinmerac, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, Isoproturon, lenacil/triflusulfuron-methyl, MCPB, mesotrione, metobromuron, napropamide,

pendimethalin/pyroxsulam, phenmedipham, picolinafen, propoxycarbazone-sodium, pyridate, pyraflufen-ethyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, rimsulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulfosulfuron, tepraloxydim, thifensulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-

methyl/tribenuron methyl and unspecified herbicides.

72


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops


Alpha-cypermethrin 137 31 3 15 . . 488 . 5 4 . 683

Cypermethrin 9,442 2,314 226 347 145 57 7,113 82 47 160 851 . 20,784

Esfenvalerate 374 122 60 <1 <1 . . . 142 3 92 . 792

Lambda-cyhalothrin 3,290 636 535 180 52 38 4,044 42 461 342 1,555 92 11,267

Pirimicarb 327 178 . . . . 183 . 432 2,888 3,078 63 7,148

Tau-fluvalinate 668 233 58 . 13 . 7,636 . . 70 . 8,678

Thiacloprid 74 . . . . . 2,281 . 2,636 478 . 622 6,092

Zeta-cypermethrin 642 151 175 69 23 16 757 32 6 127 277 . 2,276 1Other insecticides & nematicides 12,645 29 606 117 1,991 101,759 10 85 2,420 119,663

All insecticides & nematicides 27,598 3,694 1,663 728 233 112 24,493 157 105,482 4,012 6,012 3,197 177,381

Molluscicides & repellents

Ferric phosphate 12,075 547 340 14 48 . 5,838 . 4,586 . . 161 23,608

Metaldehyde 64,953 4,709 1,684 279 563 119 47,660 115 14,320 666 75 543 135,684

Other molluscicides & repellents2 211 852 85 1,147

All molluscicides & repellents 77,239 5,256 2,023 292 610 119 54,349 115 18,991 666 75 704 160,439

Sulphur 27,947 794 29,266 219 . . 17,784 . 445 2,725 14,490 . 93,669

Other physical controls

Garlic . . . . . . . 71 . . . 71

1 Other insecticides and nematicides include acetamiprid, beta-cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, dimethoate, ethoprophos, flonicamid, fosthiazate, indoxacarb, oxamyl, pymetrozine, rotenone, thiamethoxam and unspecified

insecticides 2Other molluscicides & repellents include methiocarb and unspecified molluscicides.

73


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Growth regulators

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 8,794 8,852 4,958 . 134 6 . . . . . 22,744

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 22,427 19,584 9,916 8 3,956 2,712 . . . . . 58,603

Chlormequat 1,804,577 288,393 64,458 75,882 21,533 8,846 . 112 . . . 2,263,801

Chlormequat/imazaquin 75,245 . . . 57 . . . . . . 75,302

Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 20,923 10,198 5,164 2,703 641 269 . . . . . 39,898

Prohexadione-calcium/trinexapac-ethyl 1,280 334 20 25 48 28 . . . . . 1,736

Trinexapac-ethyl 41,121 9,066 3,050 1,963 733 111 1 . . . . 56,044

Other growth regulators1 34,251 10,946 7,633 79 8,923 58,738 120,569

All growth regulators 2,008,618 347,372 95,199 80,580 27,102 12,050 8,924 112 58,738 2,638,696

1Other growth regulators include 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat chloride, chlormequat chloride, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat

chloride, chlormequat/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, maleic hydrazide, mepiquat chloride/metconazole and unspecified growth regulators.

74


Wheat Winter

barley

Spring

barley


rape

Linseed All

potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar

beet

All

crops

Seed treatments

Fungicide seed treatments

Fludioxonil 1,145 98 265 111 9 2 . . 57 . . . 1,686

Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconazole . 1,204 3,231 . . . . . . . . 4,436

Fluquinconazole/prochloraz 10,836 497 . . . . . . . . . 11,333

Hymexazol . . . . . . . . . . 1,680 1,680

Prochloraz/thiram . . . . . . 8,713 . . . . 8,713

Prochloraz/triticonazole 7,276 2,806 6,852 765 62 3 . . . . . 17,764

Prothioconazole 3,739 572 416 217 . 21 . . . . . 4,965

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 2,124 110 298 193 . . . . . . . 2,724

Silthiofam 4,462 502 . . . . . . . . . 4,964

Tebuconazole . 2 . . . . . . . . . 2

Thiram . . . . . . 595 . 2,686 220 107 3,608

Fungicide/insecticide seed treatments

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 72,487 10,218 1,208 1,716 99 88 . . . . . 85,814

Insecticide seed treatments

Clothianidin 4,172 2,246 . 22 . . . . . . . 6,440

Unspecified seed treatments1

Other seed treatments2 10,354 2,067 1,964 356 6 431 39 31,744 2,063 142 3,398 52,565

All seed treatments 116,595 20,321 14,234 3,380 176 113 9,740 39 31,801 4,749 362 5,185 206,694

1There is no weight associated with unspecified seed treatments

2Other seed treatments include beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin, carboxin/thiram, cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M, difenoconazole/fludioxonil, difenoconazole/fludioxonil/tebuconazole, fludioxonil/metalaxyl-m/thiamethoxam,

fludioxonil/tefluthrin, fluquinconazole, flutolanil, imazalil, imazalil/ipconazole, imazalil/pencycuron, imazalil/thiabendazole, imidacloprid, ipconazole, methiocarb, pencycuron, prochloraz, tefluthrin, thiamethoxam, unspecified growth promoters and zinc ammonium.

75

Table 7 Estimated area (ha) of application of the fifty most extensively-used active substances on all arable crops surveyed in 2016 in the

United Kingdom (excluding seed treatments)

Active substance Area treated 2016 (ha) Area treated 2014 (ha) % change on 2014 Movement

1 Chlorothalonil 4,494,175 3,686,182 22 2 Prothioconazole 4,216,893 4,287,365 -2

3 Tebuconazole 3,393,146 3,586,686 -5

4 Epoxiconazole 3,224,771 3,783,353 -15

5 Chlormequat 2,877,710 3,049,229 -6

6 Glyphosate 2,613,343 2,099,259 24

7 Diflufenican 2,391,128 2,298,974 4 8 Flufenacet 2,091,902 1,803,104 16

9 Lambda-cyhalothrin 1,944,997 1,494,737 30 10 Trinexapac-ethyl 1,804,131 1,550,525 16

11 Pendimethalin 1,567,918 1,431,714 10

12 Fluxapyroxad 1,540,541 1,100,162 40

13 Fluroxypyr 1,293,286 1,187,401 9 14 Metaldehyde 1,223,746 920,317 33

15 Bixafen 1,184,787 1,167,682 1

16 Metsulfuron-methyl 1,138,599 1,055,465 8

17 Cyproconazole 927,576 1,214,206 -24

18 Pyraclostrobin 884,063 988,504 -11

19 Cypermethrin 867,213 1,135,462 -24

20 Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 825,915 999,493 -17

21 Cymoxanil 788,907 694,159 14

22 Penthiopyrad 786,745 573,332 37

23 Mesosulfuron-methyl 756,500 887,037 -15

24 Azoxystrobin 749,345 914,909 -18

25 Florasulam 663,603 683,428 -3

26 Spiroxamine 652,454 711,931 -8

27 Mancozeb 646,116 666,922 -3

28 Trifloxystrobin 640,922 584,651 10

29 Thifensulfuron-methyl 615,245 599,578 3

30 Fenpropimorph 604,122 771,253 -22

31 Tribenuron-methyl 594,377 531,370 12

32 Metconazole 591,215 1,033,903 -43

33 Prochloraz 580,434 684,227 -15

34 Fluoxastrobin 565,037 560,538 1

35 Fluazinam 536,633 387,234 39

36 Mecoprop-P 482,712 679,121 -29

37 Boscalid 475,052 724,495 -34

38 Pinoxaden 439,333 506,361 -13

39 Prosulfocarb 436,525 280,246 56

40 Propyzamide 430,752 424,310 2

41 Metazachlor 424,433 557,479 -24

42 Isopyrazam 408,582 401,236 2

43 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 402,088 511,131 -21

44 Flurtamone 387,751 273,354 42

45 Prohexadione-calcium 349,995 318,623 10

46 Propaquizafop 347,348 381,042 -9

47 Mepiquat chloride 344,299 439,261 -22

48 Propiconazole 322,802 517,373 -38

49 Picoxystrobin 311,777 199,896 56

50 Diquat 305,148 287,178 6

76

Table 8 Estimated amount (tonnes) of the 50 active substances, used most by weight, on all arable crops surveyed in 2016 in the United

Kingdom (excluding seed treatments)

Active substance Amount used 2016 (t) Amount used 2014 (t) % change on 2014 Movement

1 Chlormequat 2,388,776 -2

2 Glyphosate 2,221,505 1,766,770 26 3 Chlorothalonil 2,055,854 1,612,575 27

4 Pendimethalin 1,344,470 1,210,847 11

5 Prosulfocarb 831,063 572,533 45 6 Mancozeb 804,668 754,506 7

7 Tri-allate 680,383 310,286 119 8 Prothioconazole 409,908 418,682 -2

9 Tebuconazole 398,701 385,366 3 10 Flufenacet 381,410 329,720 16

11 Propyzamide 334,406 326,995 2

12 Mecoprop-P 287,776 365,257 -21

13 Metazachlor 225,640 305,094 -26

14 Epoxiconazole 209,792 226,686 -7

15 Propamocarb hydrochloride 192,778 200,704 -4

16 Fluroxypyr 142,316 135,156 5 17 Metaldehyde 135,684 112,124 21

18 Folpet 135,651 154,491 -12

19 Diflufenican 134,059 124,590 8

20 Fenpropimorph 123,974 142,816 -13

21 Diquat 123,928 114,482 8 22 Prochloraz 121,386 129,768 -6

23 Spiroxamine 118,342 131,672 -10

24 Metamitron 109,539 162,629 -33

25 Carbetamide 103,360 129,448 -20

26 Linuron 102,582 76,224 35 27 Penthiopyrad 98,548 75,799 30 28 Azoxystrobin 96,585 112,187 -14

29 Sulphur 93,669 60,706 54 30 Fluxapyroxad 93,195 68,812 35

31 Fluazinam 87,076 67,150 30 32 Boscalid 79,156 129,685 -39

33 Cymoxanil 75,113 62,220 21

34 Dimethenamid-P 69,135 105,628 -35

35 Pyraclostrobin 68,432 73,551 -7

36 Bixafen 67,443 69,052 -2

37 Maleic hydrazide 58,738 69,410 -15

38 MCPA 57,435 94,108 -39

39 Trinexapac-ethyl 57,085 50,176 14 40 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 55,303 80,245 -31

41 Quinmerac 49,521 66,221 -25

42 Fosthiazate 49,149 34,305 43

43 Cyproconazole 46,854 59,357 -21

44 Cyprodinil 46,451 55,700 -17

45 Mepiquat chloride 45,238 60,730 -26

46 Bentazone 45,154 40,505 11 47 Ethoprophos 43,247 9,082 376

48 Trifloxystrobin 39,783 39,249 1 49 Mepiquat 38,854 45,431 -14

50 Flurtamone 38,692 28,067 38

77

Table 9 Pesticides recorded at a significant level in the United Kingdom in 2016 but not in 2014

Active substance Area treated 2016 (ha) Amount used 2016 (t)

1 Paclobutrazol 15,429 523

2 Metobromuron 11,392 12,743

3 Halauxifen-methyl 5,734 28

4 Rotenone 337 114

5 Ethametsulfuron-methyl 134 2

Table 10 Major increases in the use of individual active substances on arable crops in the United Kingdom since 2016 (area treated- ha)

Active substance Area treated 2016 (ha) Area treated 2014 (ha) % change on 2014

1 Sulfosulfuron 6,476 351 1,746

2 Triclopyr 58 8 637

3 Ethoprophos 7,736 1,211 539

4 Isoproturon 962 308 212

5 Dimoxystrobin 52,308 17,688 196

6 Zoxamide 52,516 18,961 177

7 Aminopyralid 172,022 65,460 163

8 Acetamiprid 6,986 2,777 152

9 Ferric phosphate 186,208 74,426 150

10 2,4-D 13,619 5,696 139

11 Tri-allate 304,396 135,029 125

12 Propoxycarbazone-sodium 72 32 125

13 MCPB 23,448 12,724 84

14 Amisulbrom 46,021 26,180 76

15 Thiacloprid 75,393 43,103 75

16 Pyraflufen-ethyl 3,917 2,260 73

17 Pymetrozine 30,921 18,314 69

18 Mesotrione 4,536 2,708 68

19 Cyflufenamid 81,936 49,385 66

20 Picoxystrobin 311,777 199,896 56

Table 11 Major decreases in the use of individual active substances on arable crops in the United Kingdom since 2014 (area treated- ha)

Active substance Area treated 2016 (ha) Area treated 2014 (ha) % change on 2014

1 Carbendazim 1,366 281,457 -100

2 Flusilazole 3,939 304,575 -99

3 Methiocarb 9,767 106,165 -91

4 Dimethoate 307 3,112 -90

5 Ioxynil 12,767 109,097 -88

6 Pencycuron 1,898 13,729 -86

7 S-metolachlor 497 3,495 -86

8 Pyridate 102 691 -85

9 Chlorotoluron 28,516 178,366 -84

10 Oxamyl 5,295 28,162 -81

11 Alpha-cypermethrin 57,873 257,973 -78

12 Tepraloxydim 33,804 132,507 -74

13 Quinoxyfen 1,808 5,917 -69

14 Chlorpyrifos 21,690 57,513 -62

15 Famoxadone 24,302 63,990 -62

16 Flutriafol 8,056 19,565 -59

17 Iprodione 11,926 28,615 -58

18 Thiamethoxam 2,171 4,870 -55

19 Dichlorprop-P 9,513 20,895 -54

20 Flumioxazine 2,968 6,389 -54

78

Table 12 – Comparison of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom between 2010 and 2016

2010 2012 2014 2016

Area

treated (ha)

Weight

applied (t)

Area

treated (ha)

Weight

applied (t)

Area

treated (ha)

Area

treated (ha)

Area

treated (ha)

Weight

applied (t)

Insecticides

Total - all insecticides1 3,807,619 222 4,800,960 252 4,084,765 194 3,785,202 128

Biological control agents . . . . . . . .

Sulphuric acid . . . . . . . .

Fungicides 17,701,996 4,565 20,252,722 5,061 20,540,899 5,441 19,985,893 5,684

Sulphur 39,971 107 33,732 119 29,167 61 33,828 94

Growth regulators 4,293,759 2,631 5,517,515 2,804 5,450,453 2,729 5,414,402 2,639

Herbicides & desiccants 14,077,040 6,252 14,940,062 6,619 15,757,137 7,048 16,069,663 7,770

Molluscicides & repellents 926,140 174 877,965 126 1,102,152 132 1,429,606 160

Nematicides 15,203 36 6,232 14 11,928 34 17,879 49

Seed treatments 4,531,578 223 4,744,969 192 4,406,781 200 4,076,797 207

Total - all registered pesticides 45,393,307 14,210 51,174,157 15,187 51,383,282 15,839 50,813,270 16,731

Area grown 4,160,983 4,310,390 4,259,083 4,190,628

1Includes oxamyl which has both insecticidal and nematicidal properties

79

APPENDIX 2 – DEFINITIONS

a) 'Pesticide' is used throughout this report to include commercial formulations containing active substances

used as acaricides, biological control agents, defoliants, desiccants, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides,

insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides or urea.

b) 'Treated area' is the gross area treated with a pesticide, including all repeat applications, some of which may

have been applied to the land in preparation for planting, or applied to the margins of the crop and thus may

appear as an inappropriate use on that crop.

c) Where quoted in the text or within figures, reasons for application are the grower's stated reasons for use of

that pesticide product on that crop and may not always seem entirely appropriate.

d) Where individual active substances are mentioned in the text, they are listed in descending order of use by

hectares treated.

e) Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than

0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides.

f) Throughout all tables, “.” indicates that there was no recorded usage.

g) The term “formulation(s)” used within the text is used here to describe either single active substances or

mixtures of active substances contained within an individual product. It does not refer to any of the solvents,

pH modifiers or adjuvants also contained within a product that contribute to its efficacy.

h) For the purposes of this survey arable crops include the following: wheat; winter barley; spring barley; oats;

rye; triticale; oilseed rape; linseed; flax; ware potatoes; seed potatoes; peas for harvesting dry; field beans, sugar

beet and other combinable crops including borage, hemp, lupins and poppies.

i) Pesticide applications included those applied prior to planting, or in some cases to crops that failed and were

subsequently re-planted, and as these are associated with that crop they may appear as inappropriate uses.

j) Within the seed treatment tables at the end of each crop section, unspecified or unknown seed treatments have

been excluded from the last column in order to express the known seed treatment areas as a proportion of the

total area of each crop grown. The increased area of unspecified seed treatments within this report has resulted

from the extraction of data directly from farm management software reports where seed treatment information

has not been included.

k) The average number of applications indicated in the text for each crop, e.g. page 7, is based on the occurrence

of a chemical group on at least 10% of the area grown (Table 3). Within tables 4a, b and c, the average number

of applications is calculated only on the areas using each chemical group and therefore the minimum number of

applications is always going to be 1.

80

APPENDIX 3 – METHODOLOGY

METHODS

The samples of holdings to be surveyed were selected using data from the Agricultural Census Returns, June

2015 for England & Wales (Anon., 2016a, 2016b), for Scotland (Anon., 2016c) and Northern Ireland (Anon,

2016d).

The samples were drawn from the census returns so as to represent the area of all arable crops grown throughout

England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. For England the sample was selected within each of the eight

Government Office Regions (GOR’s), the Welsh Assembly Government provided a further sample, which

represented the area grown in Wales, and for Scotland the country was divided into 11 land-use regions (Wood,

1931).

For the purposes of this survey the total area of arable farm crops was taken as the sum of the areas of the

following crops: wheat; winter barley; spring barley; oats; rye; triticale; oilseed rape; linseed; ware potatoes;

seed potatoes; peas for harvesting dry; field beans and sugar beet. A number of minor combinable crops were

encountered in the survey, including borage, echium, hemp, lupins, millet and quinoa. Together the minor crops

accounted for 0.45 % of the total arable area grown in the United Kingdom and data relating to these crops are

not presented in this report.

The samples were stratified according to the total area of all arable crops grown in each region and by farm size

group based on the total area of arable crops on each farm. The area of arable crops sampled in each size group

and each region was proportional to the total area of arable crops grown on holdings of each size group in each

region. All three survey teams followed the same methodology for data collection and used the same forms and

instructions for their completion. The size groups, based on the total arable area are as follows: <50ha (A); >50-

<=100 ha (B); >100-<=150 ha (C); >150-<=250 ha (D); >250-<=500 ha (E) and >500 ha (F).

The 2016 arable survey is the third survey for which the majority of data for holdings in England & Wales were

obtained electronically from a commercial research company, GfK Kynetec, who have a long history (over 20

years) of managing arable farm pesticide usage surveys. As part of the agreement with GfK Kynetec and as part

of the Long Term Service Agreement (LTSA) that Fera had in place with the Health & Safety Executive (HSE)

during the period of the survey, they provide data to Fera on pesticide usage for the arable survey. The GfK

Kynetec survey has a large (over 1,100 farms in England & Wales) existing panel of farmers who provide data

on their arable pesticide usage annually, by not only completing farm record books, but also by speaking to an

interviewer twice during the season. A final phone call at the end of the season ensures that any additional data

are collected.

The main benefit to this approach is that the burden on the farming community is reduced and 600 farms that

would have been contacted as part of the previous Fera pesticide usage survey programme now no longer have

to be contacted. It also contributes to the requirements of the UK Statistics Authority Code of Practice for

Official Statistics in that it enables a proportionate burden to be placed on those providing the data.

Fera subject all data, including data obtained from GfK Kynetec, Scotland & Northern Ireland, to the same

detailed and rigorous checks as they have to those collected previously by the England & Wales survey team.

Data were collected from 1,246 holdings throughout the United Kingdom in 2016. In order to ensure that the

sample was fully representative, in addition to data collected on 600 holdings (a stratified sample of the 1,100

holdings available) by GfK Kynetec an additional sample of 141 larger arable holdings (>250 hectares) within

England & Wales were also collected. A total of 221 arable farms were initially contacted to provide this

supplementary data, of these, 22 (10%) were unwilling to help with the survey. Data from 288 holdings in

Scotland and 217 holdings in Northern Ireland were also provided by SASA and AFBI respectively.

One of the requirements placed on growers by their customers is the membership of farm assurance schemes.

These schemes require detailed pesticide records (computer based or hand written) which ensure traceability and

81

can be examined by crop assurance auditors at any time, but normally at least once each year. These records are

used extensively by those collecting pesticide data.

Of the 1,029 holdings visited in Great Britain (no data were available from Northern Ireland) and where

information was available (872 holdings), 98% were members of one or more crop assurance schemes.

However, in terms of area grown, farms with a crop assurance scheme accounted for 99% of the total area

surveyed. Sixteen of the holdings (2%) were registered organic on all or part of their farm.

Commercial farm management software and in-house electronic record keeping systems are now used

extensively, these combined with spray books and agronomists’ recommendation sheets provide the main

sources of data used by surveyors on farm. Where information was available (141 larger holdings, size groups

E & F, in England), electronic record keeping was used by 95% of the holdings contacted in England, with these

records accounting for 97% of the total pesticide-treated area. Paper based record keeping accounted for the

remainder.

The use of electronic data is now vitally important to maintain accuracy of data collection and reducing the

burden on farmers and growers. In total, electronic downloads, normally in the form of CSV files, accounted

for over 99% of the number of rows of data collected in England (total 136,043 rows of data). All data from

GfK, and the Scotland & Northern Ireland survey teams were received electronically.

The Questionnaire

For some of the farms in England & Wales and all of the farms in Scotland & Northern Ireland the questionnaire

for the main part of the survey consisted of two forms, which were completed during an interview with the

grower.

Form 1 summarised the areas of arable crops grown on the designated holding during the 2015/2016 season

(autumn 2015 through to harvest in 2016).

Form 2 dealt with all aspects of pesticide usage on the individual crops grown on the holding and harvested in

2016, a separate form being used for each field/crop combination. These included pesticides applied prior to

planting, or in some cases to crops that failed and were subsequently re-planted, as these are associated with that

crop they may appear as inappropriate uses. Certain agronomic details that may have influenced pesticide usage

(including drilling methods, sowing & harvest times, use of adjuvants and the volume of spray applied) were

also recorded on form 2.

The data supplied by GfK Kynetec were derived from the farm spray books provided to their participating

farmers and these books meet the same requirements and contain the same level of detail as the forms used by

each of the survey teams in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Raising factors

The pesticide usage data collected from each holding were raised by a ratio of two factors to give an estimate of

regional usage using a standard ratio raising statistical technique; the first factor being dependent on farm size

group and region (see Appendix 5) and the second dependent on crop area and region. The data were further

adjusted by a third factor to compensate for regions in which specific crops were not sampled and to make

estimates of total pesticide usage related to the national cropping areas in the United Kingdom (Thomas, 1999).

The raising factors were based on the areas of arable crops grown and harvested in 2016 as recorded in the June

Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture for England & Wales (Anon., 2017a, b), Scotland (Anon., 2017c) and

Northern Ireland (Anon., 2017d).

82

Rounding

Due to rounding of figures, the sum of constituent items in the tables may not agree exactly with the totals

shown.

Error checking

Extensive checks are made on the data before, at the time of and following data entry. Data checking routines

are used to verify the authenticity of the data collected including: the approval status of all crop/pesticide

combinations; high and low rates of application; the methods of application used to apply pesticides; crop

growth stages at the time of application; the timing of pesticide applications and consistency within a tank mix.

Further checks are made on the integrity of the relational database used to store the raw data collected ensuring

that links to product databases are in place prior to the production of the report. The product databases used for

the pesticide usage surveys are maintained alongside the commercial product database, LIAISON, which is used

extensively by agronomists and the major farm management software companies.

Where inconsistencies are found, for example where there are high rates of application or non-approved product

usage, these are checked first against the farm records and secondly with the grower and amended if necessary.

Reports are written and checked within the team after which they are sent to reviewers within the Working Party

on Pesticide Usage Surveys for their comments and checking.

The final report is pre-announced and published via the ONS Publication Hub and the Fera website in line with

the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.

Data limitations and use of data

Our experience (Fera, SASA, AFBI & GfK) has shown that the face to face interview and ‘main contact plus

reserves approach’ delivers the highest quality data and minimises non-response bias; no other approach is

likely to yield fit for purpose data to meet the quality requirements of the UKSA Code of Practice for Official

Statistics. Drawing a fresh stratified random sample each year is clearly an appropriate survey methodology.

As part of this survey Fera has implemented the UK Statistics Authority Code of Practice for Official Statistics,

published in 2009. Whilst all eight principles apply, we acknowledge in particular, the following:

• Integrity – in particular that, statistical reports must be issued separately from other statements or comments

about the figures, that the public interest prevails.

• Confidentiality – the identity of individuals or their information is not revealed, information is kept secure

and respondents are informed how their confidentiality will be protected.

• Proportionate burden - seeking participation through informed consent.

• Accessibility – to all users, providing information on the quality and reliability of the statistics, adopting

formats that enhance clarity and consistency, disseminate in formats that encourage analysis and re-use.

In accordance with UKSA Code of Practice for Official Statistics, we work with Defra & HSE statisticians to

build on our existing extensive and effective relationships with users of the surveys to further enhance user

engagement. There are a broad spectrum of users and stakeholders across policy, research, agricultural supply

industry (including consultancies), farming and horticultural businesses, NGOs and members of the public. Over

the years we have an excellent record of listening to our users and incorporating their feedback into the way we

collect and report our statistics.

83

A review has been conducted of the statistical validity of collecting independent annual samples, as is Fera’s

standard practice, versus sampling from a panel, as is GFK’s approach. The review, conducted by Fera and

submitted to HSE, concluded that there is no particular reason why moving from taking a sample each year to

sampling from a panel should require any change in the method used to estimate the quantity of pesticides used

and their standard errors as long as certain assumptions hold (see the link below).

The full review is available at https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/surveys/documents/pesticideAnalysis.pdf

https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/surveys/documents/pesticideAnalysis.pdf

84

APPENDIX 4 – ARABLE STANDARD ERRORS

Analysis of pesticide usage survey

The aim of the analysis of the results was to provide an estimate of the pesticide usage associated with by crop

type within each region and nationally.

Estimates are derived from pesticide usage survey data which are stratified by region and holding size within

each crop type. The survey reports the mass of pesticide applied and the area to which it is applied. The survey

information is combined with the total cultivated area within each stratum to provide an estimate of the total

mass of pesticide used on that crop type by region and nationally, and of the area sprayed. Each estimate (E) is

provided with a standard error (se). In general we expect, with approximately 95% confidence, that the true

quantity of pesticide used will lie within the interval:

Estimation method

We are provided with information about holdings in J regions. Holdings are assigned one of K size classes. L

holdings are surveyed within each stratum (j,k). In addition the total area and number of holdings in each

stratum from which samples have been taken is reported. Hence, we are given:

: the total area of the stratum (in holdings of size class k, in region j)

: the total number of holdings in the stratum

: number of holdings surveyed within the stratum

: area of each holding surveyed within the stratum

: area of each holding sprayed within the surveyed stratum

: mass of pesticide applied to each holding in the surveyed stratum

Then we estimate:

: mean area sprayed per area surveyed within the stratum

: mean mass applied per area surveyed within the stratum

: the between-holding standard deviation of the area sprayed per area surveyed within the stratum

: the between holding standard deviation of the mass sprayed per area surveyed within the stratum

: estimated total area sprayed in a region

: standard error of estimated total area sprayed in a region

: estimated total mass applied in a region

: standard error of estimated total mass applied in a region

: estimated total area sprayed nationally

: standard error of estimated total area sprayed nationally

: estimated total mass applied nationally

: standard error of estimated total mass applied nationally

85

Estimates are provided using the following formulas

Estimators

Equation 1

Equation 2

Equation 3

Equation 4

Equation 5

Equation 6

Equation 7

Equation 8

Equation 9

Equation 10

Equation 11

Equation 12

Equation 13

Equation 14

86

Standard errors , , and are estimated by a first order Taylor approximation [1] (Equations

9,10,13,14) with a finite population correction [2] (Equations 9 and 10)

95% confidence intervals for estimates , , and as estimated as mean±1.96×standard error.

Estimates of use derived from this survey were based on a stratification by region only because of a number of

strata (region and size) which contained no holdings or a low number of holdings (less than 5). One survey entry

for potatoes in Northern Ireland and one from Scotland each with a crop area of zero was removed from the

data. Estimates of the use of pesticides on sugar beet and potatoes in Wales each based on a survey of a single

holding were not included in the estimates. Upper and lower confidence intervals were not reported where the

relative standard error was estimated to be larger than 30%

Estimates of area of application and mass applied by crop (including the total for all arable crops) and region are

provided in Tables 1 and 2. Estimates of the total area of application and mass applied for each crop and for all

arable crops are given in tables 3 and 4.

Assumptions

1) The survey is unbiased. This means that there is no correlation between the use of pesticides on the

holding and the probability of holdings being included or excluded from a survey. The simplest way of

achieving this is to sample holdings at random from the population of holdings within a stratum.

2) Samples are not correlated between strata. This means that if by chance the holdings sampled from one

stratum have a higher average pesticide use than the population within the stratum, then this provides

no information about the relation between samples and populations in other strata.

3) The values of number of holdings per strata are correct.

4) The size of the potential error in estimates of the total area of holdings [se(H)] within each stratum is

small compared with the standard error of the estimates for the ratios “mean area sprayed per area

surveyed within the stratum” and “mean mass applied per area surveyed within the stratum” [se(R)].

For uncorrelated errors “small” might mean rse(H)<0.3×rse(R)3

5) The error associated with estimates , , , and is assumed to be described by a normal

distribution

Independent annual samples v sampling from a panel

There is no particular reason why moving from taking a sample each year to sampling from a panel should

require any change in the method used to estimate the quantity of pesticides used and their standard errors as

long as assumptions 1 to 4 continue to hold.

The survey company has indicated that it is possible that farms that have a very low use of products, such as

organic farms, may decline to take part in surveys more often than other farms. We don’t know whether this is a

particular issue with their panel surveys, other whether it has an appreciable effect.

1 BIPM, (2008). Evaluation of measurement data — Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

measurement, JCGM 100:2008

2 Isserlis, L. (1918). "On the value of a mean as calculated from a sample". Journal of the Royal

Statistical Society. 81 (1): 75–81. 3 If given estimates of relative standard errors (rse) rse(R)=1 and rse(H)=0.3 then rse(R.H)=1.04

87

Table 1: Estimates of area of application by crop and region

Crop Region Total area

Number of

holdings

Number of

holdings

surveyed

Estimate

(Ha) s.e (Ha) RSE (%) 95% C.I. (Ha)

sugar beet East Midlands 19964 940 32 201154 11897 5.9 177836 224471

sugar beet Eastern 53618 2123 65 614491 26172 4.3 563193 665789

sugar beet Yorks. & the Humber 6407 466 4 48670 8597 17.7 31819 65520

potatoes ware East Midlands 662 256 18 16109 1474 9.2 13220 18998

potatoes ware Eastern 4449 477 24 102803 7376 7.2 88346 117260

potatoes ware London & SE 342 75 2 8340 548 6.6 7267 9414

potatoes ware North East 100 27 2 2050 1030 50.2 NA NA

potatoes ware North West 759 264 2 17197 896 5.2 15440 18953

potatoes ware Northern Ireland 3374 454 40 52165 2280 4.4 47697 56634

potatoes ware Scotland 14766 1680 46 322905 10292 3.2 302732 343078

potatoes ware South West 1462 273 6 36469 4959 13.6 26749 46188

potatoes ware West Midlands 1493 284 9 42218 3633 8.6 35097 49340

potatoes ware Yorks. & the Humber 936 288 11 23396 1475 6.3 20504 26287

oilseed rape East Midlands 139411 2964 116 1540971 38296 2.5 1465910 1616031

oilseed rape Eastern 129945 3171 123 1420690 43553 3.1 1335327 1506053

oilseed rape London & SE 71462 1577 63 842028 36128 4.3 771216 912839

oilseed rape North East 23506 735 22 168049 16118 9.6 136457 199641

oilseed rape North West 4963 256 4 35791 10940 30.6 NA NA

oilseed rape Northern Ireland 552 45 13 3093 349 11.3 2410 3777

oilseed rape Scotland 30141 1036 78 246889 8192 3.3 230832 262946

oilseed rape South West 50134 1515 43 530276 25010 4.7 481257 579295

oilseed rape Wales 5080 154 2 53642 1386 2.6 50925 56360

oilseed rape West Midlands 49075 1716 41 377540 27725 7.3 323199 431881

oilseed rape Yorks. & the Humber 74309 2431 71 714277 31258 4.4 653011 775543

winter barley East Midlands 49331 1932 58 493895 20327 4.1 454053 533736

winter barley Eastern 89775 2846 108 906984 27273 3.0 853528 960440

winter barley London & SE 36415 1225 51 397801 17711 4.5 363087 432515

winter barley North East 28748 1019 26 213559 14905 7.0 184345 242774

winter barley North West 16383 1052 13 128976 7798 6.0 113692 144259

winter barley Northern Ireland 7628 691 133 62937 1826 2.9 59357 66517

winter barley Scotland 48030 2009 96 493494 13602 2.8 466834 520154

winter barley South West 48869 2607 48 522378 24523 4.7 474314 570443

winter barley Wales 8131 657 8 48972 3733 7.6 41654 56290

winter barley West Midlands 35087 1880 34 287798 14454 5.0 259467 316128

winter barley Yorks. & the Humber 71044 2953 76 626778 23594 3.8 580534 673022

88

spring barley East Midlands 60087 2161 74 423167 17121 4.0 389610 456725

spring barley Eastern 89247 3079 98 582345 22761 3.9 537733 626958

spring barley London & SE 66092 1672 53 553684 27471 5.0 499842 607526

spring barley North East 12272 595 15 78680 8495 10.8 62029 95331

spring barley North West 24073 1556 14 103886 11074 10.7 82182 125591

spring barley Northern Ireland 14708 1608 162 93535 2854 3.1 87942 99129

spring barley Scotland 238900 7154 240 1417905 25712 1.8 1367509 1468301

spring barley South West 85290 3957 56 566163 28771 5.1 509773 622554

spring barley Wales 13758 1341 12 57125 3831 6.7 49616 64635

spring barley West Midlands 28499 1718 13 168667 16385 9.7 136552 200781

spring barley Yorks. & the Humber 50046 2507 47 331704 16829 5.1 298719 364688

wheat East Midlands 335039 4822 139 4644256 113327 2.4 4422134 4866378

wheat Eastern 467515 6250 187 6788693 134927 2.0 6524236 7053150

wheat London & SE 218759 3308 102 3220744 99149 3.1 3026413 3415076

wheat North East 67600 1290 29 770297 43110 5.6 685802 854793

wheat North West 37315 1438 10 317661 38108 12.0 242968 392353

wheat Northern Ireland 8616 659 119 83516 2513 3.0 78591 88441

wheat Scotland 109593 2846 171 1435902 28060 2.0 1380903 1490900

wheat South West 159035 4266 72 2029244 74732 3.7 1882769 2175719

wheat Wales 21411 623 8 183268 34112 18.6 116408 250128

wheat West Midlands 163494 3723 60 1907170 63358 3.3 1782988 2031353

wheat Yorks. & the Humber 234960 4388 87 2829111 81426 2.9 2669517 2988705

all arable East Midlands 687630 5915 142 8151812 209381 2.6 7741424 8562199

all arable Eastern 970309 7515 196 11783584 259682 2.2 11274608 12292560

all arable London & SE 471418 4347 102 5741044 170953 3.0 5405976 6076112

all arable North East 148676 1633 31 1272118 85890 6.8 1103773 1440462

all arable North West 100998 2886 18 664732 76361 11.5 515065 814398

all arable Northern Ireland 37499 2467 213 312644 9086 2.9 294836 330452

all arable Scotland 494168 9373 278 4286591 106512 2.5 4077827 4495355

all arable South West 407582 7594 84 4203726 161382 3.8 3887417 4520035

all arable Wales 58526 2292 14 333717 30901 9.3 273151 394283

all arable West Midlands 337384 5072 61 3443346 173515 5.0 3103256 3783436

all arable Yorks. & the Humber 491387 5382 92 5115949 156742 3.1 4808735 5423162

89

Table 2: Estimates of mass applied by crop and region

Crop Region Total area

Number of

holdings

Number of

holdings

surveyed

Estimate

(Kg) s.e (Kg) RSE (%) 95% C.I. (Kg)

sugar beet East Midlands 19964 940 32 70010 3861 5.5 62442 77579

sugar beet Eastern 53618 2123 65 209148 8955 4.3 191597 226698

sugar beet Yorks. & the Humber 6407 466 4 15971 1729 10.8 12582 19360

potatoes ware East Midlands 662 256 18 8828 885 10.0 7094 10562

potatoes ware Eastern 4449 477 24 71129 5380 7.6 60584 81675

potatoes ware London & SE 342 75 2 4166 369 8.8 3444 4888

potatoes ware North East 100 27 2 658 400 60.8 NA NA

potatoes ware North West 759 264 2 11853 108 0.9 11641 12066

potatoes ware Northern Ireland 3374 454 40 28797 1542 5.4 25775 31819

potatoes ware Scotland 14766 1680 46 155024 8732 5.6 137908 172140

potatoes ware South West 1462 273 6 17349 3336 19.2 10810 23888

potatoes ware West Midlands 1493 284 9 24721 2456 9.9 19906 29535

potatoes ware Yorks. & the Humber 936 288 11 13012 1381 10.6 10305 15719

oilseed rape East Midlands 139411 2964 116 459392 15602 3.4 428813 489972

oilseed rape Eastern 129945 3171 123 393179 13943 3.5 365852 420506

oilseed rape London & SE 71462 1577 63 249145 11999 4.8 225627 272663

oilseed rape North East 23506 735 22 52444 4505 8.6 43615 61273

oilseed rape North West 4963 256 4 10341 2372 22.9 5692 14990

oilseed rape Northern Ireland 552 45 13 1304 86 6.6 1135 1473

oilseed rape Scotland 30141 1036 78 82902 5599 6.8 71929 93875

oilseed rape South West 50134 1515 43 159259 9779 6.1 140093 178425

oilseed rape Wales 5080 154 2 16964 4611 27.2 7925 26002

oilseed rape West Midlands 49075 1716 41 109385 7805 7.1 94088 124683

oilseed rape Yorks. & the Humber 74309 2431 71 197706 9408 4.8 179266 216147

winter barley East Midlands 49331 1932 58 169171 10419 6.2 148749 189592

winter barley Eastern 89775 2846 108 316391 14929 4.7 287129 345653

winter barley London & SE 36415 1225 51 166034 10522 6.3 145410 186657

winter barley North East 28748 1019 26 74546 7107 9.5 60616 88476

winter barley North West 16383 1052 13 37099 5597 15.1 26129 48070

winter barley Northern Ireland 7628 691 133 21675 768 3.5 20170 23179

winter barley Scotland 48030 2009 96 164521 5008 3.0 154705 174337

winter barley South West 48869 2607 48 172527 10926 6.3 151113 193942

winter barley Wales 8131 657 8 14608 2057 14.1 10576 18640

winter barley West Midlands 35087 1880 34 82431 6362 7.7 69962 94900

winter barley Yorks. & the Humber 71044 2953 76 199549 11942 6.0 176142 222955

90

spring barley East Midlands 60087 2161 74 117831 8445 7.2 101278 134384

spring barley Eastern 89247 3079 98 150463 10005 6.6 130853 170072

spring barley London & SE 66092 1672 53 174246 14651 8.4 145529 202963

spring barley North East 12272 595 15 18934 3042 16.1 12971 24896

spring barley North West 24073 1556 14 23918 4340 18.1 15410 32425

spring barley Northern Ireland 14708 1608 162 26810 1045 3.9 24762 28858

spring barley Scotland 238900 7154 240 408951 13129 3.2 383219 434683

spring barley South West 85290 3957 56 153109 10574 6.9 132384 173833

spring barley Wales 13758 1341 12 14079 2079 14.8 10004 18153

spring barley West Midlands 28499 1718 13 33528 6050 18.0 21670 45387

spring barley Yorks. & the Humber 50046 2507 47 76720 6969 9.1 63062 90379

wheat East Midlands 335039 4822 139 1731127 59899 3.5 1613726 1848528

wheat Eastern 467515 6250 187 2384258 63557 2.7 2259687 2508829

wheat London & SE 218759 3308 102 1159916 42459 3.7 1076696 1243135

wheat North East 67600 1290 29 259890 15647 6.0 229222 290557

wheat North West 37315 1438 10 119578 22959 19.2 74577 164578

wheat Northern Ireland 8616 659 119 26845 995 3.7 24896 28795

wheat Scotland 109593 2846 171 484602 9995 2.1 465012 504192

wheat South West 159035 4266 72 714957 35524 5.0 645329 784585

wheat Wales 21411 623 8 52743 11613 22.0 29981 75505

wheat West Midlands 163494 3723 60 606423 26352 4.3 554773 658073

wheat Yorks. & the Humber 234960 4388 87 938041 37739 4.0 864072 1012010

all arable East Midlands 687630 5915 142 2928419 102992 3.5 2726554 3130283

all arable Eastern 970309 7515 196 4212074 126521 3.0 3964093 4460055

all arable London & SE 471418 4347 102 2016527 68044 3.4 1883161 2149893

all arable North East 148676 1633 31 417886 30985 7.4 357155 478616

all arable North West 100998 2886 18 215613 41068 19.0 135121 296106

all arable Northern Ireland 37499 2467 213 117654 5347 4.5 107175 128133

all arable Scotland 494168 9373 278 1406510 47635 3.4 1313146 1499874

all arable South West 407582 7594 84 1407629 70184 5.0 1270067 1545190

all arable Wales 58526 2292 14 97990 12654 12.9 73188 122791

all arable West Midlands 337384 5072 61 1188888 98641 8.3 995551 1382225

all arable Yorks. & the Humber 491387 5382 92 1672116 73112 4.4 1528816 1815416

91

Table 3: Estimates of total area of application for each crop

Crop Estimate (Ha) s.e (Ha) RSE(%) 95% C.I (Ha)

sugar beet 864315 30007 3.5 805501 923129

potatoes ware 623652 14486 2.3 595259 652044

oilseed rape 5933246 86536 1.5 5763635 6102858

winter barley 4183572 57645 1.4 4070588 4296557

spring barley 4376862 61839 1.4 4255658 4498066

wheat 24209861 249752 1.0 23720347 24699376

all arable 45309262 496800 1.1 44335535 46282989

Table 4: Estimates of total mass applied for each crop

Crop Estimate (Kg) s.e (Kg) RSE(%) 95% C.I (Kg)

sugar beet 295129 9904 3.4 275718 314540

potatoes ware 335538 11302 3.4 313386 357691

oilseed rape 1732021 30089 1.7 1673046 1790996

winter barley 1418551 29264 2.1 1361195 1475908

spring barley 1198588 28088 2.3 1143536 1253640

wheat 8478378 117552 1.4 8247977 8708780

all arable 15681304 237383 1.5 15216034 16146575

92

APPENDIX 5 – FIRST RAISING FACTORS FOR ARABLE CROPS (2016)

Region/Country Farm size group rf1 Regional area (ha) Area surveyed (ha) Number of farms

visited

East Midlands A 107.03 59,791 559 16

B 54.94 78,290 1,425 19

C 25.77 78,087 3,031 25

D 22.27 131,588 5,909 31

E 17.00 173,511 10,208 30

F 7.14 166,363 23,300 21

Eastern A 79.05 68,039 861 25

B 43.95 105,409 2,398 31

C 34.47 122,224 3,546 29

D 24.90 198,848 7,987 40

E 22.11 260,365 11,777 35

F 7.00 215,424 30,757 36

London & South East A 178.92 46,952 262 8

B 79.30 52,624 664 9

C 56.09 55,515 990 8

D 22.15 96,424 4,354 23

E 11.15 126,661 11,364 35

F 5.31 93,242 17,574 20

North East A 345.53 17,985 52 *

B 53.59 26,919 502 7

C 32.36 27,470 849 7

D 13.89 26,165 1,884 9

E 24.13 32,482 1,346 *

F 10.11 17,655 1,745 *

North West A 300.15 42,146 140 7

B 73.75 20,903 283 *

C 34.83 11,724 337 *

D 20.17 12,081 599 *

E 24.88 9,247 372 *

Northern Ireland A 7.73 22,644 2,929 138

B 2.13 8,095 3,794 57

C 1.64 2,665 1,621 14

D 1.95 2,499 1,280 6

E 2.48 1,596 644 *

Scotland A 56.46 100,514 1,780 67

B 22.43 111,759 4,982 69

C 12.10 91,092 7,531 60

D 8.09 98,539 12,183 64

E 8.51 66,384 7,802 25

F 13.50 25,880 1,917 *

South West A 196.97 95,199 483 17

B 84.53 68,403 809 12

C 20.11 50,052 2,490 20

D 37.35 66,641 1,784 9

E 15.26 81,928 5,370 17

F 5.32 45,359 8,521 9

Wales A 125.16 23,239 186 7

B 43.33 11,999 277 *

C 26.83 6,291 234 *

D 35.66 8,489 238 *

West Midlands A 232.19 64,402 277 9

B 81.73 65,823 805 11

C 42.56 52,052 1,223 10

D 21.87 68,958 3,153 17

E 14.36 55,325 3,854 12

F 18.55 30,824 1,662 *

Yorkshire & the Humber A 266.29 57,503 216 8

B 73.69 85,807 1,164 16

C 49.30 71,402 1,448 12

D 18.82 107,643 5,721 29

E 15.35 105,665 6,884 20

F 9.13 63,367 6,943 7

For confidentiality reasons a * has been used where 5 or less holdings have been sampled. The first raising factor (rf1) is the largest of the three raising

factors and gives an indication of the robustness of the sample with smaller numbers indicating a larger area sampled within each size group and region.

93

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to all of the growers who willingly participated in this survey, providing invaluable information upon

which this report is based. Many thanks are also due to Jackie Hughes, Stephen Jess, Trudyann Kelly, Michael Lavery,

David Matthews, Carol Monie, Gillian Reay, Johan Wardlaw, David Williams and Alan Withers for their role in the

collection and provision of data; Yvonne Powell-Wainwright and Josephine Roberts for their role in maintaining the

pesticides database; and Jennie Blackburn, Sarah Thompson and John Bleasdale for their help with the cropping areas of

arable crops in England & Wales respectively. Thanks also go to the members of the ECP Working Party on Pesticide

Usage Surveys, in particular Sarah Cook, Peter Gladders and Mike Lole, for their invaluable comments.

REFERENCES

Anon. (2016a) Agricultural Statistics in England 2015. London: HMSO

Anon. (2016b) Agricultural Statistics in Wales 2015. London: HMSO

Anon. (2016c) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2015. Edinburgh: HMSO

Anon. (2016d) Agricultural Statistics, Northern Ireland 2015. Belfast: HMSO

Anon. (2017a) Agricultural Statistics in England 2016. London: HMSO

Anon. (2017b) Agricultural Statistics in Wales 2016. London: HMSO

Anon. (2017c) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2016. Edinburgh: HMSO

Anon. (2017d) Agricultural Statistics, Northern Ireland 2016. Belfast: HMSO

Garthwaite, D.G., Barker, I., Laybourn, R., Huntly, A., Parrish, G., Hudson, S., & Thygesen, S. (2015) Pesticide Usage

Survey Report 263 - Arable Crops in the United Kingdom, 2014. London: Defra

Thomas, M. R., (1999), Guidelines for the Collection of Pesticide Usage Statistics within Agriculture and Horticulture,

OECD, Eurostat, http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/pesticides-biocides/2078031.pdf [online](last accessed 02.08.2015)

Wood, H.J. (1931) An Agricultural Atlas of Scotland. London: George Gill & Sons

http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/pesticides-biocides/2078031.pdf

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vudieu
View:	219 times
Download:	3 times

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 115 - … usage survey report 271 arable crops in the united kingdom...

Documents