Petrochemical Encyclopedia 2011

8/10/2019 Petrochemical Encyclopedia 2011

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1

54

1 . . 2547 4 . . 2552

4.6 5.1

. . 2552 9 22 7

8

. . 2552

* 22% 9%

70%

LPG 8%( )

LPG 9%( )

82%

861,876 326,000

* 80,000


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1

55

4 . . 2552

2.2

. . 2552

221,479

85,116 (38%)

33,304 (15%)

7,868 (4%)

5,389 (2%)

23,129 (10%)

580 (0.3%)

4,189 (2%)

1,812 (1%)

20,541 (9%)

39,551 (18%)


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1

56

10,000 360,000

(dynamic)

1 ( . . 2523-2532) 3 ( . . 2547- ) 30

( .)

( ) 1 (NPC I)


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57


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58

. . . . .

. 5

RIL

(condensatesplitter) (feedstock) (integration)

IRPC (TPI ) . .

.

.

.


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59


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60

(industrial capacity)

. . 2514

. . 2540

. . 2554 29 12 7 10

(economies of scale)

1 (

)

3 1

40 . . 2545 55 . . 2554

. . 2554

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

02514 2523 2525 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554


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1

61

.

( )

. . IRPC ( TPI ) . .2553 .

80

/

35

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

PTTGroup

Others

SCGGroup

Others

SCGPTT

2546 2551 2553

35

3025

20

15

10

5

0

5

37

7

42

13

255425492545


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62

. PTT Group

(ole ns) (aromatics)

. . 2553 . 14

. ( )

. ( ) 2 IRPC

( )

. ( )

PTT Group

PP

Petrochemical

Olens andderivatives

Aromatics andderivatives

OleochemicalPetroleum

Petroleum

exploration

Natural gasseparation

Lube baseplant

Gasolinestation chain

Renery

Methyl ester

Fatty alcohols

Ethylene

EG

Ethanolamine

Ethoxylate

LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

VCM

PVC

Propylene

Phenol/Acetone

ACN

MMA

Polyol/PU

Butadiene

Benzene

Cyclohexane

SM

PS

EPS

ABS/SAN

Toluene

P-Xylene

O-Xylene

Mixed-Xylene


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1

63

. . 2456

. . 2532 (HDPE)

SCG-Dow Group

. . 2553

RIL 2

SCG

Petrochemicals

Olensand derivatives

Aromaticsand derivatives

C1 chemistryand derivatives

MF resinsEthylene

LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

VCM

PVC

Propylene

PO

BR

SBR

SBL

Butadiene

MTBE

Butene-1

MMA BMA

Benzene

SM

PS

Toluene

PTA

PET

PP


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65

Website

Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference (APIC) www.apic-online.org

Arab Fertilizer Association (AFA) www.afa.com.egEuropean Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) www.ce c.org

The European Petrochemical Association (EPCA) www.epca.be

The Association of Petrochemicals Producers in Europe(APPE)

www.petrochemistry.net

The Latin American Petrochemical Association (APLA) www.apla.com.ar

The Methanol Institute www.methanol.org

National Petrochemicals and Re ners Association (NPRA) www.npra.org

The Canadian Chemical Producers Association (CCPA) w

The Japan Petrochemical Industry Association (JPCA) www.jpca.or.jp

The Korean Petrochemical Industry Association (KPIA) www.kpia.or.kr

The Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan (PIAT) www.piat.org.twThe Chemicals and Petrochemicals Manufacturers

Association (CPMA) www.cpmai.com

The Malaysian Petrochemicals Association (MPA) www.mpa.org.my

The Singapore Chemical Industry Council (SCIC) www.scic.sg

The Petrochemial Industry Club under the Federation ofThai Industries( )

www.ftipc.or.th

The Petroleum Institute of Thailand( ) www.ptit.org


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/ Website

www.che.eng.ku.ac.thhttp://mat.eng.ku.ac.th/ index.htm

http://chem.sci.ku.ac.thhttp://physics.sci.ku.ac.th/

http://chemsci.kku.ac.thwww.chem.eng.chula.ac.th

www.ppc.chula.ac.thwww.chemtech.sc.chula.

ac.th/ www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/home.htm

http://gensci.sc.chula.ac.th/ www.sc.chula.ac.th/matsci/

www.sc.chula.ac.th/ petrochem/home.htmlwww.science.cmu.ac.th/ department/ic/

www.cmuchem.com/ www.che.eng.kmutt.ac.th

http://science.kmutt.ac.th/ WebChem/index.html

www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th

www.ic.kmutnb.ac.th/

www.en.rmutt.ac.th/ www.sut.ac.th/engineering/ polymerhttp://science.sut.ac.th/ chemistry/

www.che.engr.tu.ac.thwww.siit.tu.ac.th

http://chemistry.buu.ac

www.eng.mut.ac.th/Chemical


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/ Website

http://chemw.sc.mahidol.ac.th/ www.eg.mahidol.ac.th/dept/ egche/

http://eng.swu.ac.th/ department/che dept.htmlwww.eng.su.ac.th

www.sc.psu.ac.thwww.kmitl.ac.th/che/people/ index.html

www.kmitl.ac.th/chhttp://chem.sci.ubu.

- - www.mtec.or.th/index.php - - www.nanotec.or.th/ nanotec th/


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-methylstyrene (AMS) ()

( -ole n) ( styrene) (methylgroup, -CH3)

1 (alpha, ) C9H10

( cumene) ( benzene)

( propylene) ( dehydrogenation)

(intermediate) (plasticizer) (resin)


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2

-2- -2-

-lactam

(heteroatom) 3 1

1-butene 1- ( alkene) 4

C4H8 1 (isomer) 1- 2- ( 2-butene) ( iso-butene)

1-

4 ( mixed C4) (by product) (cracking) ( ole n) ( ) ( naphtha)

(extractive distillation)

(molecular sieve adsorption) (intermediate) (comonomer) (ethylene)

( high density polyethylene) ( linear low density polyethylene)

2-butene 2- ( alkene) 4

C4H8 2 (isomer) 1- ( 1-butene) 2- ( iso-butene)

2 -2- (cis-2-butene) 70 -2- (trans-2-butene) 30

4 4 ( mixed C4)

(by product) (cracking) (

) ( naphtha) ( butadiene) (butanone)


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2

4

absorption

(Nernstpartition law) (partition coe cient, KN)

KN = [x]1 /[x]2 [x]1 (solute) 1 [x]2 2 KN

(amine treating) (monoethanolamine (MEA)) (diethanolamine (DEA))

(methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)) (absorber)

(sweet gas)

(rich amine) (regenerator) (desorp) (lean amine)


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2

(aldehyde) (formyl group, -CHO) (methyl group, -CH

3) CH

3CHO

(Wackerprocess) (oxidation)

(II) (paladium (II) chloride, PdCl2) (II) (copper (II) chloride, CuCl2) (hydrochloricacid, HCl)

carbonylation)

(iodine-promoted rhodium)

( aceticacid)

acetic acid ,

acetaldehyde

(carboxylic acid) (carboxyl group,-COOH) (methyl group, -CH3)

CH3COOH

2 10

(methanol

(vinyl acetate)

( acetic anhydride) (ester)

acetic anhydride

(anhydride acid) (acyl group, RCO-) 2 R1CO- R2CO-

R1 R2 (methyl group, -CH3) C4H6O3

( acetic acid) (acetyl iodide) - (methyl acetate)

- (cellulose acetate)

(acetylsalicylic acid) ( )

( )

CH3CI + CH3COOCH3 CH3I + (CH3CO)2O

O OOH3C CH3

PdCI2, CuCI2, HCI, H2O120 C, 3 bar

CH3CHO

-


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2

acetone

(ketone) (carbonyl group, -CO-)

(alkyl group, R) 2 (methyl group, -CH3) C3H6O

(cumene process)

OC

H3C CH3

(methylmethacrylate) (polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA))

acetonitrile

(nitrile) (nitrile group, -CN) (alkylgroup, R) (methyl group, -CH3)

CH3CN

CH

C NH

H

( acrylonitrile) ( butadiene)

C6H5OH + CH3COCH3


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2

acetoxylation (carboxylic

group, RCOO-) 1,4- (1,4-butenediol)

1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 1,4- -2-

(1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene) 2

acetylene

(alkyne) 2 C2H2

(partialoxidation) ( methane) 1,500 2-3

(quench)

(cracking) ( vinyl chloride)

(vinyl cyanide)

acetylenic

( acetylene)

acid gas

(amine t (Ben eld process)

acrolein (aldehyde)

(formyl group, -CHO) (vinyl group, CH2=CH-)

C3H4O

(oxidation)

(bismuth molybdate (BiMo)) (glycerol)

280 (polyester resin) ( polyure-

thane) ( propylene glycol) (acrylic acid) ( acrylonitrile)

acrylamide

(amide group, -CONH2) (vinyl group, CH2=CH-)

C3H5NO

1,3- 1,4- -2-

1,4-


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2

(polymerization) ( acrylonitrile)

( hydrolysis)

( poly(acrylamide))

(water-soluble thickener)

acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) - - ( )

( copolymer) ( monomer) 3

(acrylic acid) ( styrene) ( acrylonitrile) (high gloss) (chemical resistance) (heat resistance)

CH2=CH-CN + H2SO4 + H2O

(NH4)2SO4 + CH2=CHCONH2

(high impact strength) (saturated hydrocarbon)

(low-aromatic gasoline) (lubricating oil) (vegetable andanimal oil)

inorganic acids and base)


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2

( monomer) -

- ( acrylonitile-butadiene-styrene) -

( styrene-acrylonitrile)

acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (ABR), nitrile rubber(NBR) - ( ), ( )

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) - - ()

( copolymer) 3 ( acrylonitrile)

( butadiene) ( styrene) 50

acrylonitrile ( copolymer) ( acrylonitrile) (butadiene)

18-51

(non-polarsolvent) (heat resistance)

(abrasion resistance) -40 125

( exibility)

(hydraulic hose) (conveyorbelting) (graphic arts)

2CH3CH=CH2 + 2NH3 + 3O2

2CH2=CHCN + 6H2O

(nitrile) (nitrile group, -CN) (vinylgroup, CH2=CH-) C3H3N ( ) 53.06

0.81 -84 77

( propylene) (catalytic ammoxidation)

(bismuth molybdenum (BiMo))


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2 1,3-

- - ( )

(rigidity)

(processability)


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2

adipic acid (carboxylic)

(carboxyl group, -COOH) 2 4 (dicarboxylic acid)

C6H10O4 2

( cyclohexanol) ( cyclohexanone) -

(ketone-alcohol oil, KA oil) (nitric acid)

(glutaric acid) (succinic acid)

2 ( nylon) ( polyurethane)

(plasticizer)

( butadiene) ( carbonylation) -

(dicobalt octacarbonyl) (quinone)

HO

OOH

O

C6H11OH + HNO3 C6H10O4+ HNO2+ H2O

CH2=CHCH=CH2 + CO + CH3OH

CH3CH=CHCH2COOCH3 3-

CH3CH=CHCH2COOCH3 + CO + CH3OH

CH3OOC(CH2)4COOCH3 3-

CH3OOC(CH2)4COOCH3 + 2H2O

HOOC(CH2)4COOCH3 + 2CH3OH


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2

adiponitrile (nitrile)

(nitrile group, -CN) 2 4 C6H8N2

( butadiene) (hydrocyanation) (sodium cyanide,NaCN) (nickeltriaryl phosphite, Ni[P(OAr)3]4)

adsorbent 2

( zeolite) (porousalumina) (silica gel)

(activated carbon)

N

N

CH2=CHCH=CH2 + HCN CH3CH=CHCH2CN

NCCH2CH2CH2CH2CNHCN

1,6- (1,6-diaminohexane)


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2

adsorption

(interface) 2

(colloid) (adsorbate)

( adsorbent) (adhesion) (cohesion)

(layer) 2

(weak force) (van der Waals forces)

(London forces) (strong force) (ionic force)

(metallic force)

ageing, aging

(aging test) (oven)

(test tube)

K.O.pot

Regen gas

Valve

InsulationO-ring sealing

Gas phase

Liquid phase

Heat elementTest specimen

Internal diameter

Internal height

Safety valve

Manometer


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81

2

alcoholysis , (nucleophile)

(alcohol, ROH) (transesteri cation) (biodiesel) (-OR)

( hydrolysis) (ammonolysis)

aldol condensation (alpha)

(beta) (carbonyl group, -CO-) (hydroxylgroup, -OH)

* +

R

R

R

O OO O

OH

OH

HO

H3CO

O

R33

O

O

H3C-OH Catalyst+ +


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2

aldolization ( )

(enol) ( alkene) (hydroxyl, -OH)

(enolate ion)

(beta) (C=O)

(-hydroxy aldehyde)

(-hydroxyketone)

alicyclics, alicyclic hydrocarbon ,

( cyclohexane)

( cyclohexene)

( cyclohexanol) ( cyclohexanone)

aliphatics, aliphatic hydrocarbon

() (

3 ( alkane) ( alkene) ( alkyne)

( ethane) ( propane) ( ethylene) ( propylene) ( butadiene)

( acetylene)

alkane

- (para nic hydrocarbon) ( para n) CnH2n+2 n = 1,2, 3,

n = 1 ( methane) CH4 n = 2 ( ethane) C2H6 n = 3 ( propane) C3H8

1 2 ( alkane)

( ethylene) ( propylene)


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2

alkene

1 ( ole n) CnH2n n 2

n = 2 ( ethylene) C2H4n = 3 ( propylene) C

3H

6

( butadiene) ( polyethylene) ( ethylene oxide) ( ethylene glycol)

( ethyl benzene) (polypropylene)

( acrylonitrile) ( cumene) ( butadiene rubber)

- -

alkyl benzenesulfonate (alkyl group, R)

10-14 (sulfonigroup, -SO3H) ( benzene)

- ( Friedel-Craftsreaction)

(surfactant)alkylation

(alkylate) ( alkane)

( alkene) (alkyl group, R) (sulfuric acid)

2,2,3

2,2


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84

2

alkylbenzene (alkyl group, R) ( benzene)

(methyl group, -CH3) ( ethyl

benzene) (ethyl group, -C2H5)

alkylphenol (alkyl group, R)

( phenol) - (propyl phenol) (butyl phenol)

(octyl phenol) (nonyl phenol) 3

(long chain alkylphenols (LCAPs))

alkyne

1

CnH2n- 2 n 2

n = 2 (ethyne) C2H2

n = 3 (propyne) C3H4

( acetylene)

( vinyl chloride) ( butadiene)


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2

allylic polymerization (allyl)

(CH2=CH-CH2-Y) Y (-OH) (initiator) (free radical)

(free radical polymerization)

alpha ole n ( alkene)

(alpha)

2 (linear) (branch)

2) (reductive amination) (reductive alkylation)

(aldehyde) (ketone) ( amine)

3) (Mannich reaction) (aminoketone)

(aminoaldehyde) (carbonyl group, C=O)

N

R1

R2R3 R

4+

amination ( amine)

( ammonia) 1) ( alkylation) (alkyl group, R)

(quaternary ammonium

salt)

1- (1-hexene)

[CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2CH2C6H5]+Cl-

CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2 + ClCH2C6H5


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2

amine (functional group)

(lone-pair electron) 1 (-NH2) (alkyl group) (aryl group) (ammonia

derivatives) 1

(primary amine) 2 (secondary amine) 3

(tertiary amine) (amino acid)

(methylamine) ( aniline)

ammonia (inorganic compound)

3 NH3

3H2 + N2 2NH3

85

(ammonium nitrate) (urea)

(nitric acid) ( caprolactam)

(refrigerant)


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2

ammonium sulfate (inorganic salt)

(NH4)2SO4

ammonia)

(sulfuric acid)

2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

( caprolactam) ( acrylamide)


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2

ammonolysis , (nucleophile)

( ammon

(amide) (carboxylicacid) (ester)

(methylamide) ( acetic acid)

(benzene) 2

( hydrolysis) ( alcoholysis)

ammoxidation ,

( ammonia) ( alkene) (sohio process)

( acrylonitrile) ( propylene)

aniline, phenylamine, aminobenzene , , (aromatic amine)

(amine, -NH2) ( benzene) C6H7N

CH3COOH + NH3 CH3CONH2 + H2O

32


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2

aniline-formaldehyde resin -

( formaldehyde) ( aniline)

anionic polymerization

( addition polymerization) (active site) (anion)

(CH2=CH-X) (X) (initiator) (termination)

(active site) (living polymer) (blockcopolymer) - (styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR))

(methyl diphenyl diisocyanate (M ( polyurethane)

+ 3H2 + 2H2ONO2 NH2

cal

Init Init


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2

- (Friedel-Craft condensation)

( phthalic anhydride) 25-60

(aluminium chloride, AlCl3)

(alizarin)

anthraquinone (quinone) ( benzene)

2 (carbonyl group, -CO-) 2 2

(diketone)

90


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2

aromatic polyamide, aromatic nylon, aramid , ,

(aromatic ring) (stiffness)

(high strength ber) (bulletproof vest) (composite structures)

aromatics 6

(benzene, C6H6) (alkyl group) (functionalgroup)

4 ( benzene) (toluene) ( ethyl benzene) ( para-xylene) aroma

CH3CH2

H3C CH

3

CH3


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92

2

aromatization

(non-aromatic hydrocarbon) (benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene)

1) (direct dehydro-genation)

( naphthene,cycloalkane)

( cyclohexane)

2) (dehydroisomerization)

(methylcyclopentane)

atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) ()

( free radical polymerization

(I) (CuX)

) (R-X) R X R

( monomer)

3) (dehydro-cyclization)

(aliphatic hydrocarbon)

(n-heptane) 7 (toluene)

4) (high temperaturecondensation)

600-800

( propane) 3 ( methane)


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2

L

Ka Kd R-X ( )R M

( poly(acrylamide)) ( polystyrene)

methacrylate))

autoacceleration, gel effect, Tromsdorff effect, Tromsdorff-Norreffect , , , -

polymerization) ( bulk polymerization)

(molecular distribution)

azeotrope , 2

(simple distillation) (composition)

95.5

4.5 (nitric acid)

(perchloric acid) (hydro uoric acid) (sulfuric acid) ( acetone)

( methanol) (chloroform) (halothane) ( benzene)

(hexa uorobenzene)


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2

Condensate

Steam

Column

Pot/Reboiler

Reux

Receivers

Overhead

Distillate

Vapor Condenser

Reux drum

azeotropic distillation ,

( azeotrope) (entrainer)

(ethanol)

78.3 100

95.5 4.5 78.15

(ketone) 99.5


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95

2

azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) ( )

(benzoyl peroxide)

Beckmann rearrangement (oxime, R=N-OH)

(amide) (Ernst Otto Beckmann) . . 2429

(Beckmann solut ( acetic acid) (hydrochloric acid) ( acetic

anhydride) (sulfuric acid) ( cyclohexanone) ( caprolactam) (hydroxylamine, NH2OH)


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2

benzaldehyde (aromatic aldehyde)

(formyl group, -CHO) ( benzene) C7H6O

( toluene) ( chlorination) (benzal chloride) ( hydrolysis)

(hydrochloric acid)

(mandelic acid) (malachite green)


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2

benzene ( aromatics)

6 C6H6

( catalytic reforming)

(methyl group, CH3) (toluenedehydroalkylation) (toluene disproportionation)

( steam cracking) ( aliphatic hydrocarbon) (octane number)

(gasoline) (intermediate)

( styrene) ( phenol) ( cyclohexane)

Benzene

Ethylbenzene

Cumene

Cyclohexane

Aniline

Chlorobenzene

Acetone

Phenol

Styrene

Nylon 6

Polystyrene

Polycarbonate

Epoxy resin

Bisphenol-A

Adipic acid

Caprolactam

Phenolic resin

Nylon 6-6


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2

benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) -- ( )

( benzene) ( toluene)

( xylene) (catalytic reforming)

( aliphatichydrocarbon) (octanenumber) (gasoline)

( toluene) (partial oxidation) 165

10.13 (cobalt acetate)

- (benzoyl chloride) (benzoate plasticizers) ( phenol)

benzoic acid

(aromatic carboxylic acid) (carboxyl group, -COOH)

( benzene) C7H6O2

biaxial orientation, biaxial stretch ,

2

(weak acid)

122.12 1.32 122.4 249.2

O OH

H3C CH3

CH3

12


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2


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2

( epoxy resin) ( polycarbonate)

( polyether ketone) ( polysulfone)

block copolymer ( copolymer)

(simple polymer) (diblock copolymer) (triblock copolymer)

- - ( acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) (impact resistance) (toughness)

(strength) (rigidity)

(a)

(b)


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2

blow moulding, blow moulding process (thermoplastic)

(hollow object) (parison) (preform)

(mould) 2 (extrusion blow moulding)

(injection blow moulding)

Station 2

Blowmould

Stripperejection

Preformmould

Station 1

Station 3

Molded part

Mold Air hose

Die head

Moltenplastic

Blow pinExtruder

Molded partMold half

ParisonMold cavity

Coolinglines


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103

2

bromination (bromine, Br2)

( alkane) ( alkene) ( aromatics) 1,2- (1,2-dibromoethane)

(p-bromophenol) bromine number

100

bulk polymerization, mass polymerization ,

(monomer)

(initiator) (medium) (solvent)

(step polymerization) (condensationpolymerization) ( polyester) ( polyamide)

( chain polymerization) (conversion)

50


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2

4 4 ( mixed C4) ( (steam cracking)

( aliphatics) ( ole n) (polybutadiene) - (styrene-butadiene

rubber (SBR))

1,3-1,2-

-

butadiene ( alkene)

4 2 (diene) C4H6 2 (isomer) 1,2- (1,2-butadiene) 1

2 1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 1 3 1,2-

1,3-


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105

2

butadiene rubber (BR), buna rubber ( ),

butane ( alkane)

4 C4H10 2 (isomer)

(n-butane) ( iso-butane)

(propane) 30:70 40:60

(lique ed petroleumgas (LPG))

( acetic acid) (n-butene) (maleate anhydride)

( solution polymerization) 1,4 1,4

vinyl-1,2 (initiator) (elasticity)

(resilience) (abrasion resistance)

-

trans 1,4 - structure

cis 1,4 - structure


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106

2

butene, butylene , ( alkene)

4 1 C4H8 4

(isomer) 1- ( 1-butene) 1 -2- (cis-2-butene)

2 (methyl group, -CH3) -2-(trans-2-butene) 2

1-

2-

2-

4

(catalytic cracking) (gas oil)

(steam cracking) ( naphtha)

butyl rubber (

isobutylene) ( isobuty-lene) ( butadiene)

( 2)

/

(adhesion properties)

( bromiation) ( chlorination)


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2

butylene glycol (BG), butanediol ( ),

(diol) (glycol) (hydroxyl group,-OH) 2 4 C4H10O2 4 (isomer)

1,2- (1,2-butylene glycol) 1,2- (1,2-butanediol) 1,3-(1,3-butylene glycol) 1,3- (1,3-butanediol)1,4- (1,4-butylene glycol) 1,4- (1,4-butanediol) 2,3-(2,3-butylene glycol) 2,3- (2,3-butanediol)

1,4- 1,4-

1,4- 1,4-

(tetrahydrofuran) (-butyrolactone)

(pyrrolidone) (n-vinylpyrrolidone)

butylene oxide

(epoxide) (ethyl group, -CH2CH3) 2

(ethylene oxide) C4H8O

( butylene

glycol) (stabilizer)

(chlorinated solvent) (surfactant)

calendering process (plastic

sheet) ( lm) ( additive)

(hot mixer)

(calender rolls)

3 2 (PVC sheet)

(rigid PVC)

(soft PVC)

2,3-

1,2- 1,3-

1,4-


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2

caprolactam (cyclic amide) ( lactam)

(amide, -CONH-) C6H11NO

caprolactone (cyclic ester) (lactone)

(carboxylate group, -COO-) C6H10O2

6

6

6 (ring openingpolymerization)

HN

NHO

HNO O

n

O


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109

2Carothers equation

(Wallace Carothers) . . 2478

( ) (p)

(caprolactam) (ammonia)

(polycaprolactone) (ring opening polymerization)

- (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) (Adolf von Baeyer)

(Victor Villiger) . . 2442

114.14 1.03 -1

253 ( cyclohexanone)

- (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) (peracetic acid, CH3COOOH)

(agrochemica (toluene)

N 0 /N

carbonylation

(carbonylgroup, -CO- (aldehyde)

(ketone) (carboxylic acid) (ester) (amide)

(hydroformylation) (Reppe chemistry)

(p-tolualdehyde) (intermediate)

N 0 t

A B1. A B

r A B r 1

2.

A B

av

(1+r) 1+r-2rp

p (N 0 -N)/N 0

xn = 2/(2 - pf

av )


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110

2

casting

(continuous casting process)

(batch casting process) (cell casting process)

(Cover belt)

(Carrier belt)


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2

catalyst

(activation energy)

(heat of reaction)

(selective)

Energy = Ea = X, Y = , Z = G = (Gibbs free energy)

Reaction progress =

X, Y

Z

Ea (no calalyst)

Ea (with calalyst)

G

Reaction progress

E n e r g y


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112

2

(transition metal) (hydrogenation) (dehydrogenation)

(hydrogenolysis)

(iron) (nickel) (palladium)

(platinum) (gold)

(semiconductor) (transitionmetal oxide)

(oxidation) (dehydrogenation)

(desulfurization)

(nickel oxide) (zinc oxide)

(manganese oxide) (chromium oxide)

(bismuth oxide)/ (molybdenum oxide)

(tin oxide) (iron oxide)

(insulator oxide) (dehydration) (aluminium oxide)

(silicon oxide) (magnesium oxide)

(acid)

(acidic mixed oxide)

(polymerization) (isomerization)

(cracking)

(alkylation) (esteri cation)

(phosphoric acid) (sulfuric acid)

(boron uoride) (zeolite)

(polymerization) /(sodium/ammonia)

(transition metal complex)

(hydroformylation) (polymerization) (oxidation)

(metathesis)

/(titanium chloride/triethylaluminium)

/ (copper chloride/platinum chloride)

(dual function catalyst)

(isomerization) (hydrogenation) (dehydrogenation)

/ (platinium/silica

oxide-aluminium oxide)


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2

(benzene, toluene, xylene)(catalytic reforming) (naphtha)

-(platinum-supported silica-alumina

(ethylene oxide) (oxidation)

(ethylene) (oxygen)

(silver-supported silica)

(directchlorination) (ethylene) (chlorine)

(III) (iron (III) chloride) (II)

(copper (II) chloride)

(dehydrochlorination)

(ethylene dichloride)

(pumice) (charcoal)

(dehydrogenation) (ethyl benzene) (III) (iron (III) oxide)

(alkylation) (benzene)

(propylene) (sulfuric acid)

(Beckmann rearrangement)

(cyclohexanoxime)

(sulfuric acid)

(cobalt acetate) (sodium bromide)

(hydrobromicacid) (promoter)


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2

catalytic conversion

( catalytic reforming) (catalytic cracking) ( hydrocracking)

( hydrodealkylation) ( isomerization) ( alkylation) (polymerization)

catalytic reforming, catforming , (aliphatics)

( naphtha) ( aromatics) ( benzene) ( toluene)

( xylene) ( styrene) ( phenol) ( terephthalic acid)

(branched para n) ( cyclization) (isomerization) - (platinum-silica-alumina)

cationic polymerization (addition polymerization)

(active site) (anion) (vinyl monomer) 1-

(cation)


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2

cellulose (C6H10O5)

(C6H10O5)n 300,000-500,000 (dried wood) (jute)

( ax) (hemp)

cellulose acetate (CA) () ( cellulose)

( acetic acid) ( acetic anhydride) (sulfuric acid)

(toughness) (gloss) (transparent) (sheet)

(blister packaging) (cigarette lter)

CH2

OCOCH3

CH

CH

CH O

OCH

CH

H3

COCO OCOCH3

n


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2

cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) - ()

(environmental stress cracking resistance)

(impact strength) (dimensional stability) (toughness)

(moisture resistance)

(safety goggles)

n


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117

2

cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) ()

2-7 40 ( cellulose acetate)

(good surface quality) (impact strength) (weather

(dimensional stability)

cellulose triacetate (CT) ()

( acetic anhydride) (clarity) (tensile strength)

(heat resistance) (dimensionalstability) (book jacket) (magnetic recording tape)

OCOC2

H5

CH

CH

CH O

OCH

CH

H5

C2

OCO OCOC2

H5

n


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118

2

chain initiation, initiation ( chain polymerization)

(initiator) (heat) (radiation)

chain polymerization, addition polymerization ,

(CH2=CHX) (CH2=CX-CH=CH2) X

(saturated cyclic monomer)

1.

2.


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119

2

chain termination, termination ( chain polym

2 2 (combination coupling)

(disproportionation)


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120

2

chain transfer ( )

(monomer) (initiator) (solvent) (radical polymerization)

(2-mercaptoethanol) ( poly(acrylonitrile)) (benzyl peroxide)

chain-transfer agent (CTA) ( ) (polymerization)

(impurities)

(thiol)

(carbon tetrachloride)

charge-transfer polymerization ( chain polymerization) (monomer)

donor) (e 2

(repeating unit) 1:1 (

(MX

n) AlEtCl

2 ZnCl

2


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121

2

chlorinated polyether

121

chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) ()

( high densitypolyethylene (HDPE)) ( low density polyethylene (LDPE))

(free radicalmechanism) (ultraviolet light) (initiator) ( polyethylene) ( polyvinyl chloride)

(oxygen and ozone resistance)

(tear strength) (heat aging characteristic) (oil

and chemical resistance) (cableinsulation)

chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) ( ) 66-67

( ) ( )


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122

2

( acetylene) 2 (acetylene process)

HCC-CH=CH2 + HCl H2C=C=CH-CH2Cl 4- -1,2-

H2C=C=CH-CH2Cl H2C=CCl-CH=CH2 4- -1,2-

chlorination (chlorine)

( alkene)

( aromatics) (chlorine)

(ethylene) ( ethylenedichloride) (intermediate)

( vinyl chloride) ( benzene)

( chlorobenzene)

chlorobenzene ( benzene) ( chlorine) C6H5Cl

( chlorination) (ferric chloride)

chlorohydrin process (chlorohydrin)

( chlorine) (alcohol)

chlorohydrin) chlorohydrin)

( ethyleneoxide) ( propyle

CH2=CH2 + HOCl HOCH2CH2Cl

CH3CH=CH2 + HOCl CH3CHOHCH2Cl

chloroprene, 2-chlorobuta-1,3-butadiene ,2- -1,3-

( alkene) ( chlorine)

2 1,3- (1,3-butadiene) C4H5Cl

- -

-

( phenol) ( bisphenol-A)

(monomer) ( polycarbonate) (sodium hydroxide)

( nitrobenzene) ( aniline)


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123

2

chloroprene rubber (CR), neoprene rubber ( ),

2- -1,3-(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene)

(tensile

strength) (tear resistance) (abrasion resistance)

(polarity) (oil resistance)

( ame retardant)

chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) () (Cl2)

(SO2) (polarity) (sulfonyl

chloride) (elastomeric) (ozone)

(cable jacketing)

( chloroprene rubber) ( neoprene rubber)

n


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124

2

compression moulding

(simple shape) 2 (platens)


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125

2

condensation polymer (condensation polymerization) 2

( polyamide) ( polyacetal) ( polyester)

coordination polymerization (transition metal)

(alkyl metal) ( )

(ethylene monomer) ( polyethylene) - (Ziegler-Natta catalyst)

CH3CH3 CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2CH3CH2 CH2 CH3H2C

CH3CH3

CH3CH2

H2CH3C CH3

CH3H2C=CH2

H3C CH3CH3

H2C=CH2

CH3H3C

TiCl4 CH3


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126

2

copolyester ( thermoplastic elastomers)

(segment block copolymer) (polyester hard crystalline segment)

( exible soft amorphous segment) (short chain ester blocks)

(tetramethylene terephthalate) (aliphatic polyester) (aliphatic polyester glycol)

(derivatives) (polyether ester glycol) (automotive exterior trim)

(fascia component) (spoiler) (window tract tape) (boots) (bellow) (underhood wire covering)

(connector) (hose and belt) (applianceseal) (power tool component) (ski boots)

(camping component)

Soft segmentamorphous

Hard segmentcrystalline


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127

2

copolymer 1

(random copolymer) (block

copolymer) (alternating copolymer) (graft copolymer)

- - butadiene-styrene copolymer)


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128

2

copolymerization ( copolymer)

(monomer) (repeating unit) 1

(random copolymer)

(block copolymer) (alternatingcopolymer) (graft copolymer)

( chain polymerization) (addition polymerization)

cracking

4 ( steam cracking)

( thermal cracking) (catalytic cracking)

( hydrocracking)

cresol, tricresol, methyl phenol , ,

( alkylphenol)

(methyl group, -CH3) ( phenol) C7H8O 3 (isomer)

1) (ortho-cresol, o-cresol) 2-

(2-methyl cresol)

2) (meta-cresol, m-cresol) 3-(3-methyl cresol)

3) (para-cresol, p-cresol) 4-

(4-methyl cresol)

(coal tar) ( toluene)

(sulfonation) (oxidation) (nitrous oxide)

(tricresyl phosphate) (plasticizer) (salicyl aldehyde)

(chelating agent)


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2

crosslinked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) ( ,)

(crosslinking) (thermoplastic) (thermoset)

(chemical means and ionizingradiation)

(ionizing radiation)

(dimensional stability) (impact and tensilestrength) (brittle fracture resistance)


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130

2

CondenserCold crude

helium

Separating

Crude subcoolerMain heat exchanger

Monoethanolamine

Scrubber

Molecularsieve

Activatedcarbon

adsorper

Heavy hydrocarbonWater

High-pressurefractionating

column

Expansionvalve

Crudenatural

gas

Monoethanolamineplus carbon dioxide

Upgraded natural gas

Nitrogen

Reux

subcooler

Low-pressurefractionating

column

Pretreating

cryogenic process -150

(liquefaction)

( methane) -162


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2

crystallization process

(solution) (melted solid) - (solute)

2 (nucleation) (crystal growth)

(cluster)

(critical cluster size) (crystal structure)

(participant)

/ (Badger/Niro para-xylene crystallization process) (UOP-Universal Oil Products)

/

Badger/Nirocrystallization

PX-Plus Process with Badger/Niro crystallization

Toluene

Mixed xylenes

Benzene

PX-Plus Fractionation

IsomarTM

Parex

para -Xylene


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132

2

cumene, isopropyl benzene , (alkyl benzene)

(isopropyl, -CH(CH3)2) ( benzene) C9H12

( alkylation)

( propylene)

( phenol) ( acetone) 2 ( bisphenol-A)

(polycarbonate) ( -methylstyrene)

Cyclar process (UOP) ( aromatics)

( benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene) (dehydrocyclodimerization) 425

Paraffins Olens Oligomers Naphthenes Aromatics

HydrogenBy products

H3PO4+


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133

2

Stackedreactor

Fresh LPG feedfrom driers

Hydrogenproduct

Fuelgas

Light endsdrag tofuel gas

Combined feedexchanger

Separator

Stripper

CCRregenerator

Regeneratedcatalyst

Spentcatalyst

Fired heaters

Gas recoverysection

Aromaticproduct

cyclization

(n-hexane) ( benzene) (octane number

(catalytic reforming)

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3


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135

2

(peroxide) (benzene) (partial hydrogenation) ( cyclohexanol) ( adipic acid)

(dicyclohexyladipate) (cyclohexeneoxide) cyclopara n, cycloalkane ,

( alkane)

CnH2n n 3 (cyclopropane) (cyclobutane) ( cyclopentane) ( cyclohexane) (methylcyclopentane) cyclopentane

C5H10

( hydrogenation) (cyclopentene) (c

(blowing agent) ( polyurethane)


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136

2

dealkylation (alkyl group)

(demethylation)

( aromatics) (methyl group, -CH

3)

(toluene) (benzene)

dehydrocyclization

( aromatics)

4 (heptane) ( toluene)

degree of polymerization (DP) ( )

( monomer)

6,000 6,000

dehydration

( alkene) (glycerol) ( acrolein)

(potassium bisulfate, KHSO4) (potassium sulfate, K

2SO4)

dehydrochlorination , -

(hydrogen chloride)

(ethylene dichloride) (vinyl chloride)

dehydrogenation

( ethylene) ( ethane) ( propylene)

( propane)

CH3CH

2CH

3 CH

3CH=CH

2 + H

2

denier (linear

mass density) 9,000

( ) (tex) 10,000

CICH2CH

2CI CH

2=CHCI + HCI


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137

2

depolymerization, depropagation ,

(

(ceiling temperature) )

100

P o l y m e r i z a t i o n

Catastrophe

RescueGTP-tubulinGDP-tubulin

GDP

GTP

D e p ol y m er i z at i on

C

H

H

HO

O O

O O

O O O

HO

O O

OOO

O

O

OO

CO

O O O

OC

O

O

O

O

OO O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

OH

H O

OH

HO

HO

OH

HO

OH

HO

HO

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH 2

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

H2

HO

HO

CH2

HO

H2

H2

OH

CH2


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2

desorbent (adsorbent)

(parex) (UOP) ( p-xylene)

(molecular sieve)

(p-diethylbenzene)

Diels-Alder reaction -

( cyclohexene) (conjugated diene) 1,3-(1,3-butadiene) 2- -1,3- (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) 1,3- (1,3-cyclohexadiene)

( alkene) (dienophile) ( acrylonitrile) (dimethylfumarate)

(dimethylmaleate) 2,5- - -1,4- (2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione)

Gas phase Adsorption(Exothermal)Desorption

(Endothermal)

Adsorbate

AdsorbansSoild phases

Boundary surface

Active sitesHomogenous Heterogenous

-


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139

2

- (cyclohexene) ( ethylene)

(nanometer level)

( 10:1)

(polymethyl methacrylate)

diisobutene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentene 2,2,4-

( alkene) 5

(methyl group, -CH3)

2 4 2 1 1 1

2 2 (isomer) 2,2,4- -1- (2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pentene) 2, -2- (2,2,4-trimethyl-2-pentene)

75 25 C8H16

1,3-

diethylene glycol (DEG) () ( diol)

( glycol)

2 (hydroxyl group, -OH)

C4H10O3

( ethylene oxide)

(morpholine) 1,4- (1,4-dioxane) (nitrocellulose)

(refrigerant)

2

2 (isobutene) 2

(dimerization) (oligomerization) (phosphoric acid) (sulfuric acid)

(hydro uoric acid) (octylphenol) (phenol)

(ethoxylatednonionic surfactant)

2,2,4- -1- 2,2,4- -2-

HO OHO

differential microemulsion polymerization

(surfactant) (initiator)

2,2,4- -1- 2,2,4- -2-

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C


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2

diisocyanate (isocyanate,

-N=C=O) 2 ( aliphatics)

( alicyclics) ( aromatics) (hexamethylene

diisocyanate) 6 (isoprone diisocyanate)

6 ( toluene diisocyanate)

( toluene)

( cu( propylene) 50-150

(aluminium chloride) 2

( disproportionation) ( ze

(diisopropyl benzeneperoxide)

H3C CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C CH

3

CH3

H3C

diisopropylbenzene ( aromatics)

(isopropyl, -CH(CH3)

2) 2

( benzene) 2 (isomer)

(m-diisopropy (p-diisopro

60 40

2 C12H18


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2

dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) () (ester) (methoxy group,

-OCH3) 2 (hydroxyl group, -OH) ( terephthalic

acid) C10H10O4

(oxidation) ( p-xylene) 200 15.2 - (cobalt acetate-sodium bromide) (cobalt acetate-hydrobromic acid)

CH3

CH3

+ 3O2+ 2CH3OH

COOCH3

COOCH3

+ 4H2O

( polyesterpolyethylene terephthalate)

OCH3

OH3C

O

O


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142

2

dimethylacetamide (secondary

amide) (methyl group) 2 (acetamide) C4H9NO

2,4-

(nitric acid) (sulfuric)

80 2 2,4- 2,6-

(dimethylamine) ( acetic acid)

( acetic anhydride) (acetyl chloride) (polar solvent)

(reaction medium) (plasticizer)

dinitrotoluene (DNT) ( )

( aromatics) (nitro group, -NO2)

2 (toluene) 6 (isomer) 2,4- (2,4-dinitrotoluene) 2,6-

(2,6-dinitrotoluene) 3,4-(3,4-dinitrotoluene) 2,3- (2,3-dinitrotoluene)2,5- (2,5-dinitrotoluene) 3,5-

(3,5-dinitrotoluene) 2,4- 74-76

2,6- 19-21 3,4- 2.4-2.6

1.7 2,4-

2 4 (ortho) (para)

C7H6N2O4

2,4-

2,4- 2,6-

2,4-( toluene diisocyanate)

( exible polyurethane foam) ( trinitrotoluene (TNT))

O CH3

CH3

CH3


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143

2

dipropylene glycol ( diol)

( glycol)

3 (hydroxyl group, -OH) 2 2 (isomer) 4- -2,6-

(4-oxa-2,6-heptandiol) 4- -1,7-(4-oxa-1,7-heptandiol) 2 C6H14O3

4- -2,6-

4- -1,7-

( propylene glycol)

( propylene oxide) (plasticizer) (initiator)

OH OH

H3C O CH

3

HO OHO


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144

2

dispersion polymerization

( suspension polymerization) (stabilizer)

(monomer) (organic solvent) (initiator)

(organic solvent)

1-10

( polystyrene)

dispersion polyvinyl chloride

( emulsion polymerization)

0.1-1

disproportionation 2

2 ( ethylene)

( butene) ( propylene) 2

2CH3CH=CH2 CH2=CH2+ CH3CH=CHCH3

( benzene) ( xylene) ( toluene) 2

distillation

(vapor

Pre-polymer Dispersionwater

Chainextender

Dehydrationdrying

Powder Powder

Mixing Dispersion

Reaction

CH3

CH3

CH3


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145

2

1) (fractionation distillation)

1- ( 1-butene) 2- ( 2-butene)

2) (extractive distillation) ( butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4) ( acetonitrile) 3) (azeotropic distillation) (ethanol)

(azeotrope)

Associatedpetroleum gas

Oil

Long distillateof hydrocarbons

Virgin gasoline

Isoprene

Butadiene

Ethyleneoxide Glycols

Syntheticrubbers

Tyres andmechanic

rubber

Plasticgoods

Syntheticbers

Carbon black

Polyethylene

Polypropylene

PolystyreneStyrene

Caprolactam

Oxidationprocesses

Phenol andacetone

Ethylbenzene

Inputsfor carbon

black

Ethylene

Propylene

Benzene

Dimethylterephthalate

Phthaticanhydride

Paints andvarnishes

Xylols Toluene


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146

2

elasticity

(plasticity)

( )

146


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147

2

elastomer (

200-1000)

( thermoset)

(thermoplastic) ( thermoplastic elastomer)

( butyl rubber) (neoprene rubber) (nitrile rubber))


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148

2

electrochemical polymerization, electro-initiated polymerization, electrolyticpolymerization, electropolymerization ,

( chain polymerization)

(monomer) (electrolyte solution) (radical) (cation)

(initiator)

(polyaniline)

emulsion polymerization (monomer)

( butadiene) ( styrene) ( vinyl chloride) (surfactant)

(hydrophobic) (micelle)

K2S

2O

8

1/10


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150

2

engineering thermoplastic elastomer, engineeringTPEs, (ETES)

( ) ( thermoplastic

elastomer) (rigid engineering plastic)

(rubber) (high performance) (dielectric strength)

600 (hot oil)

- - ( )acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (polyether sulfone)

(polyacetal) (polyphenylene oxide) (polyacrylic) (polysulfone)

( uoropolymer) (polyimide) (nylon) (polyphenylene sul de)

(polybutylene) (polybutylene terephthalate)

(polyaryl ether) (polycarbonate)


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151

2

epichlorohydrin (organochloride)

(chloromethyl, -CH2Cl) ( epoxide)

C3H5ClO

(allyl chloride) 2 ( epoxy resin)

(ring-opening polymerization) ( bisphenol-A) (sodium hydroxide)

epoxidation (ether) (three-

membered ether) ( ole n) (oxirane)

n

nHOCH3

CH3C OH + nCICH2 CH CH2

O OOCH2 CHCH2

CH3

CH3OCH2CHCH2

OHOROROH

R =CH3

CH3

C

C

R = CH2 CH CH2 O


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152

2

epoxide (ether)

2 1 (strain) C

2R

1R

2R

3R

4O R (alkyl group) (aryl group)

( ethylene oxide) ( oxirane)

(chloromethyl) (chloromethyl oxirane)

( benzene) (styrene oxide)

( ethyleneglycol) (ethanolamine) ( propyleneoxide) (polyether polyol)

( polyurethane)

O

O

CI


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153

2

epoxy, epoxy resin (EP) , ( ) ( oxirane)

(epichlorohydrin) ( bisphenol-A) (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-A (DGEBA))

175

( )

epoxy plastic ( thermoset plastic)

( epoxide) (resin) (poly (hardener)

(adhesive)

( ber-reinfoplastic)

n

OCH

3

CH3

C O CH2 CH CH

2

OOCH2 CH CH2 O C

CH3

CH3

O CH2 CH CH2OH


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154

2

ethane (alkane)

2 C

2H6

H3C CH3

( methane) ( ethylene)

ethanol dehydration ( ethylene)

(dehydration) (ethanol) 170 (sulfuric

acid) (phosphoric acid)

(proton) (lone pair electron)

(carbocation)

ethyl acetate (EA) ( ) (ester)

C4H8O2

( acetic acid) (esteri cation) (ethanol)

(circuit board)

CH3CH

2OH + CH

3COOH CH

3COOCH

2CH

3 + H

2O

CH3CH

2OH CH

2=CH

2 + H

2O

H H

H HC CH

HO

H+

H H

H HC CH

HO+ H

H HH HC C+ + H

2OH C CHH

HH+ H+


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156

2


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158

2

ethylene chlorohydrin ( alkane)

(hydroxyl group, -OH) (chlorine, Cl) 1 2

( ethylene) C2H5ClO

(ether)

(hydrochlorination) (hypochlorous acid)

( ethylene oxide) ( )

( cellulose acetate) cellulose)

ClOH

1

2

-

-

ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) - ( )

(random copolymer) - (acrylic acid)

(carboxylic group)

(multilayer packaging lm)

(compatibiliser) (polymer blend)

(composite material)

OHCI+ HOCIH2C CH2


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159

2

ethylene-chlorotri uoroethylene copolymer (CETPE)- ( )

( ethylene) -

(cable jacket) (tank lining)

(corrosion-resistant coatings)

ethylene dichloride (EDC) ( ) ( alkane)

1 2 ( ethylene) C

2H4Cl2

-

(chlor

(direct chlorination 40-50

4.05 (III) (iron (lll)chloride) (II) (copper (ll) chloride)

CH

2=CH

2 + CI

2 CICH

2CH

2CI

( oxychlorination) (hydrochloric acid) 225

2-4.05 (II)

80 (intermediate) (vinyl chloride) ( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))

CI HH

HHC C

CI

12


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160

2

ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA) - ( )

(random copolymer) (ethyl acrylate)

15-30 ( exible)

(environmental stress cracking resistance) (resistance to exural fatigue)

(mould rubber-like part)

ethylene glycol (EG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) (), ()

( diol) ( glycol) (hydroxyl group, -OH)

1 2 ( ethylene) C

2H6O2

-

-

(hydration) ( ethylene oxide)

( diethylene glycol) ( triethylene glycol) ( polyethylene glycol)

91 : 8.6 : 0.4 50-100 (diluted sulfuric acid)

( )

O

HOCH2CH

2OH

HOC2H4OC2H4OH

HOC2H

4OC

2H

4OC

2H

4OH

68 - ( polyethylene terephthalate)

(antifreeze)

CH2-CH

2-CH-CH

2-CH

2

CO OCH

2CH

3 m

O

O


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161

2

ethylene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) - ( )

ethylene oxide (EO), oxirane ( ), (ether)

2 1 C

2H4O

( ethylene) (direct oxidation)

220-280 10-30

(activity)

( ethylene glycol) ( polyethylene terephthalate)

(ethanolamine) ( polyethylene

glycol)

CH2CH

2 + CH

2 CH CH

2CH

2CHCH

2

O2

n

12


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162

2

ethylene-tetra uoroethylene copolymer (ETPE- ( )

( eth

(imstrength)

(cable insulation)

ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, EPDM rubber,

(metallocene catalyzedpolymerization)

1,4- (1,4-hexadiene) - (Ziegler-Natta

catalyst) (radiation) (weather resistance)

(resilience) (salt solution) (oxygenated solvent)

(synthetic hydraulic uid) (automotive body seal)

(waterproof roo ng membrane) (hose) (tubing) (duct)

(encapsulating electricalcomponent)

Propylene units

Ethylene units Active position for crosslinking

ENB unit

EP(D)M

Saturated backbone


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163

2

ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) ( )

(random copolymer) ( vinly acetate)

10-15 (laminate)

(crystallinity) (clarity)

(disposable syringe)

(construction lm) (in atable toy) (shoe sole)

(small appliance bumper) (canister gasket)

expandable polystyrene (EPS, XPS), styrene foam ( , ),

( polystyrene) (pentane) (blowing agent)

( )

extract

4 ( mixed C4)

( acetonitrile)

extraction

( butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4) ( acetonitrile)

Feed solutionExtract

Extractioncolumn

Ra nate

Solvent

CH2 2 CH2 CH CHOC

O

x y


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164

2

fatigue

(yield point)

(dynamic fatigue)

(static fatigue)

(time-dependent behavior)

( )

164


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165

2

( acetic) (Chiyoda Corp) (UOP)

( carbonylation) (methanol)

(carbon monoxide) (rhodium) (bubble column reactor)

+

ash separation

( ash)

Highpressure

feed mixture

Vaporphase

Liquid phase

PressureP


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166

2

uid catalytic cracking (FCC) ( )

( zeolite)

3-5 (C3-C5hydrocarbon)

(alkylate) (gasoline) (octane number)

( aromatics) (branched para n) ( ole n)

( uidized bed reactor) (riser)

(reactor separation vessel) (fractionator)

(coke) (activity)

(regenerator)

Flue gas to particulates

RO ROTCAER

LESSEV NOITARAPES

ROTANOITCARF

Removal and energy recovery

Combustion air

Raw oil charge

Riser

Steam

Gasoline

Gas (C4 lighter)

Light gas oil

Heavy gas oil

Claried slurry

Catalyst stripper

Crudeoil

R e g e n e r a t e d c a t a l y s t

S p e n t

c a t a l y

s t

R E G E N E R A T O R

S L U R R Y

S E T T L E R

+


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167

2

raw oil charge = reactor or separation vessel fractionator =

riser = regenerator = gas (C4 lighter) =

steam = ue gas to particulates removal and

energy recovery =

gasoline =

catalyst stripper = clari ed slurry = light gas oil/heavy gas oil =/spent catalyst =

slurry settler =

uorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), per uoroethylenepropylene plastic ( ),

- 290

200

(solar collector glazing)

(methanol) (oxidation reaction)

400-425 1 -

(iron-molybdenum oxide)

2CH3OH + O

2 2CH

2O + 2H

2O

formaldehyde (aldehyde)

CH2O

n m

OC HH

(formic acid) (urea formaldehyde) (melamine formald

(phenol-formaldehyde) 1,4-- (1,4-butanediol) (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate)

CF3


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168

2

free radical initiator, radical initiator (free radical)

(UV light)

1) (halogen molecule) (chlorine)

(CI.) 2 2) (azo compounds, R-N=N-R ) 2 (R. R.)

/3) (organic peroxides)

(-O-O-) (oxylradical, O.) 2


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169

2 (Charles Friedel) (JamesCrafts) . . 2420 ( benzene)

(electrophile group) (alkyl group, -R) (acyl group, RCO-) (acid halide)

(acid anhydride) (Lewis acid) (ferric chloride) (aluminium chloride) 1)

( toluene) (benzene) (chloromethane)

Friedel-Crafts reaction -

furan resin, furan plastic , (furfuryl alcohol) (2-furaldehyde)

(furfuryl-ketone)

(heavy syrup) (moulding material)

2) (methyl phenyl ketone) (acetyl chloride)

+ CH3CI

CH3

+ HCI

H3C

+ HCICI

H3C O

AICI3

AICI3


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170

2

furfural (heterocyclic) (aldehyde)

2 (carbonyl group, -CO-)

C5H4O2

(pentose)

(dehydration)

(hydrochloric acid) (sulfuric acid)

1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4) (extractive distillation)

(pfurfuraldehyde) (furfural alcohol)


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169/436

172

2

+

OSi(CH3)3

OSi(CH3)3


170/436

173

2

halogenation

( uorine) (chlorine) (bromine) (iodine)

( uorination) ( chlorination)

( bromination) (iodination) (hydroxyl group, -OH) (methanol)

(chloromethane) (hydrochloric acid)

2,6-

heterocyclics, heterocyclic compound ,

(heteroatom)

(pyridine) (thiazolidine)

(ethylene oxide)

(p-cresol) 2,6- (2,6-dibromo-p-cresol)

CH3

OH

Br2

C2H

4CI

2, 20 C, 8hrs.

CH3

OH

Br Br

1

25

4 3

S

NHN


171/436


172/436

175

2

high impact polystyrene (HIPS), impact polystyrene ( )

( polystyrene) ( butadiene)

(gloss) (toughness) (impact resistance)


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176

2

( heterogeneous catalyst)

hydrochlorination

( ole n) ( acetylene)

2- (2-chloropentane) ( propylene) (dichloromethane)

(rhodium) 100

hydrocracking

hydrodealkylation (alkyl group)

(alkyl aromatic) ( toluene) (methyl group, -CH

3)

1,2,4- (1,2,4benzene) ( xylene)

(chromium) (molybdenum)

hydroformylation, oxo synthesis ,

(formyl group, -CHO) ( alkene (al

(carbon monoxide) 40-200

10-100 (rhodium) (n-butyraldehyde)

(isobutyraldehyde) ( propylene)

homogeneous catalyst (phase) (reactant) (product)

(acidcatalyst) (base catalyst)

(sulfuric acid) (sodiumhydroxide)

( cumene) ( benzene) ( propylene)

(proton, H+)

(propyl cation)

2-

1,2,4-

H+


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177

2

hydrogenation ,

(platinum)

(palladium) (rhodium) ( alkene) ( alkane)

( benzene) ( cyclohexane) 230

1.5-2.5

(heteroatom)

2 ( hydrogenolysis)

hydrogenolysis ,

(heteroatom) 2

(hydrodesulfurization)

(hydrogen sul de)

(ethyl mercaptan)

C2H5SH + H2 C2H6 + H2S

hydrohalogenation (hydrohalic acid)

(halogen) (hydrochloricacid) (hydrobromic acid)

( alkene) (haloalkane)

2-

HHH

HHHC

CC

HBrBr

HHHHHH

HC

C C

2

(carbocation)

(Markovnikovs rul (Vladimir Markovnikov . . 2412

(2-bromopropane) ( propylene)

3


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178

2

hydroisomerization ,

(n-hexane) 2- (2-methylpentane)3- (3-methylpentane) 2,2-(2,2-dimethylbutane) 2,3-(2,3-dimethylbutane) - (platinum-alumina)

2-

3-

2,2-

2,3-

hydrolysis , 2

(hydrogen ion, H+) (hydroxide ion, OH-)

AB + HOH AH + BOH

AB AH BOH

(ester) (carboxylic acid) (alcohol) (amide)

( amine)

hydroquinone ( diol)

(hydroxyl group, -OH) 2 ( benzene) (paraposition) C6H6O2

( propylene) (isopropyl benzene)

- -2( ) -2


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179

2

(antioxidant) (antiozonan (polymerization inhibitor)

( monomer) (acrylonitrile) ( vinyl acetate) (acrylic ester) (methacrylic ester)

injection moulding

( thermoset)


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178/436

181

2

interfacial polymerization (step polymerization)

(condensation polymerization) ( monomer) 2

(immiscible solution) (organicsolvent) 6 (polyamide 6)

(diacid chloride) (continuous strand) 6

interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) ( )

( ) ( polystyrene)


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182

2

inverse emulsion polymerization

( emulsion polymerization)

(water-soluble monomer) ( acrylamide) (acrylic acid)

(hexane) (surfactant) (initiator)

(monomer)

(nonionic surfactants)

( poly(acrylamide))

inverse suspension polymerization

( suspension polymerization)

(water-soluble

monomers) ( acrylamide)

( poly(acrylamide))

OilWater

iso-butane ( alkane)

4 (isomer) C4H10

ionomer

(transparency)

(tenacity) (resilience)

(low-temperatureexibility) (resilience)

(elongation) (impactstrength) (melt strength)

(abrasion resistance) (stiffness)

(susceptibility to creep) (heat distortion temperature)

(ultraviolet resistance) (golf ball cover) (bowling pin coating)

(packaging application)


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183

2

(n-butane) (isomerization)

(chlorided alumina catalyst)

(refrigerant) -600 (R-600a)

( propane) 80:20

-600

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

3CH

3CH(CH

3)

2


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184

2

iso-butene, iso-butylene , ( alkene)

4 1

( butene) C4H8

( dehydrogenation)

( iso-butane)

( methyl tertiary butyl ether) (octane booster)

( butylrubber)

iso-butylene glycol ( diol)

( glycol) (hydroxyl group, -OH) 2 1 2

C4H10O2


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185

2

(a -hydroxyisobutyric acid)

( methacrylic acid) (PMMA)

( polycarbonate)

(hydration) ( iso-butylene oxide)

(direct oxidation)

(III) (titanium (III) chloride) (II) (copper (II) chloride)

iso-butylene oxide (

(methylgroup, -CH

3) 2 C4H8O

( iso-

butene) (chlorohydrination) (hypochlorous acid)

(CH3)

2CH=CH

2 + HOCl (CH

3)

2CHOHCH

2Cl

2(CH3)

2CHOHCH

2Cl + Ca(OH)

2 (CH

3)

2COCH

2

+ CaCl2 + 2H

2O

(direct oxidation) (thallium acetate) ( acetic acid)

( isobutylene

glycol)

(CH3)2C=CH2 + O2


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186

2

iso-butyric acid (carboxylic acid)

(carboxyl group, -COOH) 3 (isomer) (n-butyric acid)

C4H8O2

(isobutanol)

(oxidation) (potassium dichromate)

(sulfuric acid) ( propylene) (carbon monoxide) (hydro uoric acid)

( methacrylic acid) ( dehydrogenation)

isocyanate (N=C=O)

2

3 ( polyisocyanurate, diisocyanate)

isomerization , (chemical conversion)

( n-butane) ( iso-butene)

H2OHFCH2=CH-CH3 + CO

CH3-CH-COOHCH3


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187

2

iso-para n (branched alkane)

4

(iso-butane) 2- (2-methylpropane)

(refrigerant)

(isohexane) 2- (2-methylpentane)

(isoheptane) 2- (2-methyl

hexane)

3-(3-methyl hexane)

(isooctane) 2,2,4-

(2,2,4-trimethyl pentane)

(anti-knock)

100


185/436


186/436

189

2

linear alkyl benzene (LAB) ( )

( aromatics) (alkyl group) (monoole n) 12-14

( benzene) C6H5CHR1R 2 R1 = CnH2n+1 R2 = CmH2m+1

m n 0(m 0) 1 (n 1)

/(HF/n-paraffin)

( ole n) ( dehydro-genation)

( para n) (hydro uoricacid) 40-70

H3C(CH

2)x

(CH2)yCH3

(de


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190

2

(linear alkyl benzene) - (sulfur trioxide)

(fuming sulfuric acid) (sodium hydroxide)

linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) ( )

( polyethylene) ( low density polyethylene

(LDPE)) (tensile strength)

living polymerization (living polymer)

( anionic polymerization)

- ( Ziegler-Natta polymerization)

(styrene-butadiene copolymer)

- -

-

linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) ( )

( aromatics) (sulfonate group, -SO

3-)

10-14 ( benzene)

CH2=CH CH=CH2CH

n

nCH2 CH=CH CH2 CH CH=CH

n


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191

2

low density polyethylene (LDPE) ( ) ( polyethylene) 0.915-0.925

(alkyl group) 2-8

4 (impact strength) (toughness) (ductile)

Lycra ( polyurethane)

( polyether) ( 1,4- -

)


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192

2

maleic acid (dicarboxylic acid)

1 (carboxyl group, -COOH) 2 C4H4O4

( hydrolysis) ( maleic anhydride) (glyoxylic acid) 4- (4-hydroxymandelic

acid) (amoxicillin) (succinic acid) (lacquer)


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193

2

-

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

H H

H

H

H H

C C

C

C

C

C C

C

CN N N

N N

N

N N N

N N

N

N H

HH H

H

N

NN

N

N

N

( CH 2) 2 ( CH 2) 2

+ 4.5O2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O

maleic anhydride (MA) ( ) (cyclic

anhydride) 1 (carbonyl group,-CO-)

2 C4H2O3

medium density polyethylene (MLDPE) ( )

0.941

( low density polyethylene (LDPE)

melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) - ( )

( thermosetting polymer) ( formaldehyde)

( n-butane) (oxidation) 490

(ceriumchloride) - (cobalt-molybdenum oxide)

2CH3CH2CH2CH3+ 7O2 2C2H2(CO)2O + 8H2O

( benzene)

400 (vanadium pentaoxide)

(unsaturatedpolyester)

(fumaric acid) (alkyd resin) (pesticide)


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194

2

metathesis 2

(ole n metathesis)

(nickel) (tungsten)

( styrene) ( ethylene) 1,2- (1,2-diphenylethylene) -20 (tungstenhexachloride) aluminium dichloride) (ethanol)

1,2-

meta-xylene, m-xylene

( aromatics) (isomer) ( xylene) 3 (o-xylene) (m-xylene) (p-xylene)

( benzene) (methyl group, -CH3) 2

(meta position) C8H10

(mixed xylene) (catalytic reforming)

( naphtha) -

(molecular sieve)

membranes , (selectivebarrier) 2 (driving force)

(homogeneous) (heterogeneous)

(pore diameter) (microporous) 2

(mesoporous) 2-50 (macroporous)

50

( ole n) ( para n) (silver nitrate)

(hollowmicroporous membrane ber)


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195

2

C

H

H H

H

OH

O

(adsorbent) ( crystallization process)

(isophthalic acid) ( copolymer) (

polyethylene terephthalate) (isomerization)

methacrylic acid (MAA) ( ) (vinyl)

(methyl group, -CH3) (carboxylicgroup, -COOH) 1

C4H6O2

( iso-butene) 2

16.04 0.717 -182.5 -161.6

(tetrahedral) (lone pairelectron)

(compressed natural gas (CNG))

(natural gas for vehicles (NGV))

(synthesis gas)

(methan( acetic acid) anhydride)

( methyl

methacrylate) ( methanol)

methane ( alkane)

1 CH4

CH3CH2=C COOH

CH3


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196

2

methanol, methyl alcohol , (alcohol)

(hydroxyl group, -OH)

( methane) CH3OH

(synthesis gas) 1:2 250 50-100

- (copper-zinc oxide) (alumina)

methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) ( ) (keton

4 C4H8O

( n-butene)

(oxidation) 130 3 (II) (palladium(II) chloride) (II) (copper (II)chloride)

(acrylic) (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide)

(methyl pentynol) ( polyamide)

(corrosion inhibitor)

(fuel cell) 50

( formaldehyde) (methyl ester) (methyl acrylate)

( methyl methacrylate) (methyl acetate) (methylterephthalate) -

( methyl tertiary butyl ether) (octane booster)

(biodiesel)

CO + 2H2 CH3OH

CH3CCH2CH3O

II


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197

2methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ( )

(ketone) 6 C

6H

12O

( acetone) ( aldol condensation)

(sodium hydroxide)

(nitrocellulose)

(lacquer) ( resin)

methyl methacrylate (MMA) ( ) (methyl group, -CH3)

(methylacetate, -COOCH3) C5H8O2

(hydrocyanation) (cyanohydrin)

(sulfuric acid) ( methanol) (ammonium sulfate)

CH 3

CO

OH

NaOH H2O(CH 3)2CCH 2COCH 3 (CH3)2C=CHCOCH 3

CH 3

(CH 3)2CHCH 2 COCH 3 (CH 3 )2CHCH 2CHCH 3OH

H 2Cu/Ni cat.

80 ( poly(methyl methacrylate))

H3

C

CCN

O H

H3

C

H2

SO4

C H3

O H++

H2

C C

COOC H3

C H3

NH4

H SO4

+


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198

2

O

CH 3 OH + =C O CCH 2 CH 3CH 3

CH 3 CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(MABS) ( )

(comonomer) 4 ( methyl methacrylate) ( acrylonitrile) ( butadiene)

( styrene) 4 (a two-phase grafttetrapolymer) (ABS) -

(degradation)

methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ) (ether)

5 C5H12O

( iso-butene)

( methanol) 50

(additive) (octane number) (gasoline)


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199

2

OC

N

OC

N

Addisooctane + monomer

Filled surfactantMicelle

Polymernanocapsule

SurfactantMicelle in water

Core-shellmorphology

Polymerization

Remove surfactant

Dry

Phase-separation

methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (MDI) ( )

( isocyanate) polyurethane)

microemulsion polymerization

polymerization) 100

100

(drug delivery)


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200

2

FeCI 2 + FeCI 3Coprecipitation

in alkaline medium

Phase transfer withPAM200 /Styrene

Styrene

EmulsicationMiniemulsion

polymerization

PAM200 =

CH3

CC O O OP

O

CH2CH 2 CH

CH 3 CH

CHn=6

Water

-Fe 2O3

-Fe 2O3

miniemulsion polymerization

( emulsion polymerization) ( micro-emulsion polymerization) 50-500

( 100 )

50-500

(drug delivery)

mixed C4 4

4 ( isobutene) ( butadiene) 1- ( 1-butene) ( ole n) ( naphtha) 4

(octanenumber) (gasoline)

( butadieine rubber) - - ( acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) 1-

(comonomer) ( ethylene)

( high density polyethylene) (LLDPE)


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201

2

modacrylic fber

acrylonitrile) 35-85 20


199/436

202

2

molecular sieve ,

(polarity) ( lter)

( dehydration)

(carrier gas)

(alumino silicate mineral) (clay) (porous glass)

(microporous charcoal) ( zeolite) (activated carbon)

1) 3 (angstrom) 3A (ammonia)

2) 4 4A

(sulfur dioxide) (hydrogensul de) (ethylene) (ethane) (propylene) (ethyl alcohol)3) 5 5A

(mercaptan) 4 4) 8 10X

5) 10 13X (dibutylamine)


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203

2

monomer

(polymer) ( chain polymerization)

( ethylene) ( vinylchloride)

(step growth polymerization) (functional group) 2

(diacid) (diamine) (amino acid)


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204

2 n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) ( ) ( lactam) 5

(amide group, CONH2) (methyl group, -CH3) C5H9NO

(ethyl acetate) (chloroform)

( benzene) ( dehydrogenation) (butylene glycol) (-butyrolactone)

(methylamine) (dehydration)

1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 4 ( mixed

C4) (plasticizer)

HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH-2H2 CH3NH2

-H2O

H2CH2C

H2 OCC

O H2CH2C

H2 OCC

NCH3

n-butene ( alkene) 4

1 C4H8 2 (isomer) 1- ( 1-butene)

1 2- ( 2-butene) 2 ( iso-butene) 1

1- 2-


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206

2

naphtha

( aliphatics) (cycloaliphatic) 5-12 3 1) (full range naphtha) 5-12 30-200 2) (light naphtha) 5-6 30-90 3) (heavy naphtha) 6-12

160-220

(kerosene)

( aromatics)

naphthalene

( benzene) 2

C10H8

1,4-

(coa

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Petrochemical Encyclopedia 2011

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