PLANNING FOR URBANIZATION IN - Pakistan Urban …puf2015.pakistanurbanforum.com/Session/32/PLANNING...

3rd Pakistan Urban Forum: 4th to 8th December, 2015

“PLANNING FOR URBANIZATION IN TRIBAL AREAS” Rehabilitation of Conflict Hit Tribal Areas through Urban Planning

Masood Jafri & Ramisa Shafqat

Abstract: The glorification of jihadi apparatus by the success and rise of Taliban in Afghanistan and decades of

deprivation and poverty in Federally Administered Tribal Areas, attracted young men in thousands to join one or the other of the several Taliban groups and becoming a threat for the state security.

• A sustained action by Pakistan Army has got rid most of the areas from the militants. In the process several hundred families had been displaced who are now seeking to return back and restart their life in their ancestral places.

• The population in Tribal Areas is scattered and lives in small clusters divided into tribes and sub tribes spread over a large area. The provision of community facilities and basic utilities to such spread out population is not only expensive but also not sustainable.

• The World Bank has sponsored a project for rehabilitation of tribal areas by encouraging urbanization in the selected areas and inviting rural population to migrate to towns.

• Preparation of Structure Plans for fourteen centers is being undertaken to create urban hubs for providing services and become engines of economic growth and employment, so that the returnee IDPs can start a new life.

• The research sums up the lessons from three case studies regarding Planning for Urbanization: Khar (Bajaur Agency), Parachinar and Sadda (Kurram Agency).

Planning for Urbanization in Tribal Areas Jafri & Shafqat

FATA – Federally Administered Tribal Areas

• FATA comprises of seven tribal agencies (equivalent of districts in settled area) namely: Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai, Kurram, North Waziristan, South Waziristan and Khyber and six Frontier Regions (FR) namely FR Peshawar, FR Kohat, FR Bannu, FR Lakki, and FR Tank.

• The main towns of FATA are Parachinar, Miranshah, Razmak, Khar, Wana, Landi Kotal, Ghalanai, and Mirali.

• FATA is mountainous belt along Pakistan’s north-west border, namely Durand Line, with Afghanistan.

• The divided tribes across border have free movement through ‘porous border’ via official entry points and mountain passes.

• This cross border cultural linkages marked turmoil in the FATA region due to unrest in Afghanistan.

Mir Ali

BAJAUR AGENCY

Khar

Sadda

Alizai

Makeen

Jamrud

Bara


• FATA is one of the most under developed and impoverish region of Pakistan.

• Years of neglect, illiteracy and rampant poverty has exposed the youth to be exploited by zealous religious leaders and war lords.

• The Jihadi narrative good for withdrawal of Soviet army from Afghanistan refused to die and manifested itself in several factions of Taliban with guns directed towards the people and state of Pakistan.

• The militants gradually controlled much of FATA and needed army operation to cleanse the area militants


Introduction to FATA:

Indicator Pakistan KP FATA

Literacy (both sexes %) 43.92 35.41 17.42

Male Literacy 54.81 51.39 29.51

Female Literacy 32.02 18.82 03.00

Population per Doctor 1,226 4,916 7,670

Population per Bed in Hospitals 1,341 1,594 2,179

Roads per square km 0.26 0.13 0.17

Table 1. Selected Development Indicators for Pakistan, KP, and FATA (World Bank, 2012)

• The discussion is about the socio-political complexities and sustainable development challenges of the FATA region while keeping in mind the empirical and qualitative evidence on rural-urban development, social stratification, migration patterns and security concerns.

PAKHTUNWALI TRADITION: MELMASTIA- Hospitality NANAWATAI-Forgiveness or asylum Nyaw aw Badal- Justice & revenge Turah - Bravery Sabat - Loyalty Khegaṛa /Shegara -Righteousness Groh – Faith Pat / Wyaar aw Meraana -Respect, pride and courage Naamus -Protection of women Nang – Guard one’s honor Hewaad - Protect one’s country (Banting, E., 2003)

• FATA inhabitants in each Agency are divided into tribes and sub-tribes, who fiercely maintain their independence and identity.

• Conservation of folk culture, values and considering heritage as valuable social assets of the community is an emphatic evidence of sustainable mindset of the indigenous people.

• Elders of the tribes have strongholds on the tribes and settle matters among themselves in Jirgas.

• People are very security conscious and they live in fortified houses, which are far apart with high boundary walls and garrets.

• Hostile rugged topography, extreme climate, rampant illiteracy, and wide spread poverty have conditioned the inhabitants into hardened fighters who live a very tough life according to seven principals of Pakhtunwali.


FATA People:

Conditions in the camps were sub-human;

• lack of clean water, health and educational facilities, exposure to weather, overcrowding and lack of privacy.

• Issue of registration due to lack of awareness and cultural constraints denied relief aid to many.

• Most vulnerable inhabitants of the camps are children, elderly, disabled and pregnant women due to poor sanitation and health.

• Threats of increase in child labour and crime rate in adjacent towns. 13 percent of children are also suffering from psychological distress.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) First due to militants incursions, then due to army operations a

large number of persons were displaced and accommodated in camps looked after by government and NGOs.

The estimated number of displaced persons ranged from 2 – 4 million.

Many families (about 80%) did not go to camps and decided to stay with friends and relatives in other cities putting extra burden on the already overloaded infrastructure.


Repatriation • Scale of devastation and the scattered IDP settlements made the

process of repatriation / transition phase, difficult.

• About 165,427 families (774,594 persons) IDPs in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have been hosted by the government camps namely Jalozai Camp, New Durrani Camp and Togh Serai Camp.

• Soon after the area was declared safe by the authorities, the repatriation of IDPs started.

• The army, political administration and federal government facilitated the repatriation. Transport, household necessities, food items, essential building materials repair/rebuilding of house and some cash (Rs.160,000 to Rs.400,000) was provided to each family.


Fig-2- Phases of Disaster management process (T.L.Jones, 2006)

• Most IDPs of Malakand Division, Bajaur, Mohmand, and Orakzai have returned to their homes while phase wise repatriation of IDPs from Kurram and South Waziristan is in process.

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation aims to “create more resilient societies through well –considered and

effectively implemented recovery operations” (UNISDR-IRP, 2007).

“Resilience means the ability to return to equilibrium after disturbance” Zhao et al (2013)

A sustainable rehabilitation framework has the capacity to deal with economic and social crisis by assimilating the IDPs into the urban fabric and reduce the threat of conflict relapse.

The ADB/World Bank has given following guidelines to plan for rehabilitation Rapid rebuilding of people’s livelihood

Independence and self sufficiency by use of local resources and skills

Decentralization by empowerment of local people

Focus on vulnerable and socially disadvantaged groups

Secure development gains and progress in poverty reduction

Restoring capacities to manage recovery process

Transparency and accountability in managing resources and finances

Encourage engagement of private sector and civil society


Strategy • By 2009, Government of Pakistan launched several assessments including Damage Need

Assessment (DNA) and Post Crisis Need Assessment (PCNA) in collaboration with Asian Development Bank (ADB) and World Bank

• Report delivered by PCNA stipulated a coherent and durable peace building strategy on these following objectives; ( World Bank, 2012):

Enhance responsiveness and effectiveness of state to restore citizen’s trust Stimulate employment and livelihood opportunity Ensure provision of basic services Reconciliation and counter-extremism

• On the basis of these objectives a spatial planning strategic program was conceived namely, TARUCCI (Tribal Areas Rural-to-Urban Centres Conversion Initiative) Program aiming to achieve lasting peace and cost effective sustainable development based on encouraging urbanization as means of social and economic transformation.

• Strategy was devised on the lines of sustainable Compact City ideology which comprises of socio economic growth, provision of livelihoods and infrastructure on the framework of densification of populace and intensification of activities (Jenks, M. & Burgess, R., 2000).


TARUCCI Program (Tribal Areas Rural-to-Urban Centres Conversion Initiative)

• The formation of 14 urban centres in FATA region is envisioned to attract widely scattered rural-tribal population to an environment that has monitored security (through military garrisons), planned housing, quality amenities and health care, municipal services, diverse opportunities for trade and employment etc., under the umbrella of good governance and effective implementation.

• The priority is provision of quality life to attract government officials in the field of medicine, education etc. and professional from private sector and rural tribal population.

• This ambitious strategy can only be successful if capacity building in municipal committees is carried out along with transparency and accountability of government officials and responsible administration.


Case Studies

Out of fourteen urban centers envisaged in TARUCCI program, the authors were involved in three centers:

• Parachinar , Kurram Agency

• Sadda , Kurram Agency

• Khar, Bajaur Agency


Parachinar, Kurram Agency • Parachinar is the administrative headquarter of Kurram

Agency which is surrounded by Afghan territory and area of immense scenic beauty.

• The estimated 2014 population of Parachinar is 187,000 with a large majority of Turi and Bangash tribes.

• Highest literacy rate in FATA. • The dominating profession is agriculture, which also the

dominant land use. • The existing town has a radial pattern converging on the

central business district and ribbon development has followed all major roads specially Thall-Parachinar Road.

• The proposed structure intends to make it a compact city with the provision of light industrial area and provision of tourism complexes.

• Private sector is to be mobilized for provision of jobs. • The town has big potential in tourism, orchid farming, trout

fish farming and mineral processing which shall be explored


Sadda, Kurram Agency

Sadda is the second largest town in Kurram Agency after Parachinar, a Tehsil headquarter and urban services provider in Lower Kurram.

Sadda is a regional service centre for a very large area of 3,500 acres with scattered population of 55,000 inhabitants which is expected to reach up to 94,000 in next twenty years.

It has thriving trade along the Thall-Parachinar road which often chokes the road and disturbs the inter city traffic.

Major government services and facilities are located along the cantonment road stretching in east-west direction in form of ribbon development.

The structure plan proposes to shift some of the activities from the Thall-Parachinar road to a proposed wholesale market and light industries area.

Road pattern has to be rationalized. Agriculture and service sectors will be the main source of job

creation and income generation (EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd., 2015).


Khar, Bajaur Agency

FATA – Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Khar, old city is a very congested and compact area in the north-east of the town.

The Khar-Munda road acts as the main spine and most of the public amenities have followed the road in a linear development.

The town has good quality health and education services The Plan suggests immediate repairs of existing public

buildings and recruitment of staff. A large commercial centre and industrial area is suggested

in the western part of the town to provide employment. The Municipal committee needs capacity building and

recruitment of trained staff

Khar, headquarter of Bajaur Agency, covers 2.5 sq km of area and estimated population of 58,000 in 2012.

Khar town has substantial economic growth potential with rich agricultural lands producing grain and other crops, fruits and vegetables; a large livestock population; untapped mineral resources especially marble and granite; and an active services sector, including banking.

Significance of Post Conflict Urban Centers • TARUCCI has taken into account the psychological and social transformation of IDPs. Due to urban exposure during their stay in camps, if not provided with a similar urban framework IDPs can also choose to permanently settle in other urban areas.

• Husain et al (2007) shows there is a high prevalence of depression in this region due to poverty, women suppression, security crisis and militancy; urbanization is an answer to this social trauma.

• TARUCCI Program provide hybrid urban environment that can assimilate the tribal social and cultural norms into the economically viable urban setup by creating urban centers within the region and amongst the tribal communities. This tribal legacy and culture is the pull factor for the IDPs to their homeland, instead of permanently migrating to main cities like Lahore or Karachi.

• Urban centres can also be seen as instrument to facilitate recovery process. As urbanization with in post-conflict setting tends to reduce the risks of conflict relapse.


Significance of Post Conflict Urban Centers • Poverty alleviation is the key element of sustainable recovery. Urban centers shall be acting as engines of economic development and magnets of investment and trade.

• Urban centres shall be hub of local building materials, professional consultants, labor forces, active participation of private sector etc., these factors contribute in strategic physical reconstruction of built environment.

• Attract professionals from other cities like teachers, doctors etc. by providing quality urban life.

• TARUCCI program, while keeping in mind the significance of local participation engaged local small business, building contractors and trained locals especially women, so that they can become active member of recovery process. Hence, community development is anticipated through these participation techniques.

Formulation of self reliant and resilient community


Conclusion

• “Build-Back-Better”

• The timing of development of the proposed urban centers is important in order to anchor the local populace to their homeland.

• Sustainability of the program is the key to its success and directly integrated with good governance and quality of administrative implementation of the program.

• Capacity building of local government.

• Challenge is to sustain the same level of investment from the resources of FATA Secretariat and Local Government, once the international funding is exhausted.

• Participation of local communities to create sense of ownership.

• Involvement of private sector should be encouraged to attract investments.


References • Braithwaite, John; Gohar, Ali (2014), Restorative Justice, Policing and Insurgency: Learning from Pakistan, Law & Society Review 48.3 (2014): 531561.

• Hu & Tao, (2013) Research on behaivour intentions of tourists based on rural image perception, Asian Agriculture research , 5(5), pg. 140-143

• FATA Research Centre, (April 2013), IDPs of FATA: Issues and Challenges, Seminar Report, FATA Research Centre in collaboration with The Royal Danish Embassy.

• ADB / World Bank, (2005), Pakistan 2005 Earthquake: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment, (online) http://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/dldocs/Pakistan(2005)%20Earthquake%20Preliminary%20Damage%20and%20Needs%20Assessment_0.pdf (accessed on 5th February, 2013)

• UNISDR-IRP, (May 2007), Learning from Disaster Recovery, Guidance for Decision Makers (online) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/3619 (accessed on 10th February, 2013)

• Lloyds-Jones, Tony (2006) Mind the Gap! Post Disaster reconstruction and the transition from humanitarian relief, London, RICS.

• Jenks, M. & Burgess, R. (2000) Compact Cities, Sustainable Urban forms for developing countries, SPON Press, USA.

• Kruijt D. & Koonings K. (2009) Megacities: The Politics of Urban Exclusion and Violence in the Global South, Zed Books Ltd, London

• Banting, Erinn (2003). Afghanistan the People. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 14. ISBN 0-7787-9335-4. Retrieved 2010-10-29.

• Khan, Ismail (2007). "Plan ready to curb militancy in Fata, settled areas". Newsweek international edition. Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-06-27

• World Bank, (2012) World Bank Report No 63746-PK,Emergency Project Paper on a proposed grant under the multi-donor trust fund for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA), and Baluchistan to the Islamic republic of Pakistan for the FATA URBAN CENTERS PROJECT.

• Neuman M. (2005) The Compact City Fallacy, Journal of Planning Education and Research 25:11.

• Bharne, Vinayak (ed)(2013) The emerging Asian City: Concomitant urbanities & urbanisms, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon.


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• Deniz Sert, (2008), Property Rights In Return And Resettlement Of Internally Displaced Persons (Idps) A Quantitative And Comparative Case Study, A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York

• EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (2015), Final Structural Plan Report, Spatial / Structure Plan for Parachinar, Kurram Agency, in collaboration with FATA Urban Centres Project(FUCP) and FATA Secretariat, Peshawar.

• EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (2015), Final Structural Plan Report, Spatial / Structure Plan for Sadda, Kurram Agency, in collaboration with FATA Urban Centres Project(FUCP) and FATA Secretariat, Peshawar.

• EA Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (2013), Final Report, Structure Plan for MC Khar (2012-2032), in collaboration with FATA Urban Centres Project(FUCP) and FATA Secretariat, Peshawar.

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http://www.pdma.gov.pk/downloads/DNA-Malakand.pdf



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