PRESENT, FUTURE, AND PERFECT FORMS OF SUM AND THE USES OF THE

INFINITIVE

Lesson XIV & XV

Forms of Sum

Other verbs we’ve learned fit into standard conjugations, specifically first and second.

For these verbs, there are steps that you can follow to conjugate any of the verbs in the same conjugation.

These verbs are called REGULAR VERBS.

Forms of Sum

Some verbs don’t follow the rules of any of the conjugations.

These verbs are called IRREGULAR VERBS.You must memorize the special conjugation for

these verbs separately from the four conjugations.The most common verb in Latin is one of these

irregular verbs: the word for “to be”... including is, are, were, etc.

The four principal parts of sum are sum, esse, fui, futurus, but you can’t use the second principal part to form the stem for the present and future tense.

Forms of Sum

We’ve only seen the present forms of sum in the third person forms est and sunt. The full conjugation looks like this. Notice that the stem changes:

Singular Plural1st Person sum = I am sumus = we

are2nd Person es = you are estis = y’all

are3rd Person est = he/she/it

issunt = they are

Forms of Sum

The future form of sum is less irregular, but it still doesn’t fit into any of the regular conjugations. Notice that it’s the same as bo, bis, bit, except with er instead of b.

Singular Plural1st Person ero = I will be erimus = we will

be2nd Person

eris = you will be

eritis = y’all will be

3rd Person

erit = he/she/it will be

erunt = they will be

Forms of Sum

The perfect form of sum is regular. It uses the third principal part (fui) as the stem. You may notice that the third person can be translated the same way as erat and erant, but that is a different tense.Singular Plural

1st Person fui = i have been, was

fuimus = we have been, were

2nd Person

fuisti = you have been, were

fuistis = y’all have been, were

3rd Person

fuit = he/she/it has been, was

fuerunt = they have been, were

Uses of the Infinitive

The second principal part of a verb—i.e. the one we use for the stem of the present and future tenses of regular verbs—is called the present active infinitive.

Most infinitives end with –re.

The infinitive can act like a direct object in that it completes the meaning of a verb.

Uses of the Infinitive

When the infinitive is used as the direct object, it completes the meaning of a verb. For example...

Ad Italiam navigare parat.He prepares TO SAIL to Italy.

The infinitive navigare completes the verb parat. It shows WHAT he prepares to do.

Uses of the Infinitive

When it’s used as the direct object, it completes the meaning of a verb. For example...

In silva ambulare amamus.We love TO WALK in the forest.

The infinitive ambulare completes the meaning of the verb amamus. It shows WHAT we love to do.

Uses of the Infinitive

Try to create your own sentence with an infinitive as a direct object by using the following Latin words. Remember to change the endings as needed:

mereo, merere, merui, meritus – to deserve, to earnhabeo, habere, habui, habitus – to have, to holdpraemium, -i (n.) – a reward

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97)

Aristotoles magister bonus multorum viororum erat.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97)

Philosophiam et scientiam naturalem

docuit.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97)

Aristoteles erat clarus et bonus

magister,

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97)

Philippus, rex Macedoniae,

Aristotelem probavit.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97)

Philipus filium habuit, Alexandrum,

puerum bonum et amicum.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97)

Philippus claro magistro Aristoteli

puerum Alexandrum mandavit:

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

colonus, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

filius, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

arma, -orum (n. pl.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

auxilium, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

bellum, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

concordia, -ae (f.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

dea, -ae (f.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

deus, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

nuntius, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

officium, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

officium, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

sum, esse, fui, futurus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

migro, -are, -avi, -atus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

debeo, debere, debui, debitus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

inquit

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & 116-117)

maturo, -are, -avi, -atus

Assignments

Make flashcards for the vocabulary on pages 101 and 116-117.

Translate Aristoteles et Alexander on page 97.

Complete Exercises A 1-3 and B 1-3 on page 100.

Complete Exercises B 1-5 and C 1-5 on page 115.