Presnetation of Air Pollution .ppt

8/10/2019 Presnetation of Air Pollution .ppt

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Air pollution from World War IIproduction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II


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WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is the introduction ofchemicals, particulate matter, or

biological materialsthat cause harmor discomfort to humans or otherliving organisms, or cause damage to

the natural environmentor builtenvironment, into the atmosphere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical


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AIR POLLUTION

The atmosphere is a complex dynamicnatural gaseous system that is essential tosupport life on planet Earth. Stratosphericozone depletiondue to air pollution haslong been recognized as a threat tohuman health as well as to the Earth'secosystems.

Indoor air pollution and urban air qualityare listed as two of the world's worst

pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith

InstituteWorld's Worst Polluted Places

report.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth


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POLLUTANTS

A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans andthe environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants canbe in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. Inaddition, they may be natural or man-made.2

Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually,

primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, suchas ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxidegasfrom a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released fromfactories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly.Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or

interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant isground level ozoneone of the many secondary pollutantsthat make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may beboth primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitteddirectly and formed from other primary pollutants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_level_ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_level_ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide


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AIR POLLUTANT IMAGE

flue gas desulfurization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization


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PRIMARY POLLUTANTS

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

Sulfur oxides(SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemicalcompound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced byvolcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal andpetroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion

generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually inthe presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, andthus acid rain.[2] This is one of the causes for concern overthe environmental impact of the use of these fuels as powersources.

Nitrogen oxides(NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxideare

emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen asthe brown haze dome above or plumedownwind of cities.Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formulaNO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 isone of the most prominent air pollutants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxide


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Contd

Carbon monoxide- is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but verypoisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustionof fuel suchas natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source ofcarbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide(CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxicgreenhouse gasassociated with ocean acidification, emitted fromsources such as combustion, cement production, and respirationVolatile organic compounds- VOCs are an important outdoor airpollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separatecategories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs).Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributesto enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also

significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and inprolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effectvaries depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, thearomatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspectedcarcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure.1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is oftenassociated with industrial uses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide


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Contd

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) areorganicchemicalsthat have a high vapor pressureat ordinary,room-temperatureconditions. Their high vapor pressureresults from a low boilingpoint, which causes largenumbers of molecules to evaporateor sublimatefrom theliquid or solid form of the compound and enter the

surrounding air. An example is formaldehyde, with a boilingpoint of 19 C (2 F), slowly exiting paintand gettinginto the air.

Many VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harmto the environment. VOCs are numerous, varied, andubiquitous. They include both man-made and naturally

occurring chemical compounds. VOCs play an importantrole in communication between plants. 1AnthropogenicVOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, whereconcentrations are the highest. VOCs are typically notacutely toxic, but instead have compounding long-termhealth effects. Because the concentrations are usually lowand the symptoms slow to develop, research into VOCs and

their effects is difficult.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemicals


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Contd

Particulatesalso known as particulate matter(PM), suspendedparticulate matter(SPM), fine particles, and sootare tinysubdivisions of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. In contrast,aerosolrefers to particles and/or liquid droplets and the gastogether.Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Air pollutionand water pollutioncan take the form of solid particulate matter, or bedissolved.1Salt is an example of a dissolved contaminant in water, whilesand is generally a solid particulate.

To improve water quality, solid particulates can be removed by waterfiltersor settling, and is referred to as insoluble particulate matter.Dissolved contaminants in water are often collected by distilling, allowingthe water to evaporate and the contaminants to return to particle formand precipitate.

Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, duststorms, forestand grasslandfires, living vegetation, and sea spray.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuelsin vehicles, powerplantsand various industrial processes also generate significant amountsof particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primarymethod for heating homes and supplying energy. Averaged over theglobe, anthropogenicaerosolsthose made by human activitiescurrently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols inour atmosphere.2Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linkedto health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung

cancer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot


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Schematic drawing, causes and

effects of air pollution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg


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Persistent free Radicals

Radicals(often referred to as free radicals) are atoms,molecules, or ionswith unpaired electronson an open shellconfiguration. Free radicals may have positive, negative, orzero charge. With some exceptions, the unpaired electronscause radicals to be highly chemically reactive.

Radicals, if allowed to run free in thebody, are believed tobe involved in degenerative diseases, senescence(theaging process), and cancers.

Free radicals play an important role in combustion,atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasmachemistry,biochemistry, andmany other chemical processes. Inchemical biology, superoxideand nitric oxideregulate many

processes, such as controlling vascular tone. Such radicalscan evenbe messengers in a phenomenon dubbed redoxsignaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cageorbe otherwise bound.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_effect_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_effect_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_effect_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_effect_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom


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Sources

Sources of air pollution refer to thevarious locations, activities or factorswhich are responsible for the releasing of

pollutants into the atmosphere. Thesesources can be classified into two majorcategories which are:

Anthropogenic sources (human

activity)mostly related to burningdifferent kinds of fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel


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Dust storm approaching Stratford,

Texas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Texas


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Power Station

A power station(also referred to as agenerating station, power plant, orpowerhouse) is an industrial facility for thegenerationof electric energy.123

At the center of nearly all power stations is agenerator, a rotating machine that convertsmechanical energy into electrical energy bycreating relative motion between a magnetic fieldand a conductor. The energy source harnessed to

turn the generator varies widely. It dependschiefly on which fuels are easily available and onthe types of technology that the power companyhas access to.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation


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Contd

The world's firstpower station wasbuilt by SigmundSchuckert in theBavariatown ofEttaland went into

operation in 18784.The stationconsisted of 24dynamoelectricgeneratorswhichwere driven by asteam engine. Itwas used toilluminate a grottoin the gardens ofLinderhof Palace.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linderhof_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linderhof_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linderhof_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian


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Indore Air Quality (IAQ) A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where

people often spend the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, acarcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations andtrapped insidehouses. Building materials including carpetingandplywoodemit formaldehyde(H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents giveoff volatile organic compounds(VOCs) as they dry. Leadpaint candegenerate into dustand be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is

introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and otherscented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplacescanadd significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, insideand out.13Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by usingpesticidesand other chemical sprays indoors without properventilation.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused

by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoalindoors. Chroniccarbon monoxide poisoningcan result even frompoorly adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domesticplumbingto keep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors.Clothing emitstetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids,for days after dry cleaning.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen


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Contd

Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive useof asbestosin industrial and domestic environments in the past has left apotentially very dangerous material in many localities. Asbestosisis achronic inflammatorymedical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. Itoccurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea(shortness of breath) and areat an increased risk regarding severaldifferent types of lung cancer. As clear explanations are not alwaysstressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguishbetween several forms of relevant diseases. According to the World HealthOrganisation (WHO), these may defined as; asbestosis, lung cancer, andPeritoneal Mesothelioma(generally a very rare form of cancer, when morewidespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure toasbestos).

Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases andairborne particulates. Petsproduce dander, people produce dust fromminute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mitesin bedding, carpetingand furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings,inhabitants emit methane, moldforms in walls andgenerates mycotoxinsand spores, airconditioningsystems can incubateLegionnaires' diseaseand mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardenscan producepollen, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows theseairborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occurin nature.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDFhttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_Mesotheliomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_Mesotheliomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_Mesotheliomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_Mesotheliomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDFhttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos


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Health effects The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die

each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution.14"Epidemiologicalstudies suggest that more than 500,000Americansdie each year from cardiopulmonarydisease linked tobreathing fine particle airpollution. . ."15A study by theUniversity of Birminghamhas shown a strong correlation between

pneumoniarelated deaths and air pollution from motorvehicles.16Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to airpollution than to automobile accidents.[] Published in 2005suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollutionannually.[] Causes of deaths include aggravated asthma,emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies.[]The USEPAestimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel

enginetechnology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewerprematuremortalities, 15,000 fewer heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergencyroomvisits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States.[] Airpollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly indeveloping countries where pollutant levels are highest.17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological


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Effect of cystic fibrosis A study from around the years of 1999 to 2000, by the

University of Washington, showed that patients near andaround particulate matter air pollution had an increased risk ofpulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function.23Patients were examined before the study for amounts ofspecific pollutants like Pseudomonas aeruginosaor

Burkholderia cenocepaciaas well as their socioeconomicstanding. Participants involved in the study were located in theUnited States in close proximity to an EnvironmentalProtection Agency.[] During the time of the study 117 deathswere associated with air pollution. Many patients in the studylived in or near large metropolitan areas in order to be close tomedical help. These same patients had higher level of

pollutants found in their system because of more emissions inlarger cities. As cystic fibrosis patients already suffer fromdecreased lung function, everyday pollutants such as smoke,emissions from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper useof indoor heating devices could further compromise lungfunction.24
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cenocepaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cenocepaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cenocepaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cenocepaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa


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EFFECTS OF COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), also knownas chronic obstructive lung disease(COLD), chronicobstructive airway disease(COAD), chronic airflowlimitation(CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease(CORD), is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitisandemphysema,a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungsin which the airwaysbecome narrowed.1This leads to a limitation

of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness ofbreath(dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by itscharacteristically low airflow on lung function tests.2In contrastto asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually getsprogressively worse over time. In England, an estimated 842,100of 50 million people have a diagnosis of COPD.3

COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonlyfrom

tobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormal inflammatoryresponsein the lung.4

The diagnosisof COPD requires lung function tests. Importantmanagementstrategies are smoking cessation, vaccinations,rehabilitation, and drug therapy (often using inhalers).Somepatients go on to require long-term oxygen therapyor lungtransplantation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_testshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_testshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitis


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Air Pollution

Studies in many countries have found people wholive in large cities have a higher rate of COPDcompared to people who live in rural areas.27Urban air pollutionmay be a contributing factor forCOPD, as it is thought to slow the normal growth ofthe lungs, although the long-term research needed

to confirm the link has not been done. Studies ofthe industrial waste gas and COPD/asthma-aggravating compound, sulfur dioxide, and theinverse relation to the presence of the blue lichen

Xanthoria(usually found abundantly in thecountryside, but never in towns or cities) have beenseen to suggest combustive industrial processes donot aid COPD sufferers. In many developingcountries, indoor airpollution from cooking firesmoke (often using biomass fuelssuch as wood andanimal dung) is a common cause of COPD,

especially in women.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution


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Genetics

Some factor in addition to heavy smoke exposure isrequired for apersonto develop COPD. This factoris probably a geneticsusceptibility. COPD is morecommon among relatives of COPD patients whosmoke than unrelated smokers.29The genetic

differences that make some peoples' lungssusceptible to theeffects of tobacco smoke aremostly unknown. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiencyis agenetic condition that is responsible for about 2%of cases of COPD. In this condition, the body doesnot make enough of a protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin.

Alpha 1-antitrypsinprotects the lungs from damagecausedby proteaseenzymes, such as elastaseandtrypsin, that can be released as a result of aninflammatory response to tobacco smoke.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene


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Effect of children

Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutantshave the possibility of children living within them to developasthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections aswell as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensurethe youths' health are beingtaken in cities such as New Delhi,Indiawhere buses now use compressed natural gasto help

eliminate the pea-soup smog.28Research by the WorldHealth Organizationshows there is the greatest concentrationof particulate matter particles in countries with low economicworld power and high poverty and population rates. Examplesof these countries include Egypt, Sudan, Mongolia, andIndonesia. In the United States, the Clean Air Actwas passedin 1970,however in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were

living in non-attainment areasregions in which theconcentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federalstandards.29Those pollutants are known as the criteriapollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfurdioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Becausechildren are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilationthey are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Attainment_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Attainment_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Attainment_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Attainment_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Attainment_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_India


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Control Devices

The following items are commonly used aspollution control devices by industry ortransportation devices. They can either destroycontaminantsor remove them from an exhaust

stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere. Particulate scrubbersWet scrubber is a form of

pollution control technology. The term describes avariety of devices that use pollutants from a

furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In awet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is broughtinto contact with the scrubbing liquid, by sprayingit with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool ofliquid, or by some other contact method, so as toremove the pollutants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminant


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Legal Regulations

In general, there are two types ofair quality standards. The first classof standards (such as the U.S.National Ambient Air QualityStandardsand E.U. Air QualityDirective) set maximumatmospheric concentrations for

specific pollutants. Environmentalagencies enact regulations whichare intended to result in attainmentof these target levels. The secondclass (such as the North AmericanAir Quality Index) take the form ofa scale with various thresholds,

which is used to communicate tothe public the relative risk ofoutdoor activity. The scale may ormay not distinguish betweendifferent pollutants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standardshttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standardshttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Indexhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards


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Governing Urban Air Pollution

In Europe, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient airquality assessment andmanagement provides a commonstrategy against which member statescan set objectivesfor ambient air quality in order to avoid, prevent or reduceharmful effects on human health and the environment . . .and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory.35

On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek vFreistaatBayern CURIA, the European Court of Justiceruled thatunder this directive35citizens have the right to requirenational authorities to implement a short term action planthat aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air qualitylimit values.36

This important case lawappears to confirm the role of theEC as centralised regulator to European nation-statesasregards air pollution control. It places a supranationallegalobligation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerouslevels of air pollution, furthermore superseding nationalinterests with those of the citizen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe


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AIR POLLUTION IMAGES


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