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Preventative Measures Ensuring the Health of US
Cattle and Safety of US Beef
Preventative Measures Ensuring the Health of US
Cattle and Safety of US Beef
John A. ScangaAssociate Professor
Center for Red Meat SafetyDepartment of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
John A. ScangaAssociate Professor
Center for Red Meat SafetyDepartment of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
U.S. Cattle Industry Overview (Field & Taylor, 2002)
U.S. Cattle Industry Overview (Field & Taylor, 2002)
• 814,000 beef herds = 33.1 million cows.
• 97,500 dairy herds = 9.1 million cows.
• 29 million feeder calves.
• 90% of beef cow herds have <100 hd but control only 50% of inventory.
• 1,800 feeding companies with >1000 hd capacity.
• 795 plants harvest steers & heifers.
• Top 5 packing companies (29 plants) account for 88-90% of cattle harvested.
• 814,000 beef herds = 33.1 million cows.
• 97,500 dairy herds = 9.1 million cows.
• 29 million feeder calves.
• 90% of beef cow herds have <100 hd but control only 50% of inventory.
• 1,800 feeding companies with >1000 hd capacity.
• 795 plants harvest steers & heifers.
• Top 5 packing companies (29 plants) account for 88-90% of cattle harvested.
U.S. Beef IndustryU.S. Beef Industry
• Cow-calf production• Calves are generally weaned at 205 days
of age (6-7 months)• Once weaned, calves will either be:
• Held on grass pastures (Backgrounding)• Shipped directly to feedlot
• Cow-calf production• Calves are generally weaned at 205 days
of age (6-7 months)• Once weaned, calves will either be:
• Held on grass pastures (Backgrounding)• Shipped directly to feedlot
BackgroundingBackgrounding
• Cattle are retained after weaning for weight gain• Generally until 9 to 10 months of age
• Cattle are retained after weaning for weight gain• Generally until 9 to 10 months of age
FeedlotFeedlot
• Cattle are fed an increasing amount of grain for 100 - 200 days
• Target end weight is generally 1200 pounds; typically this is reached at an age of 15 to 19 months
• Cattle are fed an increasing amount of grain for 100 - 200 days
• Target end weight is generally 1200 pounds; typically this is reached at an age of 15 to 19 months
Scientific Principles of BSE Prevention
Scientific Principles of BSE Prevention
CattleFeedCattleFeed
CattleCattle Beef ProcessingBeef Processing
ConsumerConsumer
Block recycling of rendered mammalian proteins into cattle
feed
Block recycling of rendered mammalian proteins into cattle
feed
Exclude potentially infectious tissues
(SRM’s) & minimizecross- contamination
Exclude potentially infectious tissues
(SRM’s) & minimizecross- contamination
Rendering Facility
Rendering Facility
Role of U.S. Government in Controlling BSERole of U.S. Government in Controlling BSE
Protecting the health of the U.S. cattle herd
Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
Monitor & Enforce Feed Ban
Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
BSE Surveillance to Determine Prevalence & Verify Effectiveness of BSE Firewalls in U.S.
Food Safety & Inspection Service (FSIS)
Protecting the human food supply
Monitor & enforce the Removal of SRM’s & Other New BSE-Related Regulations
Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS)
Provide auditing service to certify marketing programs (e.g., BEV)
Beef Quality AssuranceBeef Quality Assurance
MissionMaximize consumer confidence in and
acceptance of beef by focusing the industry’s attention on beef quality through the use of
science, research and educational initiatives.
MissionMaximize consumer confidence in and
acceptance of beef by focusing the industry’s attention on beef quality through the use of
science, research and educational initiatives.
Safety Criteria 1:Use of Feed and Feed AdditivesSafety Criteria 1:Use of Feed and Feed Additives
Do not feed “prohibited” mammalian derived protein sources. Meat and bone meal or any other prohibited protein sources derived from mammalian muscle or bone tissue cannot be fed.
Mammalian Protein BanMammalian Protein BanThe FDA (1997) has formulated rules and regulations that deal with the feeding of mammalian-derived products.
No “prohibited” mammalian-derived protein sources can be fed in the BQA program.
Proteins that are exempt
Blood and blood by-products
Milk products
Pure porcine protein products
Pure equine protein products
Gelatin
Always refer to label directions to determine if products are or are not approved for use in cattle.
The FDA (1997) has formulated rules and regulations that deal with the feeding of mammalian-derived products.
No “prohibited” mammalian-derived protein sources can be fed in the BQA program.
Proteins that are exempt
Blood and blood by-products
Milk products
Pure porcine protein products
Pure equine protein products
Gelatin
Always refer to label directions to determine if products are or are not approved for use in cattle.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Inspections and Legal Sanctions• Scientific Expertise• Product Safety
• Food• Drugs• Medical devices• Biologics• Animal feed and drugs• Cosmetics• Radiation emitting products
• Inspections and Legal Sanctions• Scientific Expertise• Product Safety
• Food• Drugs• Medical devices• Biologics• Animal feed and drugs• Cosmetics• Radiation emitting products
CVM Update On Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement
CVM Update On Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement
To help prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed, in the U.S., FDA implemented a Final Rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals (Ruminant Feed Ban, August 4, 1997).
As of April 17, 2004, FDA and State officials had inspected 29,000 establishments (renderers, feedmills, protein blenders, ruminant feeders, on-farm mixers, pet food manufacturers, animal feed salvagers, distributors, retailers, transporters).
99.48% of establishments qualified as NAI (No Action Indicated).
To help prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed, in the U.S., FDA implemented a Final Rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals (Ruminant Feed Ban, August 4, 1997).
As of April 17, 2004, FDA and State officials had inspected 29,000 establishments (renderers, feedmills, protein blenders, ruminant feeders, on-farm mixers, pet food manufacturers, animal feed salvagers, distributors, retailers, transporters).
99.48% of establishments qualified as NAI (No Action Indicated).
SOURCE: U.S. FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine (April 22, 2004).
CVM Update On Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement (June 20, 2005)
• Active firms whose initial inspection has been reported to FDA = 15,676 ・
• Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed = 4,093 (26% of those active firms inspected) ・
• Of the 4,093 active firms handling prohibited materials:• 10 firms (0.2%) were classified as Official Action
Indicated• 98 firms (2.4%) were classified as Voluntary Action
Indicated
• Active firms whose initial inspection has been reported to FDA = 15,676 ・
• Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed = 4,093 (26% of those active firms inspected) ・
• Of the 4,093 active firms handling prohibited materials:• 10 firms (0.2%) were classified as Official Action
Indicated• 98 firms (2.4%) were classified as Voluntary Action
Indicated
Procurement“Prohibited Feed” Affidavit I ____________________________________________(print), attest that to the best of my knowledge, the “finishing ration” fed to cattle under my authority, direction, or ownership and which are supplied to TFM for slaughter have not been fed "prohibited" mammalian protein as defined by FDA 21 CFR 589.2000. My role in the cattle supply chain is (check one) : _____ Feedlot owner/operator _____ Order Buyer or Trader (independent) _____ Other (describe) ____________________ I agree that authorized TFM officials may conduct inspection of feed records and feed facilities at locations from which cattle under my direction (or ownership) are fed and which were slaughtered at an TFM facility. Signature: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____________________________
Address: ______________________________________________________ Phone Number ____________________
Affidavits are to be renewed annually. Failure to have a current, signed affidavit on-record is cause for the “company” to refuse to slaughter cattle under your direction or ownership. The owner/agent should keep the yellow copy of this affidavit for your records. Note: FDA CFR 589.2000 requires ruminant feeders to keep records for all feed they receive that contains animal protein products, whether or not the animal protein is prohibited material. Such records would include purchase invoices and labeling for all feeds containing animal protein products received. Copies of these records are to be made available to FDA upon request. The complete FDA rule can be accessed on the web site => (www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_00/21cfr589_00.html). All cattle producers are urged to secure similar "prohibited feed" assurances from their suppliers. For questions to Tyson Fresh Meats please call: 605-235-2763 or 605-235-2120. Tyson Fresh Meats Form 2998 (01/09/04)
Food Safety & Inspection Service (FSIS)
Food Safety & Inspection Service (FSIS)
• A Department of USDA
• Inspection & Safety for Meat, Poultry, & Egg products
• Consumer Information & Awareness
• A Department of USDA
• Inspection & Safety for Meat, Poultry, & Egg products
• Consumer Information & Awareness
Food Safety and Inspection Service BSE Mitigation Measures
(Implemented After January 12, 2004)
Food Safety and Inspection Service BSE Mitigation Measures
(Implemented After January 12, 2004)
• Banned the use of air injection/retraction stunning methods
• Banned non-ambulatory animals from the food chain• Mandated Test and Hold procedures for animals
identified for BSE testing• Banned Specified Risk Materials from the human food
chain• Banned Specified Risk Materials from incorporation
into Advanced Meat Recovery Systems
***These systems were implemented under the principles of “Abundance of Caution.” They have been implemented into the regulatory process and are included in Pre-requisite programs or HACCP programs
Stunning
(Captive Bolt, No Air Injection )Stunning
(Captive Bolt, No Air Injection )
Captive Bolt StunnersCaptive Bolt Stunners
Specified Risk Materials9 CFR §310.22 January 12, 2004
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/03-025IF.pdf
Specified Risk Materials9 CFR §310.22 January 12, 2004
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/03-025IF.pdf
•Spinal Cord•Vertebral Column•Dorsal Root Ganglia
•Brain•Skull
Distal Ileum (Small Intestine)
Trigeminal ganglia
Eyes
Tonsils
> 30 Months of Age < 30 Months of Age
Distal Ileum(Small Intestine)
Tonsils
Infectivity of Bovine Tissues in Relation to Bovine Age
Infectivity of Bovine Tissues in Relation to Bovine Age
• Distal Ileum• 6-18 months• >38 months
• Tonsils• 10 months
• Brain• >32 months
• Spinal cord• >32 months
• Dorsal root Ganglia• >32 months
• Trigeminal Ganglia• >36 months
Source: G. A. H. Wells et al., 1998; Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): an update. Veterinary Record (1998) 142:103-106
Tissue % Total Infectivity Cumulative
Brain 64.1% 64.1%
Spinal Cord 25.6% 89.7%
Distal Ileum 3.3% 93.0%
Dorsal Root Ganglia 3.8% 96.8%
Trigeminal Ganglia 2.6% 99.4%
Spleen 0.3% 99.7%
Eyes 0.3% 100.0%
Tissue % Total Infectivity Cumulative
Brain 64.1% 64.1%
Spinal Cord 25.6% 89.7%
Distal Ileum 3.3% 93.0%
Dorsal Root Ganglia 3.8% 96.8%
Trigeminal Ganglia 2.6% 99.4%
Spleen 0.3% 99.7%
Eyes 0.3% 100.0%
Relative BSE Infectivity Associated With Cattle Tissues
Relative BSE Infectivity Associated With Cattle Tissues
Adapted from EU Scientific Steering Committee, 2001.
% Infectivity from an Animal with Clinical Disease
Identifying, Marking, & Segregating Carcasses of Cattle that are>30 Months of Age
Bovine DentitionBovine Dentition
Removal of Spinal Cord Removal of Spinal Cord
SRM Removal & Disposal Carcass Disassembly
SRM Removal & Disposal Carcass Disassembly
Vertebral Column [DRG] is removed from Carcasses 30 MOA & sent to inedible rendering
Removal of Vertebral Column [DRG]
Wash/Sanitize Affected Equipment after Carcasses
of Cattle 30 MOA
Advanced Meat Recovery SystemsAdvanced Meat Recovery Systems• Process used to salvage meat remains on bones
after fabrication
• May not contain vertebral column bones or skulls
• Product is verified by FSIS testing that it is free of any central nervous tissue
• Process used to salvage meat remains on bones after fabrication
• May not contain vertebral column bones or skulls
• Product is verified by FSIS testing that it is free of any central nervous tissue
Mechanically Separated MeatMechanically Separated Meat• Mechanically separated meat products are produced by
mechanically removing meat from bone.
• use of an auger to crush the bones down to a pre-determined size
• use of a “screen” which separates the meat and smaller bone particles from the larger bone particles.
• Mechanically separated meat must be labeled as “Mechanically Separated ‘Species’” and must meet the provisions outlined in the excerpt from the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations below.
• The new Interim Final Rules published by FSIS on January 12, clearly state that Mechanically Separated Beef is no longer allowed for production.
• This information can be found at:
• Mechanically separated meat products are produced by mechanically removing meat from bone.
• use of an auger to crush the bones down to a pre-determined size
• use of a “screen” which separates the meat and smaller bone particles from the larger bone particles.
• Mechanically separated meat must be labeled as “Mechanically Separated ‘Species’” and must meet the provisions outlined in the excerpt from the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations below.
• The new Interim Final Rules published by FSIS on January 12, clearly state that Mechanically Separated Beef is no longer allowed for production.
• This information can be found at:http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/03-25IF.htm
or:http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/03-038IF.htm
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/03-25IF.htm or:
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/03-038IF.htm
Advanced Meat RecoveryAdvanced Meat Recovery
• These systems differ from MS systems in that they remove the actual bone particles. Instead of crushing the bones and squeezing the remaining meat through a screen, the AMR system uses the bones to “rub” each other and remove the edible meat products.
• AMR systems generally incorporate:
• a presize, which actually breaks the bones down to a uniform size,
• A machine separator which peels meat off of the bones
• A belt separator which removes any residual bone and other ligaments, tendons, or collagen through a system of belts and drums.
• AMR product does not have to be labeled as “AMR product”, it may be labeled as “meat” if it meets the standards described in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
• These systems differ from MS systems in that they remove the actual bone particles. Instead of crushing the bones and squeezing the remaining meat through a screen, the AMR system uses the bones to “rub” each other and remove the edible meat products.
• AMR systems generally incorporate:
• a presize, which actually breaks the bones down to a uniform size,
• A machine separator which peels meat off of the bones
• A belt separator which removes any residual bone and other ligaments, tendons, or collagen through a system of belts and drums.
• AMR product does not have to be labeled as “AMR product”, it may be labeled as “meat” if it meets the standards described in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
AMR StandardsAMR Standards
• Calcium content cannot exceed 130mg/100g.
• The added iron content cannot be greater than 3.5mg/100g.
• As mandated by the FSIS Interim rules published in January of 2004, AMR cannot be produced using the skulls and vertebral columns derived from animals greater than 30 months.
• As mandated by the FSIS Interim rules published in January of 2004, AMR product cannot contain the presence of brain, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, or dorsal root ganglia.
• Calcium content cannot exceed 130mg/100g.
• The added iron content cannot be greater than 3.5mg/100g.
• As mandated by the FSIS Interim rules published in January of 2004, AMR cannot be produced using the skulls and vertebral columns derived from animals greater than 30 months.
• As mandated by the FSIS Interim rules published in January of 2004, AMR product cannot contain the presence of brain, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, or dorsal root ganglia.
Advanced Meat Recovery -- EconomicsAdvanced Meat Recovery -- Economics
Prior to discovery of Mad Cow Disease in the USA:Yield of AMR tissue 10 pounds per head.
With changes in SRMs after Mad Cow Disease in the USA: Yield of AMR tissue 3 pounds per head.
Prior to discovery of Mad Cow Disease in the USA:Yield of AMR tissue 10 pounds per head.
With changes in SRMs after Mad Cow Disease in the USA: Yield of AMR tissue 3 pounds per head.
SOURCE: G. C. Smith (January 20, 2004)
“Some packing plants may decide to go back to hand-deboning or Whizzard-knife trimming of vertebral column, long bones, and flat bones… and not use AMR.”
Summary of U.S. BSE Mitigation ProceduresSummary of U.S. BSE Mitigation Procedures
ProductionPre- Slaughter
Beef Slaughter &Carcass Chilling
Carcass Disassembly Rendering
FDA Mammalian to Ruminant Feed Ban
Feed Affidavits
Animal Identification
Feed Mill Reviews
Feed Testing
Exclusion of Downer Cattle
FSIS Antemortem inspection
Test & Hold Policy
APHIS Surveillance
No air injection stunning
Age Determination
Age Segregation & Carcass Identification [30 mo. of age & older]
SRM Removal & Disposal
Sanitation & Dedicated Equipment
FSIS Postmortem Inspection
Carcass Identification & Segregation [30 Months of Age & Older]
SRM Removal & Disposal
Equipment Sanitation
Product Separation & Labeling
AMR & MSM Policies
MBM Labeling
Inedible Processing of SRM’s
MBM sales designation
Handling Equipment Clean-out Procedures
FDA Verification