Problem 2 KGD Angelia.pptx

8/11/2019 Problem 2 KGD Angelia.pptx

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Problem 2

Angelia Christiani

405090078


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BURNS


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SEPSIS


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1. Description

Systemic inflammatory response triggered by an infectionin the host and mediated by chemical messengers: Decreased peripheral vascular resistance Elevated cardiac output in response to vasodilatation

Later in septic shock, myocardial depression, and reducedcardiac output (due to injury at the cellular level or mediatorsacting on the heart)

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) if sepsis isineffectively treated

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Acute tubular necrosis and kidney failure Hepatic injury and failure Disseminated intravascular coagulation


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2. Etiology

Gram-negative bacteria most common:

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Rickettsiae

Legionella species


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Gram-positive bacteria:

Enterococcus species

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Fungi (Candida species)

Viruses


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Pediatric Considerations

Children with a minor infection may havemany of the findings of SIRS.

Major causes of pediatric bacterial sepsis

Neisseria meningitis

Streptococcal pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae


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3. Classification

Sepsis is classified by the systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Temperature >38C or 90 beats/minute Respiratory rate >20/minute or PaCO212,000/mm3, 10% bandforms

Sepsis: two or more of the SIRS criteria withan underlying infection


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Severe sepsis: Sepsis with organ dysfunction as manifested by

one of the following:

Acidosis Renal dysfunction

Acute change in mental status

Pulmonary dysfunction

Hypotension Thrombocytopenia or coagulopathy

Liver dysfunction


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Septic shock:

Sepsis-induced hypotension despite fluidresuscitation

Systolic blood pressure (BP) 40 mm Hg from baseline


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4. Signs and Symptoms

General:

Fever

Tachycardia

Tachypnea

Hypothermia (poor prognosis)

Hypoxemia

Diaphoresis


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Cardiovascular:

BP

Normal early in sepsis

Hypotension when septic shock occurs

Poor perfusion with septic shock:

Prolonged capillary refill

Cool and clammy extremities


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Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary: Abdominal pain Nausea, vomiting Diarrhea

Dysuria/Frequency Reduced urine output Abdominal tenderness:

Diffuse Localized to right upper quadrant (liver or gallbladder source) Right lower quadrant (appendicitis with or without abscess) Suprapubic area or lower quadrants (urinary tract or pelvic source or

diverticulitis)

Flank pain: With pyelonephritis or retroperitoneal abscess


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Pulmonary:

Shortness of breath

Tachypnea:

Present even when the lungs are not the source ofsepsis

Productive cough


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CNS:

Change in mental status

Confusion

Delirium

Coma

Neck stiffness (meningitis)


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Dermatologic: Any rash is important. Localized erythema with lymphangitis (streptococcal or

staphylococcal cellulitis) Rash involving palms of hands and soles of feet (rickettsial

infection) Petechiae scattered on the torso and extremities

(meningococcemia) Ecthyma gangrenosum (pseudomonas septicemia) Round, indurated, painless lesion with surrounding erythema

and central necrotic black eschar Decubitus ulcers Indwelling catheter:

Surrounding skin erythematous with or without purulent drainage


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Hematocrit:

Needed to determine whether adequate oxygen

delivery can be achieved Patients should be maintained with a hematocrit >30%

and hemoglobin >10 g/dl.

Platelets:

May be elevated in the presence of infection or sepsis-induced volume depletion

Low platelet count is a significant predictor ofbacteremia and death.


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Electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine,glucose: Low bicarbonate suggests inadequate perfusion. Renal dysfunction or failure indicates a worse

prognosis. Ca, Mg, Ph C-reactive protein Cortisol level International normalized ratio/prothrombin

time/partial thromboplastin time


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Type and screen Liver function tests Arterial blood gas:

Mixed acidbase abnormalities: respiratory alkalosiswith metabolic acidosis

Blood cultures: From two different sites

One may be drawn through an indwelling central line(i.e., Broviac).

Urine analysis and culture


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(B) Imaging

Chest radiograph:

Determine whether pneumonia is the infectioussource.

Fluffy, bilateral infiltrates may indicate that ARDSis already present.

Free air under the diaphragm indicates the sourceof the infection in intraperitoneal and a surgicalintervention


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CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis Suspicion of abdominal source of infection:

Diverticulitis, appendicitis, necrotizing pancreatitis,microperforation of the stomach or bowel, or formation of anintra-abdominal abscess

Abdominal ultrasound: Indicated for suspected cholecystitis

Pelvic ultrasound: Tubo-ovarian abscess or

MRI: May be useful to identify soft tissue infections or epidural

abscess


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(C) Diagnostic Procedures/Surgery

Lumbar puncture: Indicated when meningeal signs are present or altered

mental status without a source of infection Cerebrospinal fluid analysis:

Cell count and differential, tube 1

Total protein and glucose, tube 2

Culture and gram stain, tube 3 Cell count and differential, tube 4

Depending on the clinical situation: cytology, venerealdisease research laboratory, AFB stain/culture, fungal stain


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Central venous access:

Central venous pressure (CVP) and ongoingmeasurement of central venous oximetry catheter

may be helpful in guiding resuscitation


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6. Treatment

Pre Hospital Aggressive fluid resuscitation for hypotension

Initial Stabilization

ABCs Supplemental oxygen to maintain PaO2>60 mm

Hg

Intubation and mechanical ventilation if shock orhypoxia are present

Administer 0.9% NS IV


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ED Treatment

Early goal-directed therapy: 500 cc boluses of 0.9% saline up to 12 liters empirically

Place central line

Continue 500 cc saline boluses until CVP >8 cm H2O

If the mean arterial pressure 8, theninitiate pressors:

Dopamine or norepinephrine to raise blood pressure

Norepinephrine is preferred if tachycardia or dysrhythmias arepresent.

Phenyl epinephrine for cases where shock is refractory to otherpressors


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If the ScvO230, then adddobutamine.

Administer antibiotics early based on the mostlikely organisms or site of infection.


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If no source identified after initial assessment:

Normal immune function:

Second- or third-generation cephalosporin and gentamicin

Nafcillin and gentamicin Add vancomycin if there is a history of methicillin resistant

staphylococcus aureous or the patient resides in a nursingfacility or there is a history of recent hospitalizations.

Immunocompromised host: Piperacillin and gentamicin

Ceftazidime and either nafcillin or vancomycin andgentamicin


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If source identified, or highly suspected, treatthe most likely organisms: Pulmonary source:

Second- or third-generation cephalosporin andgentamicin, and possibly erythromycin

Intra-abdominal source: Ampicillin and metronidazole and gentamicin

Cefoxitin and gentamicin Urinary tract source:

Ampicillin or piperacillin and gentamicin


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Pediatric Considerations

Antibiotic therapy based on age:


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Admission Criteria

Sepsis with toxicity, septicemia, or septicshock requires admission generally to anintensive care unit.


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6. Differential Diagnosis

Pancreatitis Trauma Toxic shock syndrome

Anaphylaxis Adrenal insufficiency Drug or toxin reactions Heavy metal poisoning Hepatic insufficiency Neurogenic shock

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Problem 2 KGD Angelia.pptx

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