Project Regarding Earthquakes

7/30/2019 Project Regarding Earthquakes

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Project regarding

By

B.V.L.N.KIRAN KUMAR

M.Sc

Faculty in pace, the global school ,[email protected]


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Project regarding EarthquakesContents:

1.Earthquakes-introduction (what?)

2.Historical views of Earthquakes

3.Causes for Earthquake (why?)

4.Earthquake prone areas in the World, India and

Andhra Pradesh (where?)

Significant earthquakes in and around India

The Ten Largest Earthquakes since 1900 in

the World

Major Earthquakes around the World, 2012


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5.Measuring and locating of Earthquakes (How?)

6.Effects of Earthquakes(results)

Shaking and ground rupture

Landsides and avalanches

Fires

Soil liquefaction

Tsunami

Floods Human impacts

7.Prediction

8.To Do List

Before An Earthquake

During An Earthquake

After an Earthquake

9.Bibliography


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An Earthquake (also known as a quake, tremorortemblor) is the result of a sudden

release of energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves.

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards.

The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of

earthquakes experienced over a period of time.


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2. Historical views of earthquakes:

From the lifetime of the Greek philosopherAnaxagoras in the 5th century BCE to the 14th

century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the

Earth.

"Thales of Miletus, who lived from 625547 (BCE) was the only documented person who

believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water.

Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585526 BCE)

beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity.


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The Greek philosopherDemocritus (460371 BCE) blamed water in general for

earthquakes. Pliny the Elder called earthquakes "underground thunderstorms."

In European history, the earliest recorded earthquake occurred in 580 B.C.

Earthquakes have been recorded as early as 1177 B.C. in China.

Of course earthquakes have been a part of myth and legend since the dawn of man.

In Greek Mythology, Posseidon (Neptune in the Roman pantheon) was "God of the

Sea".Yet one of his powers was thought to be that of "earth shaker".

As a tsunami is often the result of an earthquake, this was an appropriate power for a sea

god.

Aristotle was one of the first Europeans to create a theory about the origin of

Earthquakes. He thought that they were the result of heavy winds. Not much more study

was concentrated on earthquakes until the mid-1700s when London was hit by a

devastating quake and a tsunami struck Lisbon, Portugal shortly after.

John Mitchell in England and Elie Bertrand in Switzerland began a comprehensive

study of the timing and severity of earthquakes.

Soon scientists from several countries were exchanging observations and theories on

earthquakes. In the 1820's Chile became an area of interest to seismologists. After an

earthquake there, it was noticed that the elevation of the coastline had changed. This was

substantiated by the Captain of the H.M.S. Beagle, Robert Fitzroy. (The ship also carried

Charles Darwin who was studying the flora and fauna of the coast.)


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In the 1850s Robert Mallet, figured out a means to measure the velocity of seismic waves.

Meanwhile, in Italy, Luigi Palmieri invented an electromagnetic seismograph, one of

which was installed near Mount Vesuvius and another at the University of Naples.

These seismographs were the first seismic instruments capable of routinely detecting

earthquakes imperceptible to human beings.

Electromagnetic seismograph

In 1872 a U.S. scientist named Grove Gilbert figured out that earthquakes usually center

around a fault line.

It was after the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco that Harry Reid hypothesized those

earthquakes were likely the result of a build-up of pressure along these faults.

It was about 1910 that Alfred Wegener published his theory of plate tectonics to explain volcanic

and seismic activity.


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Global plate motion 2008-04-17

Since then, seismologists have continued to work at a furious pace, building better

instruments, computer models, and theories and forecast to study the causes and effects

of earthquakes.


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3. Causes for Earthquakes:

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards.

The impact of the event is most traumatic because it affects large area, occurs all on

a sudden and unpredictable.

They can cause large scale loss of life and property and disrupts essential services

such as water supply, sewerage systems, communication and power, transport etc.

They not only destroy villages, towns and cities but the aftermath leads to

destabilize the economic and social structure of the nation.


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4. Earthquake prone areas in Andhra Pradesh, India

and the World:

In Andhra Pradesh:10 mandals in Prakasam, 3 mandals in Warangal, 11 mandals in Guntur,21 Mandals in

Chittoor,14 mandals in RangaReddy,13mandals in Khammam,11 mandals in

Vizianagaram,10 mandals in Srikakulam,9 mandals in Medak,7 mandals in

Visakhapatnam and 1 in Hyderabad.

PRAKASAM-ONGOLE(most quake prone area), Kanigiri, Chimakurthi, Chinaganjam,

Karamchedu, Vetapalem, Darsi, Parchur, Martur, Addanki

WARANGAL-Mangapet, Tadwai, Eturunagaram,

GUNTUR - Chebrolu,Guntur, Parthipadu, Phirangipuram, Narasaraopet, Ipur,

Vinukonda, Chilakaluripet, Ponnur, Bapatla and Peda Nandipadu.


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In India:

On the basis of the intensities or the destructiveness of the earthquakes a map of India has

been published by the Meteorological Department in collaboration of the Indian Standard

Institution. The map shows the five seismic zones based on modified Mercalli Scale.

Zone I: Intensity V or below (instrumental, feeble, slight, moderate rather strong)

Some areas of Punjab and Haryana

Plains of Uttar Pradesh

Coastal plains of Maharashtra and Kerala,

Certain parts of the plains of Bihar and West Bengal,

Certain areas in Rajasthan and major part of Gujarat except Kutch.

Zone II: Intensity VI (Strong)

Southern Punjab and Haryana

Certain parts of the plains of Uttar Pradesh, eastern Rajasthan

Coastal areas of Orissa and TamilNadu( low damage risk zone).

Zone III: Intensity VII (Very Strong)

Covers southern and Southeastern parts of Rajasthan

Larger parts of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand

Northern, northwestern part of Orissa.

Zone IV: Intensity VIII (destructive) Zone

Represents areas where there is high damage risk by destructive earthquakes. This zone

comprises the State of Jarnmu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, northern part of Punjab

and Haryana, Delhi, eastern Uttar Pradesh, tarai and bhabar regions, the Himalayan areas

of Uttaranchal, Bihar and Sikkim.

Zone V: Intensity more than VIII (disastrous, catastrophic)

Represents areas of the most destructive and catastrophic earthquakes where there is

extremely high damage risk. The following areas fall into this zone: certain parts of Jammu

and Kashmir, parts of Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Monghyr and Darbhanga districts

of Bihar, northern part of India and Kutch region of Gujarat.


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In the World:


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The Ten Largest Earthquakes since 1900 in the World

S. No Location Date Magnitude1 Chile March 22,1960 9.5

2 Prince William sound Alaska March 28,1964 9.2

3 Andrean of Islands March 9,1957 9.1

4 Japan March 11,2011 9

5 Kamchatka Nov 4,1952 9

6 Off western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia Dec 26,2004 9

7 Off the coast of Ecuador Jan 31,1906 8.8

Major Earthquakes around the World, 2012S. No Location Date Magnitude

1 Sumatra, Indonesia 11-Jan 7.2

2 Vanuatu 2-Feb 7.1

3 Ometepec, Mexico 20-Mar 7.4

4 Talca, Chile 25-Mar 7.1

5 Aceh Province, Indonesia 11-Apr 8.6

6 Aceh Province, Indonesia 11-Apr 8.2

7 Baja California, Mexico 12-Apr 7

8 Northern Italy 21-May 6

5. Measuring and locating of Earthquake:

Earthquakes can be recorded by seismometers up to great distances, because seismic wavestravel

through the whole Earths interior. The absolute magnitude of a quake is conventionally reported by

numbers on the Moment magnitude scale (formerly Richter scale, magnitude 7 causing serious

damage over large areas), whereas the felt magnitude is reported using the modified Mercalli intensity

scale (intensity IIXII).

Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities:

Longitudinal P-waves (shock- or pressure waves)

Transverse S-waves (both body waves)

Surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves)

Propagation velocity of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending onthe density and elasticity of the medium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_waves


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6. Effects of Earthquakes:

Shaking and ground rupture

Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting inmore or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local

effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from

the epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify orreduce wave propagation.The ground-shaking is measured by groundacceleration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_acceleration


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Landslides and avalanches:Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity and coastal wave attack, and wildfires,

can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger

may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.

Fires:Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical poweror gas lines. In the event of water

mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire

once it has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caused

by fire than by the earthquake itself.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire


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Soil liquefaction:

Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material

(such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid.

Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into

the liquefied deposits. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused

many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular


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Tsunami:

Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt

movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests

can surpass 100 kilometers (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one

hour.

Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373

497 miles per hour), depending on

water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can

overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of

kilometers across Open Ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the

earthquake that generated them.

Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale do not cause

tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis

are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.


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However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged.

Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.


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Human impacts

An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general property

damage (which may or may not be covered by earthquake insurance), and collapse or

destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings. The aftermath may

bring disease, lack of basic necessities, and higher insurance premiums.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damage


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7.Prediction:

Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur.

Despite considerable research efforts by seismologists, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet

be made to a specific day or month. However, for well-understood faults the probability that a segment

may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated.

Earthquake warning systems have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake

in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the

system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.

8. To Do List

Before An Earthquake!

Develop a plan of action in the event of an earthquake.

Agree with friends and family on a contact point that is outside of the quake zone.

With one contact point, you will avoid tying up phone lines, andfriends and

family can go to one safe source for news about you and othersin the zone.

Locate the safe and the dangerous spots around your home and office so that you

can act quickly should the need arise.

Check your house to make sure it is up to earthquake codes. Is the foundation bolted

to the house? Is your hot water heater bolted down?

Know how to shut down utilities at their source to ensure quick closing of gas and

water leaks and to secure electrical lines.

Protect fragile valuables with latched cupboards, cushioning, etc.

Make sure you have a kit that includes a jackknife, a flashlight, a GPS device,

a waterfilter, and a solar/windup radio.

Make sure there is always plenty of gas in your vehicle.

Store flammable liquids outside of the house.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_warning_systemhttp://www.indepthinfo.com/gps/index.shtmlhttp://www.waterfilteradvisor.com/http://www.waterfilteradvisor.com/http://www.indepthinfo.com/gps/index.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_warning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologist


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Prepare a package of emergency suplies that includes food, water, a first-aid kit,

and cash. It is best to have this cache be capable of lasting the entire family for at

least three days.

Back up personal and business records periodically and store outside the earthquake

zone.

To Do List - During An Earthquake!

Do not panic. Take care of the basics first, get under a large, stable piece of furniture like

a table and hold on to it to keep it from moving away from you. If outside, get your feet

on the ground and duck to avoid flying debris.

If you are inside do not try to rush out of the building. Shattering glass and falling bricks

can be a great hazard for anyone leaving a building. Do not try to take elevators or stairs

during the quake.

Avoid windows and glass doors, planters, bookcases, furniture on wheels, chimneys,

kitchens and shopping mall walkways.

If you are outdoors when the quake strikes, stay away from buildings, dams, gas and

water mains, power lines, trees, fuel tanks, vehicles, or anything else that could fall onyou or roll over you.

If you are driving, pull off the road and stay clear of bridges, overpasses and parking

garages

Avoid smoking or using an open flame in case of a gas main leak.

Prepare for aftershocks

If you are on a waterfront head for high ground immediately; earthquakesoften create

huge waves capable of incredible damage.
http://www.readinessinfo.com/firstaid/index.htmhttp://www.readinessinfo.com/firstaid/index.htm


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To Do List - After An Earthquake!

Make sure you get your shoes on, there may be considerable glass shards and other object

that could injure your feet. Medical attention may not be immediately available, so this is

a bad time to hurt yourself through negligence.

Do not move anyone who is seriously injured unless other danger is imminent. If possible,let trained medical personnel make this judgement.

If you join rescue work, tread warilly as building foundations will be weak and there is the

possibility of an aftershock.

If you think that there may be damage to utilities then shut them off.

Use your radio to find out information about the quake, what other dangers might be

lurking and what to do about them.

Avoid tying up communication lines. Unhung phones can cause systems to shut down, sobe sure to hang up all phones.

Be judicious about leaving your present location to search for loved ones or to travel

home. Moving about just after an earthquake can bring you up against unexpected hazards

like broken gas mains, unpassable roads and downed power lines.

Remember to preserve your water supplies (toilet tanks, hot water heaters). Don't trust

unknown water sources, make sure you boil the water or chlorinate.

Watch out for looters, some may be armed and dangerous.

Police and military personnel may be sent into the area. Be sure you do not appear to be a

looter to them.

Finally, do not panic. There will be plenty to do and to worry about. Take care that

children are reassured. Remember, help is on the way.

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake#Historical_views

http://www.readinessinfo.com/eqafter.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake#Historical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake#Historical_viewshttp://www.readinessinfo.com/eqafter.shtmlhttp://www.readinessinfo.com/eqafter.shtmlhttp://www.readinessinfo.com/eqafter.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake#Historical_views


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