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Info sheet 2
The science that deals with the structure and behavior of matter
Unit I Classification of Matter
• Chemistry –
- the study of matter and its changes.
• Matter –
– anything that has substance and takes up space.
• Data is gathered by investigation and observation.
• Observations are statements of fact
• 2 kinds of observations
Quantitative
– involves measurement (numbers)
Qualitative
– all the rest
Physical & Chemical Properties Physical & Chemical Changes
How to determine if an observation is Physical or Chemical
Ask the question; “ Is new matter being formed?”
If the answer is YES………
CHEMICAL
If the answer is NO………
PHYSICAL
How to determine is the observation is a change or a property.
If the verb ends in “ing” …..
CHANGE
If the verb does not end in “ing”…….
PROPERTY
Note: All phase changes are physical changes
• Physical properties – color, hardness, texture, phases, density, ability to conduct heat, electricity.
• When a physical change occurs a physical property will be different. For example, melting ice.
heatHeat
Ca O Ca SS8 O2
Chemical change – a substance changes from one type of matter to another.
Describe each of the following as a Physical Property, Physical Change, Chemical Property or Chemical Change
1. Moth balls melt at 56.0 oC.
2. Material “A” exists as a yellow powder.
3. A plant growing.
4. Crushing rock.
5. Propane burns in air.
6. Water condenses at 100 oC.
7. HCl(aq) is neutralized when it reacts with NaOH(aq).
8. Breaking a piece of Chalk.
Describe each of the following as a Physical Property, Physical Change, Chemical Property or Chemical Change
1. Moth balls melt at 56.0 oC. PP
2. Material “A” exists as a yellow powder. PP
3. A plant growing. CC
4. Crushing rock. PC
5. Propane burns in air. CP
6. Water condenses at 100 oC. PP
7. HCl(aq) is neutralized when it reacts with NaOH(aq). CP
8. Breaking a piece of Chalk. PC
A cube of table sugar is dissolved in de-mineralized water. Classify (describe) this
sample of matter using as many terms as you can.
• Solution• Mixture• Liquid (solid, gas)• Homogeneous (heterogeneous)• 2 compounds (water and sugar) (element)• Non – electrolyte (electrolyte)• Neutral (acid, base)• Molecules (ions)
• C12H22O11 (aq)
Definitions
Homogeneous
- sample is uniform throughout (same physical and chemical properties)
Heterogeneous
- non uniform mixture; you can see individual parts of the mixture. That is – parts have different chemical and physical properties.
Pure substances
- samples of matter that have a definite set of physical and chemical properties. (elements or compounds)
Mixtures
- a combination of substances that have no definite or fixed proportions.
Solutions
- homogeneous mixtures
Elements
- a pure substance that cannot be broken down into different kinds of matter. (contains only one kind of atom)
Compounds
- elements chemically combined in definite proportions.
Elements
Compounds vs Mixtures
Compounds Mixtures
Components lose their identities. (C & P properties)
Components retain their identities. (C & P properties)
Components are present in fixed proportions.
Components may be present in any proportion.
Components can be separated by chemical means only.
Components can be separated by simple physical process.
Evidence of chemical action during preparation. (heat, light, color change etc)
No evidence of chemical action during preparation
A Classification Scheme
Matter
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
mixturePure substances
Elements
mixtures
Metals
compounds
Non metals
solutions
Bar of zinc
C3H8(g)
glass of 7-up
Shovel of dirt from the field
Helium gas
NaHCO3 dissolved in water
Gold coin
Complete the following table by placing an ‘x’ for all that apply
elem
ent
solu
tio
n
com
po
un
d
mix
ture
Ho
mo
gen
eou
s
Het
ero
gen
eou
s
met
al
?
Sample of Matter
Bar of zinc x x x
C3H8(g) x x
glass of 7-up x x x
Shovel of dirt from the field x xHelium gas x xNaHCO3 dissolved in water x x x
Gold coin x x x
Complete the following table by placing an ‘x’ for all that apply
elem
ent
solu
tio
n
com
po
un
d
mix
ture
Ho
mo
gen
eou
s
Het
ero
gen
eou
s
Met
al ?Sample of Matter
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
1. We believe that all molecules are in a state of constant motion.
2. Three kinds of motion are possible:
A) Vibrational – back and forth
B) Rotational – spinning on an axis
C) Translational – movement through space
3. We use this theory to explain the states (phases) of matter.
Solids Liquids GasesMolecules vibrate Molecules vibrate
and rotateMolecules vibrate, rotate and translate
Definite shape Shape of the container
Shape of the container
Definite volume Definite volumeExpand to occupy all the available space
High attractive forces between molecules
Weak attractive forces between molecules
Very weak attractive forces between molecules
Molecules very close together
Molecules very close together Molecules very far apart
Orderly arrangement of molecules
Molecules very dis-organized
More orderly than gases but less than solids
Not very compressible Not very compressible Very compressible
Heating of a solid
Temp.
(oC)
Time (s)
A
B C
D E
F
A → B : Heating of a solidB → C : Melting of a liquid (Phase change)C → D : Heating of a liquidD → E : Evaporating a liquid (Phase change)E → F : Heating of a gas (closed system)
Phase ChangesGAS
LIQUID
SOLID
1
2 3
4
5 6
1. Condensation
2. Freezing
3. Melting
4. Evaporation
5. Sublimation
6. Sublimation