Sensation And Perception

Prepared by:Sarah Mae Saringan

&Jake Christian Guinto

Meaning and Nature of Sensation and

Perception

Sensation Is the process of receiving, translating

and transmitting messages from the outside world to the brain.

Process of detecting physical energies with sensory organs

Perception Mental processes of organizing sensations

into meaningful patterns. Is the set of processes by which , we

recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensation we perceive from environmental stimulation

The process and interpretation of a given stimulus or sensation

Sensory System Process information reaching to the brain. Is a part of the nervous system

responsible for processing sensory information

General Properties of Sensory Systems

Stimulus – is any change in physical energy that activates a receptor.

Receptors – a highly specialized group of cells that respond to a given stimulus.

Threshold – refers to the level of stimulus energy which must be exceeded before a response occurs.

How the Sensory System work? Visual Sensation(Sense of sight)Sense organ: EyesStimulus: Light waves

Light Control Cones:Visual receptors for colors and

bright light Rods:Visual receptors for dim light; only

produce black and white Blind Spot:Area of the retina lacking

visual receptors

Light Control (continuation) Visual Acuity:Sharpness of visual

perception Fovea:Area of the retina containing only

cones Peripheral Vision: vision at edges of

visual field; side vision

Vision Problems Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty

focusing near objects Myopia (nearsightedness): Difficulty

focusing near objects Astigmatism: Corneal, lens or eye defect

that causes some areas of vision to be out of focus; relatively common

Color Blindness Inability to perceive colors Color Weakness: inability to distinguish

some colors- Red and green is most common; much

more common to men than women Ishihara Test: test for color blindness and

color weakness

FIGURE 4.12 A replica of the Ishihara test for color blindness.

Audition Sensation (Sense of hearing)

Sense Organ: Ear Stimulus: Sound waves Sound waves: Rhythmic movement of air

molecules Pitch: Higher or lower tone of a sound Loudness: Sound intensity

Auditory defects Tone Deafness: Inability of a person to

differentiate tones Conduction Deafness: Poor transfer of sounds

from tympanic membrane to inner ear Nerve Deafness: Loss of sensitivity of the

receptors due to infection or injury- Cochlea Implant: Electronic device that

stimulates auditory nerves. Stimulation Deafness: Damage caused by

exposing hair cells to excessively loud sound

FIGURE 4.20 The loudness of sound is measured in decibels. Zero decibels is the faintest sound most people can hear. Sounds of 110 decibels are uncomfortably loud. Prolonged exposure to sounds above 85 decibels may damage the inner ear. Rock music, which may be 120 decibels, has caused hearing loss in musicians and may affect audiences as well. Sounds of 130 decibels pose an immediate danger to hearing.

Olfactory Sensation (Sense of smell)

Sense Organ: Nose Stimulus: Odor Olfaction: Sense of smell Anosmia: Defective sense of smell

Gustatory Sensation (Sense of taste)

Sense Organ: Tongue Stimulus: Flavors of Food Gustation: Sense of taste Taste Buds: Taste-receptor cells- Four taste sensation: sweet, salty, sour,

bitter- Most sensitive is bitter, least sensitive is

sweet- Umami: Possible fifth taste sensation

Cutaneous or Skin Sensation (Sense of touch)

Sense Organ: Skin Stimulus: Various stimuli for pressure,

pain and temperature Kinesthetic Sense: Sense of active

movement Vestibular Sense: Sense of passive

movement

Perceptual Concept

James Gibson provided a useful framework for studying perception.

1.Distal object– object in the external world.2. Informational medium– event of the object that leads to environmental stimuli.3. Proximal stimulation– when the environmental stimuli come in contact with the appropriate sensory receptors.4. Perceptual object– perception occur when the perceptual object is created in you that reflects the properties of the external world.

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Types of Perception

Hearing (or audition)Is the ability to perceive sound by detecting

vibrations. Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called audio or

sonic. The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Frequencies higher than audio referred to as ultrasonic, while frequencies below

audio referred to as infrasonic.

FIGURE 4.15 Anatomy of the ear. The inset in the foreground (Cochlea “Unrolled”) shows that as the stapes moves the oval window, the round window bulges outward, allowing waves to ripple through fluid in the cochlea. The waves move membranes near the hair cells, causing cilia or “bristles” on the tips of the cells to bend. The hair cells then generate nerve impulses carried to the brain. (See an enlarged cross section of cochlea in Figure 4.16.)

Speech PerceptionIs the process by which the sound of language are heard, interpreted and

understood. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how

human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand unspoken language. The sound of the

word can vary widely according to words around it and the tempo of the speech, as

well as the physical characteristics, accent and mood of the speaker.

Haptic PerceptionIs the process of recognizing object through

touch. It involves a combination of somatosensory perception of pattern on the skin surface and proprioception of hand position and conformation.

Taste Gustation is the formal term Is the ability to perceive the flavor of

substances including, but not limited to food.

The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly ten thousand taste buds

Forms of Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

- is the ability to perceive objects or events in ways that cannot be explained by known sensory capacities.

- involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind.

- the term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J.B Rhine to denote physic abilities.

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

Parapsychology Is the study of paranormal psychic

phenomena, including ESP. Generally regard such test as the

ganzfeld experiment as providing compelling evidence for the existence of ESP.

Telephathy From the Greek word 'tele', meaning

“distant” , and 'patheia', meaning “feeling”. Purported ability to read someone else's mind. Is the claimed ability of humans and other

creatures to communicate information from one mind to another without the use of extra tools such as speech and body language.

Clairvoyance From the French word 'clair' meaning

“clear”, and 'voyant' meaning “seeing”. Purported ability to perceive events

unaffected by distance or normal physical barriers.

Is the purported ability to gain information about an object, location, or physical event through means other than the known human senses.

Precognition From the Latin word 'pre' meaning “prior to”,

and 'cognitio' meaning “getting to know”. Purported ability to accurately predict the

future. Is a form of extrasensory perception in which

a person is said to perceive information about places or events through paranormal means before they happen.

Psychokinesis (Mind over matter)

From the Greek word 'psyche' meaning “mind,soul,heart, or breath”, and 'kinesis' meaning “motion or movement” - - literally mind movement.

Purported ability to influence inanimate objects by willpower.

Also referred to as telekinesis (literally distant movement)

Strictly describes the movement of matter.

References General Psychology with Drug Education

by Cornista and Lupato Basics of Psyhology by Psychology Writing

Team General Psychology: GuangDong

Universities of Foreign Countries Www.wikipedia.org Www.google.com

Thank You Po!! -̂^