Psych 101

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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Psych 101

Dr. Harvey

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

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• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.


Memory: Living with Yesterday


Fundamental Memory Processes

EncodingOrganizing and transforming incoming

information to be entered into memory Storage

Retaining information in memoryRetrieval

Accessing information previously stored in memoryRehearsal

The continued activation of information to retain it in short-term memory


Different Memory Stores

We have three different memory stores, or sets of neurons that maintain information

Each memory store has a different…Duration: the length of time information is

maintainedCapacity: the amount of information that is

maintained


Different Memory Stores

Fundamental distinctions among memory stores

SensoryMemory

Short-TermMemory

Long-TermMemory

Rehearsal


Sensory Memory

Very short memory store arising from the temporary activation of perceptual areas of the brain

CharacteristicsDuration: Very short, typically less than 1 secondCapacity: Large


Sensory MemorySperling’s partial

report technique: a tone indicated which row to report after the stimuli disappearedHigh tone = TopMedium tone =

MiddleLow tone= Bottom

Z R A TB S L DQ E K R


Sensory MemorySperling’s partial report technique

ConclusionsLarge-capacity memory store that fades very

quickly Information must be accessed before it fades or it

is lostAttention is necessary to move information from

SM to STM


Short-Term MemoryShort-term memory store is the only memory

store whose contents you are aware of

CharacteristicsDuration: Several seconds without rehearsal, typically

30 seconds with rehearsalCapacity: Small, typically 5-9 items

Processes in STMChunkingRehearsal


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Working Memory (WM)

WM was proposed to address the limitations of the original STM model

Three components of WMCentral executive Articulatory loopVisuospatial sketch pad (VSSP)


Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory store containing the accumulated knowledge base, gives meaning

CharacteristicsDuration: Hours to yearsCapacity: Huge-possibly limitless


Serial Position EffectP

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100

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Serial Position

Early Middle Late

PrimacyEffect

RecencyEffect


Serial Position EffectBased on what you now know about the different

memory stores, how would you explain…The primacy effect?The recency effect?The poor recall for words in the middle of the list?

How would the results change if…The words were presented at a very fast rate?After hearing the list of words, you had to count

backward from 431 before writing down your answers?


Making Memories: Code

A code is a type of mental representation, an internal “re-presentation” of a stimulus or event

You can store information in a visual or verbal code

vs. “Coffee and a muffin”


Making Memories: Code

Information stored as one type of code does not need to match the original input Visual stimuli can be coded verballyVerbal stimuli can be coded visually

Information stored and accessed as visual code will activate the visual processing areas of the brain (occipital lobe)


Consolidation

The process of forming a relatively permanent memory trace in LTM may take several years!Patients who receive electroconvulsive

therapy experience disruption of memory for recent events, even those that are no longer in STM. Older memories are unaffected.


Reconsolidation

The simple act of recalling information can change the information. These changes are reconsolidated, restabilized as a stored structure.Different proteins undergo consolidation


Depth of Processing

The success of learning new information depends upon the depth at which it is processed

Organization and integration is the key to learningIntentional learningIncidental learning


Flashbulb Memories

Highly emotional and detailed memories of personal experiencesWhere were you on September 11,

2001?Who were you with?What were you doing?How did you feel when you heard the

news?Sugar pill vs. Noradrenaline blocker

experimentVon Restorf effect


Types of LTM

Long-Term Memory

Implicit Memory

Explicit Memory

Semantic Memory

Episodic Memory


Implicit vs. Explicit Memories

Implicit memoriesCannot be voluntarily called to mind and verbalizedInclude motor skills

Explicit memoriesCan be voluntarily called to mind and verbalizedConsist of both factual knowledge (semantic) and

memory for personal experiences (episodic)


Implicit Memories: Skills

Skills are sets of behaviors that can be applied to a variety of stimuli within a domain, such as riding a bike

Initially, skills rely on controlled processing and given enough practice shift to rely on automatic processing


Biological Foundations of Memory

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the strengthening of the connections between the sending and receiving neurons that underlies memory storage




Retrieval: More Than the Past

False memoriesLoftus and colleagues (1978)

People watched a series of slides that showed a red Datsun stopping at a stop sign and then proceeding into an accident

Participants were asked “Did another car pass the red Datsun while it was

stopped at the stop sign?” OR “Did another car pass the red Datsun while it was

stopped at the yield sign?”



What Causes Forgetting? Decay

Theory that memories fade over time because relevant connections between neurons are lost

InterferencesTheory that the disruption of the ability to remember

one piece of information is caused by the presence of other information

Retroactive: New information interferes with oldProactive: Old information interferes with new


Amnesia

Retrograde amnesia disrupts previous memories Infantile amnesia

Anterograde amnesia leaves already consolidated memories intact but prevents the learning of new facts Patient H.M.


The Repressed Memory Debate

Are they real memories that are forced out of consciousness and then later emerge, as hypothesized by Freud, or are they false memories?

Evidence is mixed


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