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8/8/2019 Psych 450 Chapter 9 Lec
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Behavior TherapyBehavior Therapy
SathishSathish RAJAMANIRAJAMANI M.ScM.Sc (N)(N)
Lecturer Lecturer AMCONAMCON
8/8/2019 Psych 450 Chapter 9 Lec
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Behavior Therapy DefinitionBehavior Therapy Definition
** The term behavior therapy isThe term behavior therapy is
applied to psychologicalapplied to psychologicaltreatment based ontreatment based on
experimental psychology andexperimental psychology andintended to changeintended to change
symptoms and behavior.symptoms and behavior.
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ORIGIN OF BEHAVIOURORIGIN OF BEHAVIOUR
THERAPYTHERAPY
R eward and punishment systems have been usedR eward and punishment systems have been used
throughout recorded history in an attempt tothroughout recorded history in an attempt to
influenceinfluence behaviorbehavior, from child rearing to the, from child rearing to thecriminal justice system.criminal justice system.
ModernModern behavioralbehavioral therapy began in the 1950stherapy began in the 1950s
with the work of B.F. Skinner and Josephwith the work of B.F. Skinner and Joseph WolpeWolpe..
WolpeWolpe treated his patients who sufferedtreated his patients who suffered
fromfrom phobiasphobias with a technique he developedwith a technique he developed
calledcalled systematic desensitizationsystematic desensitization
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DESENSITIZATIONDESENSITIZATION
DesensitizationDesensitization
involved graduallyinvolved gradually
exposing a patientexposing a patientto an anxietyto an anxiety--
provoking stimuliprovoking stimuli
untiluntil
thethe anxietyanxiety responsrespons
e was extinguished,e was extinguished,
or eliminatedor eliminated
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Behavior TherapyBehavior Therapy
Identifying Maladaptive Behavior & Seeks to correctIdentifying Maladaptive Behavior & Seeks to correct
these by applying the principles of learning derived fromthese by applying the principles of learning derived from
the following theories.the following theories.
1. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov, 1936)1. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov, 1936)
2. Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner, 1953)2. Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner, 1953)
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Behavior Therapy TheoriesBehavior Therapy Theories
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Classical Conditioning isClassical Conditioning is
a term used to describea term used to describelearning which has beenlearning which has been
acquired throughacquired throughexperience.experience.
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Behavior Therapy TheoriesBehavior Therapy Theories
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OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING
Skinner introduced aSkinner introduced a behavioralbehavioral technique hetechnique hecalled operant conditioning. Operantcalled operant conditioning. Operant
conditioning is based on the idea that anconditioning is based on the idea that anindividual will choose hisindividual will choose his behaviorbehavior based onbased onpast experiences of consequences of thatpast experiences of consequences of thatbehaviorbehavior. If a. If a behaviorbehavior was associatedwas associated
withwith positive reinforcementspositive reinforcements or rewards inor rewards inthe past, the individual will choose it overthe past, the individual will choose it overbehaviorbehavior associated with punishmentsassociated with punishments
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ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS
AllAll behavioursbehaviours are learned, (Adaptive &are learned, (Adaptive &
Maladaptive).Maladaptive).
Human beings are passive organisms thatHuman beings are passive organisms thatcan be conditioned or shaped to docan be conditioned or shaped to do
anything.anything.
Maladaptive behavior can be unlearnedMaladaptive behavior can be unlearnedand replaced by adaptive behavior if theand replaced by adaptive behavior if the
person receives exposures to specific stimuliperson receives exposures to specific stimuli
and reinforcement.and reinforcement.
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ASSUMPTIONS Cont«««. ASSUMPTIONS Cont«««.
Behavior assessment is focused moreBehavior assessment is focused more
on the current behavior rather than onon the current behavior rather than on
historical antecedents.historical antecedents.
Treatment strategies are individuallyTreatment strategies are individuallytailored.tailored.
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TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
SHAPING SHAPING
MODELING MODELING
PREMACK PRINCIPLE PREMACK PRINCIPLE
EXTINCTION EXTINCTION
TOKEN ECONOMY TOKEN ECONOMY
CONTIGENCY CONTIGENCY CONTRACTING CONTRACTING
FLOODING FLOODING
TIME OUTTIME OUT
RECIPROCALRECIPROCAL
INHIBITIONINHIBITION
OVERTOVERT
SENSITIZATIONSENSITIZATION
COVERTCOVERT
SENSITIZATIONSENSITIZATION SYSTEMATICSYSTEMATIC
DESENSITIZATIONDESENSITIZATION
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SHAPINGSHAPING
Reinforcements are givenReinforcements are given
for increasingly closer for increasingly closer approximations to theapproximations to the
desired response.desired response.Example: Autistic ChildExample: Autistic Child
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MODELINGMODELING
Modeling refers to the learning of newModeling refers to the learning of new
behaviors by imitating the behaviors inbehaviors by imitating the behaviors in
others.others. Role ModelsRole Models
Children imitate the behaviors of their Children imitate the behaviors of their
parents, teachers and friends.parents, teachers and friends. In therapeutic setting clients imitate theIn therapeutic setting clients imitate the
behaviors of their care providers.behaviors of their care providers.
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PREMACK PRINCIPLEPREMACK PRINCIPLE
This technique is named after its originator This technique is named after its originator..
A frequently occurring response (R1) canA frequently occurring response (R1) can
serves as a positive reinforcement for aserves as a positive reinforcement for a
response (R2) that occurs less frequently.response (R2) that occurs less frequently.
Discriminative
Stimulus
(Home Work)
To do or not to do
R2
(Completion of
Home Work)
R1
(Talk to friends
on Telephone)
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EXTINCTIONEXTINCTION
It is a gradual decrease in frequency or It is a gradual decrease in frequency or
disappearance of response when thedisappearance of response when the
positive reinforcement is withheld.positive reinforcement is withheld.Example:Example: Temper Tantrum ChildTemper Tantrum Child
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CONTIGENCY CONTRACTINGCONTIGENCY CONTRACTING
A contract is drawn up among all partiesA contract is drawn up among all parties
involved.involved.
The behavior change that is desired isThe behavior change that is desired isstated explicitly in writing.stated explicitly in writing.
The contract specifies the desired behavior The contract specifies the desired behavior
change, the negative consequences or change, the negative consequences or
punishment that will be rendered for notpunishment that will be rendered for not
fulfilling the terms of contract are alsofulfilling the terms of contract are also
delineated.delineated.
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TOKEN ECONOMYTOKEN ECONOMY
TE is a type of CC (may or may not a writtenTE is a type of CC (may or may not a written
contract) in which thecontract) in which the reinforcer reinforcer for desiredfor desired
behaviors are presented in the form of behaviors are presented in the form of
token.token.
Tokens are awarded when desiredTokens are awarded when desired
behaviors are performed, and maybehaviors are performed, and may
exchanged for designated privileges.exchanged for designated privileges.
Example: By using the token, client can buyExample: By using the token, client can buy
a cigarettes, or snacksa cigarettes, or snacks..
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TIME OUTTIME OUT
Time out is an aversive stimulusTime out is an aversive stimulus
or punishment during which theor punishment during which the
client is removed from theclient is removed from the
environment when the desiredenvironment when the desired
behavior is being is exhibited.behavior is being is exhibited.
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RECIPROCAL INHIBITIONRECIPROCAL INHIBITION
Also called as Counter Conditioning.Also called as Counter Conditioning.
Reciprocal Inhibition decreases or Reciprocal Inhibition decreases or
eliminates a behavior by introducing aeliminates a behavior by introducing amore adaptive behavior.more adaptive behavior.
Example:Example: Introduction of relaxationIntroduction of relaxation
exercises to an individual who isexercises to an individual who isphobic.phobic.
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OVERT SENSITIZATIONOVERT SENSITIZATION
It is a type of aversive technique,It is a type of aversive technique,
that produces unpleasant responsethat produces unpleasant response
to the undesirable behavior.to the undesirable behavior.Example:Example: DisulfiramDisulfiram ((AntabuseAntabuse))
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COVERT SENSITIZATIONCOVERT SENSITIZATION
It relies on the individual¶s imagination toIt relies on the individual¶s imagination to
produce unpleasant symptoms rather thanproduce unpleasant symptoms rather than
on medication.on medication.
The individual learns, through mentalThe individual learns, through mental
imagery, to visualize nauseating scenes.imagery, to visualize nauseating scenes.
The primary advantage of covertThe primary advantage of covert
sensitization is that the individual does notsensitization is that the individual does not
have to perform undesired behaviors buthave to perform undesired behaviors but
simply imagines them.simply imagines them.
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SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATIONSYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
It is a technique for assistingIt is a technique for assisting
individuals to overcome their fear of individuals to overcome their fear of
phobic stimulus.phobic stimulus. It is a ³systematic´, in that there is aIt is a ³systematic´, in that there is a
hierarchy of anxiety producing eventshierarchy of anxiety producing events
through which the individualthrough which the individualprogresses during therapy.progresses during therapy.
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SD ExampleSD Example
A hierarchy of events associated with a fear of A hierarchy of events associated with a fear of
elevators may be as followselevators may be as follows
1.1. Discuss riding an elevator with the therapistDiscuss riding an elevator with the therapist
2.2. Look at a picture of an elevator Look at a picture of an elevator
3.3. Walk into the building and see the elevator Walk into the building and see the elevator
4.4. Push the button for the elevator Push the button for the elevator
5.5. Walk inside the elevator with the trusted personWalk inside the elevator with the trusted person6.6. Ride the elevator with trusted personsRide the elevator with trusted persons
7.7. Ride the elevator without trusted personRide the elevator without trusted person
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FLOODINGFLOODING
This technique is some times called asThis technique is some times called as
implosive therapy, used to desensitizes theimplosive therapy, used to desensitizes the
phobic stimulus.phobic stimulus.
It differs from SD, in that instead of workingIt differs from SD, in that instead of working
up a hierarchy of anxiety producing stimuli,up a hierarchy of anxiety producing stimuli,
the individual is flooded with a continuousthe individual is flooded with a continuous
presentation of the phobic stimulus until itpresentation of the phobic stimulus until itno longer elicits .no longer elicits .
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Behavior TherapyBehavior Therapy
LIMIT ATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPYLIMIT ATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Behavior therapy may change behaviors,Behavior therapy may change behaviors,
but it does not change feelingsbut it does not change feelings Does not deal with the emotional processDoes not deal with the emotional process
as fully as other approachesas fully as other approaches
Relationship between client and therapist
Relationship between client and therapistis discountedis discounted