qsf i~nw t0aoluSai5~1'tn~ Business-oriented Politics in New Russia

sud f SUU& Rom Phiramontri

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~ w u i (All-Russ~an Umty) w33m bFl$wjfi@ba5 (The Party of Economic

Freedom) bbasw33mus9qiuba5 (The Party of Free Work) lug 8.~3. 1993

~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ W ~ I ~ I U L ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ W ~ W I ~ ~ I ~ L ~ O ~ U ~ : S : E ~ P J ~ I U I ~ L G B J S ] I ~ ~umiuh6u"buiguiaafiud~:~iui5u~uo3a ~uabuduaindfllduuu

duuwriu (Shock Therapy) i!'du2dni3~au6 nisauk3bjuarnilnani

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Sun ~~un9u51.h ua:finq3fiq"bu0 m.n 1999 l i6au

~mqfia~~uu~GuuwtTu, d~:aiui5uGu~15a ~uadqu

g i 2 P G U ~ 1-2 (2554)

AN ABSTRACT

T h s article provides information on business-oriented politics

in New Russia. This line of politics arose out of the continuing

dependence of Certain state enterprises on the s u p e ~ s i o n and

cbntrol of the related ministries. This dependence resulted in the

state enterprise managers having to offer certain benefits to the

ministerial administrators in exchange for the latter's favours that

would facilitate the operation of the enterprises. This is the origm of

the patronage system and corruption in this country. Another aspect

of business-oriented politics is the involvement of most political

party leaders and leadmg business figures in tlm line of politics.

??lis involvement partly evolved from the former communist party

organization in which they had been once influential. These people

took the opportunity to take hold of large shares of corporations

that came into existence as a result of the privatization of state

efiterprises, e@n though these corporations had originally been

designed such that their management and workers would jointly

own 49 per cent of the shares, with the state owning the remaining

- 51 per cent di We shares. '

Businessmen and high-ranking government officials used tl&

, economic base and their monopolistic power to quickly develop their

businesses and transform themselves into world-class bilhonaires in

:a relatively short period of five years, that is, between 1992 and

"-1997. Initially. 'there were more than 10 people who each owned -La . assets wkth more than ~ & l billion; in 2004 the number of such

people rose to 27. Their somewhat dubious and dshonest business

activities included speculations on exchange rates and prices of

goods during economic difficulties and high inflation, seeking

benefits from price differences in case of discount concession

goods being exported at very hgh prices, and reaping profits from

purchasing shares at very low prices from workers and people who

were compelled to sell their assets because of their poverty.

Later, various groups of Russian businesspeople joined in

setting up their own political parties to protect their business

interests. These parties include the All Russia Unity, the Party of

Economic Freedom and the Party of Free Work, whch were all

established in 1993. These people attempted to gain increasing

political influence and power in Russian politics during the Boris

Yeltsin government that focused on shock-therapy reform. The

measures they adopted for t h s purpose include lobbying, running in

elections, supporting their own people to obtain seats in parliament,

and provichng support for political parties such as by subsidzin

their meda propaganda.

The article also provides a graphc presentation showing th

channels through whch business interest groups have exerted th

political influence in New Russia, and a table displaying the fin-&c

support given by corporations and businesspeople to the politic

parties during their election campaigns in 1999.

Key words: Russian business-oriented politics, privatization in Rus

shock-therapy economic reform, Boris Yeltsin

i3d 2 afiEld 1-2 (2554)

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tiauKa (Law on Self-employment) n~wu~u~~ua-iYuawnsti (Law on Coop-

eratives) ngwulu biuai%~nlsbbd? (Rent Act) baa:lug R . H . 1987 'b6aan n ~ w u l u b ~ u a K u ~ a l w " n ~ a s 5 ' ~ (Law on State Enterprises)

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daun'a" $~ay~im%dqnmuaiu i~ad3:naui i~n i~dau6a~~ dauKuni(;l

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limited liablhty companies) 8 u a ~ i ~ a : ~ : n i n u n.n. 1990

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30 i'iunues?nd~:uisLdiaua: 50 ~aqbb3qqiu~aqd3:~b~fl~

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"bwt@~sfaa$t~ 13 n~un~oun~aswfw6~uua~"11 i i~~bf iau 50 ~flo<~5u~i

&wawtblluuda:Tluau 13 n$ud~viifiu 22% uad~~w~6luaa3aud3:"111%1~

~ 9 T a d ~ : u i ~ 208,000 iiunaaai<awfy6

K u a a u u a . s n i ~ ~ ~ i u i i i d a u i a u w i ~ n i ~ ~ i a ~ u a ~ ~ n g ~ f i ~ ~ u l 6 ~ ~ u B u

lug n.a. 1988 lnu in i%f ia$qa~l ln i~~~f l3d8 l~a l f l (Moscow Union of

Cooperatives) bba:au7nu~ai0sfi7iau (Association of Joint Ventures)

b ~ ~ ~ @ : ~ i ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ 1 9 ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ 7 ~ ~ 1 ~ f i @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d 3 L L ~ f l dauilug

n.n. 1990 ~ u ~ a i ~ ~ a i w f i s u u i n T ~ 9 ~ ' b 6 ~ n k ~ 0 ~ ~ d i n ~ w i ~ n i ~ i i a ~ u a ~ m u ~ u

i a < i "awniw~wuini3-qmaiwn33u~7 (Scientific-Industrial Union) %Kug

n.fl. 1992 ' ~ ~ L ~ ~ u u & I L ~ u am61iwfinqma?mn33ubba:~d3:n~uni3 (The

Russian Union of Industriahsts and Entrepreneurs) $siai<aiGi laaaii

a~mn33uni~nai~w33n~u~af iam~%b?p1~ (Arkady Volsky) aaa:aGmc.dau

ciiawniwd.ab?uw 3 nui?a@iauua9;4 ~Tuln~dad (Yuri Andropov)

nOua bbmuiu $3 biuub (Konstantin Chernenko) bba:Sn~~iza na~ui"11ad

5 f l e 0 ~ ~ j I U ~ H U POCCUH ~dfiHb1e BnajIbIKU, UJIU B3rJMjI ((UTepHa)) H a

Ham)' BJIaCTb (t~pO$lEiJIb)). - 1997, N? 42 C 17

4 e p ~ m o ~ r n., g e p ~ u ~ o s a A A KTO BnaaeeT Pocc~eB c t u e ~ ~ p n o n ~ r

pa+)) -1998, c 41

gfl 2 Q G U ~ 1-2 (2554) a i = i w 1 5 a ~ ; u ~ n ~ i J

ud3:57u (The central committee of the Communist Party of Soviet

Union) ~3iPsuiu~a~aPsnin7 ~ a n l s d n ~ a ~ ~ a d ~ : ~ u " 1 1 ~ Y a 9 ~ n q m ~ l P s n 3 3 u

$qnisn~~uiu~a:ni3d3:nauni3 l ~u$~bb( i ; i n i~T i~$~~Oua~dn3a~sn iw li~~anuunuinannuiaeiluariu%nua:iln5wadani3bBa~~~ l i ; l6Iudaiuq

~ . f l . 1992 awniwiaui~nda:nau6au?~%aiPs~~"~1uin~Ps~ 2,130 ~aiqaba:

o s d n ~ i i u o ~ ~ ~ s i 3 u n ? w B 39 abi9

'ludau ~aai6~ni i iar in~~i i~?a~$uw"~ju~Psi~aa: ju~~i 'b~sau~a~umiu

wamaiu~ms~ua6unisd~~dwi~bf lsw~~~s8u 3 nqu d ~ ~ i % x p J ~ : a ~ d b i ~

dnnlaoua:a&wad~:lu%G~i~rns~iisusunu hum-asriua$ildiaaud?u

n i ~ n i ~ ~ i a ~ ~ u ~ ~ l ~ u u ( i ; i ~ q

n $ u i 1 a ~ u n ~ u ~ a ~ d ~ u a y u % P ; i i n i ~ d f i ~ d af l~w~i iwa~09d3:sn~If i

a3u~~runismaimsaf$i?~uiamsumau~u 4wu aawi:aeiis6s PaaiPsK~6iu

qnai~sn35rm~sis (Mhtary-industrial complex) ~ a i P s i i s 6 1 u ~ 8 a t w f i ~ k ~ t

w&3.tl?u (Fuel and energy complex) asa:%ai~iisni3wfim$%.a"bnmlulai

$uiq lnuigLulfinisaljuayuwi~ni3~9u BnSfimu ~a:k8aqinaPsniw

Cnq~1ai~sns3u aaa:~d~:nauni35'a s$u

$ua~aunsngimu R.H. 1992 aesniwGnqmaiwnaaa:~ds:na~lni3 ?a "au'b6ria$qw33mni3aia9da 899uaa5a "w"wu7" (All-Russian Union)

ccModemization>> I n u8a b ;~%iu ma+ a a163 a7 bad (Aleksander Vlablavlev)

~a~d~:~iua~ni~ljn~mai~sn33usaa:~d3zn~uni~5a~$u ~a:aGm?~uum?

a'ini~n~:wsa~~nwi"5i~aa~a~sniw~"11a~pl~1~3u~a~s6iw~~m % m ~ i ~ 3 i ~ s u i u

~ s m s ~ ~ u ~ f i ~ 3 u i a ~ u n u i w u i n B u l u n ~ : u a u n i ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ q ' i ~ baa:

w ~ ~ m I A ~ ~ n ~ u i r i i ~ 6 i i ~ i a 6 u n i 3 ~ 1 ~ 6 i u n i ~ ~ B a ~ d a Lsauds:%in-r.* (Civil

Union)

n$u$ 2 aOu{~awu~o~{~iuaun13"aaiwii~aaa:Ga~sGiw~au~iuw19

6 i u n i s ~ m a s n ~ u ~ d u u i u ~ l r u a y w n i ~ d ~ ~ d ~ i ~ ~ n ~ w ~ i i s a a u ~ u i a

~ n d i ~ a ~ n i ~ a a n l d ~ s ~ u u n i ~ ~ a i ~ a ~ i ~ a ~ u ~ a aai6a~nislf i5~uiaadi'bd

. . ~ . ' ,

n$E;bd~~:u~l~fi~w~fi~~buu8~nuGu81 ~ba:&asnisiGa~:wis61uni3~~ub~a:

nisuSwis n~u~ds:nauhudiunis~iaa~oawniwqmaiwn33u (Industrid

union) awniw bnwm%n-nu (Agrarian Union) awfluS@wZn8u61 (P~oducers

Federation) ~ M n i ~ b n W ~ 3 n 3 3 u ? a b ~ ~ (Agrarian Union of Russia) bba:

~'d3n~nwm3n3%8]?ab~u (Agrarian Party of Russia)

n 4 u i 3 aflu~abwuaasCn~a$fiuu $q6a~niriaa"m~~~ibba:~da32jn

aa~n13pl~~plwiq af is~~f i@$u bauawiqil6qaksafluansaonau b w a u i % n a o ~

n+u ~ f i u r i n p ~ ~ s 1snaudai;-r~%irnds:nauq3~~ n~u~7dinokrussnniaf isu

uoumu$uh~ n . n 1992 ~ ~ 1 ~ 3 3 n b f i ~ ~ ~ f i @ L a ? (The Party of Economic

Freedom) lmuaAouaaamuRu ui'dilau (Konstantin Boravoy) fing3fi@

q d o ~ 8 u q ~ f l ~ f i w l j l ~ a s a aaad6wssn~m~uawia~a5Gu81bbuu$qa~sr~gu~~in

%pail n.n. 1993 Cnqcdtis~ab~u'b6~au~a~ub~aplnDo~wapl~:~ua~

~ a s m u ~ m u ~ ~ a " m $ ~ ~ 3 3 ~ n l 3 ~ l u ba$ (The Party of Free Work) L&fi~n%Q

$ p s " p l i a u ~ 5 i a a ~ f i ~ n i ~ d ~ n ~ p 1 ~ u aba:un~Snng~uiuai~iai6au "ni3

pl=znaufi@ni3" ~~117"m8wXd3:nautiqni3 $sdCiaiu FibaaGi? (Ivan

Kivellidi) fif)ipfi@aprlncdd "bmaml" (Delta) bba:~3:5lun338]ni3u~wi3

"?afiab~afl96" ("Rosbisnesbank") i d i b ~ @ n i 3 ~ n w i d ~ ~ ~ i ~ w @innm:

ai3ai3niamf u ~ i % ~ u i G u u a a ~ n ~ ~ a ~ p l ~ : n i n G u f l m ~ w i ~ a f i ~ w ~ n i a m ~ ~ i n

uwi"aui~u~1bmuu5@6~~u~awGiw~~n

w~~naa~~~iuba?b4ua~6n3~is8~~81a~6n~ab~naa~Cnq3ti~4a~?u$

l6iuwuiwluni-sdaer aw io~nqsf i~~u imna iq ~ba:~uimfioBJ%u~9aiuAiu bdu

daulunis~nn:r~uuiis$qawn3& daua8o~fludpl~nwiwi~6iun~p9~~iu as ,,

dau~iou6wwnis~iauda8d~:Iulu.au b n u C n q ~ s a u i n n a i ~ ~,~a:"uuimeiou

bdauplnDns8w%a~ioq~aqCng3fia%ab?u bfiu6u a u i % n ~ ~ ~ n d a u % w ~ b ~ u

@ d i u a u n i ~ ~ s ~ ~ i u d i n a i u ~ m a i n i ~ a i a ~ ~ ~ u q ~ 1 a s f j ~ ~ a u ~ a ~ n i ~ ~ ~ u i ~ i ~

6 i u ~ n s q f i l k6udoua"mqd a~3n6qni iawana~i9u6oqaq~~i biun73~io1

g i 2 C G P I ~ 1-2 (2554)

~~~amniwa~n-iniuoaln$ul6F'io~wi~ni-i~~ausuaiuisoun~lnn~waiu

L ~ ~ a ~ u n i G h m biaquoah $~~3uni%6iuaud%:~u%u"bG~~riamn1nidb\66~3u ~ a d l b5@

1uda.r baa1 ~tiuanirlh?.iiis uua ~a5iiuuanniam6ul6$~osun'n-i n i q n i % ~ i a ~ ~ ~ u a ~ ~ ? i i u u ~ u u ~ 5 0 a ~ auinu7ai~E@ban%ub~a:Paai~ii@

~bd%2~lbb%&3?ab$u (All-Russia Association of Privatised and Private

Enterprises) Guria$~$umiuuuanaiufimuaulind j q ~ ~ o n T u ~ a ~ ~ a a i ~ ~ n i i a

yos$ab%Jt%fino< 'bnmli (Yegor Gaydar) d9'b6?~b~~fl%fib~~dd%:51~d

auinu ~ m u i ~ ~ i u a ~ a ~ a : ~ ~ 1 5 ~ i ~ i i ~ n i ~ F ' i i ~ ~ ~ 3 u a u i ~ n n a i 2,000 siu

majqin ~ual~u~65uni=i~~nn$q ~~uds :wu i5~1~~u~uW" 12 ~ q u i u u

n.R. 1991 bui~66u61 fiuni~dfi2d6u~upl~: bwn IRU& ~ ~ ~ n d l A h ~ i i u n i 3 ~ a

~?%SE~%~~URIIIU:MIU L R S U ~ R @ U Q : ~ ~ % % U ~ @ ~ U L ~ J ~ ~ M I I I U & ~ I U Y ~ ~ U

d$ :~~n ~ 5 o u 6 ~ a 5 1 ~ ~ a ~ u ~ n i w w i ~ n i ~ ~ i ~ ~ T G f l u m ~ ~ a ~ 6aui%u~Giau

wqdniuu n.n 1991 ~uari'au~6uF'iu~~nsu:5~uum~~m~~~nvaumu lmulu

a~a~6ud1:~~ui~~1G'b6pl"~mGiW"%mi~uiun5~wm5~m ui$oqu1un5~uum?i

2 nub~u~flauqugbba~iu~u bbia:61u bnuuii? ;%;la (Gennady

Burbulis) ~~u%a~uiun~~~1um??ufim%au6iuni$bia9 bba:Gna$ anmi< bgu

%a~ui~n?~uum5~~a:5~uum5aini~n%:~%a~~fi~~,gfi@~~a:n?%n~~ $ufim%au

6 l ~ f l l $ d f i ~ d ~ l ~ bFI3U2fiq

s~n&$~uia?a ~$u%fh8ulqii ~ i iuu~uuiud jsdotiiq~aa ~hv6 wi96iuni%~iaq~a:~f i1~~i i@ ~ m ~ ~ i ~ 6 i u n i ~ ~ i a ~ l 6 ~ G u n i ~ ~ a u ~ i u ~ a l a " d diu~l5wi.a; I,L~:WIS~IU bn^d~jii@ ?juia'b661 ~ i i u n i ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ d 7 a i ~ f i ~ F ' i i ~ ~

aos5'~uia%G~an%u (privatization) 6auni%~Ym%Gini%A?~a?~~a:dia~

%G~ini8u6iilua:~ifiuaoo6a $aun~~dfi~dlu~ninw~:d~i~uwd~~i~l~uluuiu

"n i%d~~duos~nmi i " (Gaydar's reform) wa@in "ni%dfi2duas'bnmi-?

' b 6 ~ i ~ G ~ i i m n a ~ u m n ~ i w i ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 u a e j i ~ u i n ~~%i :%uvsuG~i~18~61

;U$U 10-12 L i l a ~S i31~ l6aa~d~~a19

erm@uwsum uon@inJu uTeru1erni%a1~]4~1~

1fimnaidsiwo~@n1~61~~uni%%o~~~u1aad1~~u 6~fu9ul61Rniiniupi~

hun1sh~ijun13d j 3 d u o ~ 5 3 u ~ a $ u ~ a ~ u n ~ u um;lin$u niuddoti~ufi

I6~umsaljuayu~1n-Y~ani 8d6fl1itl-lvlri1dfi~nw~3uoudn~dnDo~~w0~

" L I D S ~ ~ : L ~ ~

lu6uiJ n.n. 1992 n$uGng~~~ssa:n$uni~~aou$iwad~:Tua~

~~ua6sun1ugsRsw"u61ubnwm~n%%u ua:di~uqna~rrnxiu i6fiuCuK~lps'~

unuaoun$umub$iiau?zu~a k ~ ~ ~ u r n ~ d ~ : ~ u n k $ 6 a o u a n i i j ~ n ~

~IHJJ~'~L!FJ ~~u1al6;nau1%mn1d1~161uo5d~1uEunaiu~u~~aaaa~ n ~ s h ~ f i u n ~ s d j2d va:;niiu~uirsinsudn3~19g3R@b~a:ni%b~ou n13d

~uai%u~A~~m~ania~ps"Gn~~~.;1dd1K~~6iaus~d~1er6au ?SP~I%$~"UI<I~~~

dan~~~Bason~1nii~~wpdu~auuiern5~uum? ua:~~iuk~nqnaiwn~.ru

~ 1 u ~ w ~ u a ~ d ~ : ~ w n ~ u ~ 3 u ~ o u u i e r n ~ ~ u u m ? 3 nu As a a ~ l i i i z~uln

(Vladlmlr Shumelko) ofimd~:51uan1~u3'~11~~15~wwKnw5wd "qan (Rus -Pycb) i%o%kd dm@? (Georgy mdzha) ofimd%:51uaulnu~a1wi?la

qmai~n33u~iau L ~ B U ~ ~ I ~ I L ~ : P ~ ~ : ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I P S ~ I ~ ~ " ~ P ~ I L ~ ~ W ~ K ~ ~Gou~aQu

n-nm ~a:4n~moi %iu1i3Eu d%:~iunw:n~~un1~u3~91~u3Gw "~I"II

T d s ~ ~ ~ ~ksinrhqma1ms3uw" 3 i6~61iau5~uiauh lut~aunsng~nu

n.n. 1992 f ~ u ? a ~ ; n 6 n ~ ~ i i @ n % o u 9 " 1 i d i n m 6 ~ ~ ~ 5 ~ 1 ~ 1 3 n a 1 u a y ~ 8 u b d a 5~n~ufi;3K@qma1wn%3um1uu1

Bnoi 'bnm15 ofim5nw1n13uiun55uum55~ ~%u~6~i15qna1unmKu

~ a u r j n ~ s ~ ~ d i r ~ o n u a ~ m " u ~ ~ d ~ i o u w ~ n @ " n ~ u u n.n. 1992 i(huaun13

4a1~ii@u1wumueiauuin wan~ai l~~aus~oaasw%~nwanmu~o~$ubju

Tyum5 51~1nmuuoud~u3miu6~:~65un1~aGuayuw1~n1~~~~

Ofi 2 Q&* 1-2 (2554) - a~sa~s$a~ ;duhw

2 *w pm."?%*wq -* fl 2y =!f? **q w: %-% * $3 ; x F w =:%n*gwB L% gzp @%¶9;Z$*V8 4% b:- T !3,2 2 . .

11~9b2117 ~ i n n i ' d d ~ ~ a a ~ ~ : ~ f i ~ a i u + a 8 1 B a ~ u n ~ u 6 n ~ ~ f i ~ ~ B ~ ~ 5 ~ a ~ i ~ n i ~

l n n i i 4 ~ ~ i l 6 n i ~ ? u ~ a ~ ~ i n a n i ~ a ~ ~ u a i w ~ ~ ~ f i ~ B u u i u n ~ ~ u u m ~ ~ i n

n i s ~ a u ~ ~ % ~ T f ; 3

lunisds:~uauiidnani~abwu~iw~~~"\f~i 7~udnu5uai~u RR. 1992

dunusiwgs?a dul6iuili?u3aqni3~uii2q~i MM ~~u iun?~uum5"11aq~n~i

lnni j ~d~:iiiui~~uG~ua6idPd'b6~aua~flani?u~o~5~ 2 8% ~~8u9qw"ilfi

Lua63um'os aaua$a'dnamaf %uiiaRu sosuiun?~uum3oflmd3:siu

ns~unisu3wisqf aiw As 67?i41hJ3u79 ~ ~ B d ~ : a u n i ~ n i 6 i u n i ~ u 3 w i ~ ~ ~

oudnrr~ou?~ u a : ? ~ ~ a i ~ f i ~ u i . a " i u i u ~ u ~ ~ u u i u n ? ~ u u m ~ ~ ~ ~ u ani(~awu

~ i w ~ ~ ~ ~ l A ? u s o ~ ~ a i ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ ~ ~ n i i a ~ u ~ i T f i ~ a i u ~ n bb~~"11o909dn3u~mi3

ka:oudnsirRljy$Ranaq.a"a~bu: aw~nisdunk6w"iTfid~:iiiui5uG

uo3a a u a 6 ~ u < i ~ o ~ ~ a a ~ w i 5 ~ w i ~ ~ ~ : ~ f l d i u i ~ u ' . w i ~ " 1 1 ~ ~ m u w ~ ~ w " u ~ i n

ni~~auqub luo~?~mi~u~aa i iou i ~ i n n i ~ ? ~ u i a ~ ~ 6 a u i ~ i ~ n a i ~ a ~ u ~ ~ u ~ ~ o f i ~ a w ~ b f i ~ $ ~ n ~ ~ m a i ~ n ~ ~ 8 1

Tu tRsunsnpi~u n.n 2535 ;lu~iTfi~m3i~~udo~6u;qBu LLB:IALOU dsu~"11~6w'liu~iu~.a"b~ud3:bffu~~ufl?~uiaZn~~~w~ riaai?yidn'un

Tfi~uiau~wAo ~ ~ ~ : b d ~ 9 a ~ ~ ~ ] ~ ~ a l M ~ 3 3 8 I ~ ~ 6 ? ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ d ~ i 8 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i 3

L ~ U ~ : M ~ I ~ ~ $ : L W ~ L L ~ : Q I ~ a i 6 n a i u ~ ~ u d ~ : a f f u ~ ~ 9 i % 6 ? ~ a n i o 5 d ~ i u ~ ~ u ~

a i? ju ia i i~~uu~uuiu~~~w~f i~miu~uum:~umn~uw"i~ f id~:"~~ i"~~uu~n~ua~

oei~ql$imiu ~aiu~nabfi~a:~aiq?jam aba:?juialn"W3~ai81~ua~3~

BuBZnludou?a-wu n.a 1992 ~ d a ~ a n i ~ M a ~ K u 6 n n i ~ a i o ~ d i u A i u

~ n & o u ~ n ~ ~ i ~ m ~ a d ~ ~ ~ u ~ d a u u n a u : n s s m i ~ ~ a n i f ; ~ ~ ~ a ' i "~~uaiau

~ " I I I ~ " (Front Natsanalnaya spasenlya) ~ ~ ~ r i ~ 6 i u n i ~ d ~ ~ d ~ a u ~ l ~ ~ u u ~ ~ u

(Shock therapy) ~ba:~6bd~uuaa~la~u~u~liu"ua~?~uia 6a.11 E)%:iiiu15u6i

raRnap E. AHH nopametiwk M no6en. M.; Barpwyc, 1996. c 218

d3:~3uEn (1) 'b~ai~~sP1~:ij iuiui (2) % u 3 a ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ i q n i 3 d ~ ~ e j ~ a ~ f ~ ~ l i a

LLa: (3) % f i i n i ~ a ~ o n ~ ~ d ~ : ~ ~ u i 5 u G ~ ~ a : a 8 1 ~ 6 n a n i ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ i w ~ 3 ~ ~ d $ ~ R I W

n~~a~d3:.a7uGdau%m~%fi~aiu~a"ai~~s~~a:~~u6au~u$a~aua$~mum~~

~$:5lulf?~J~ LU ai%u

iiau%u.au:Kqni=iia d~:; i iu ib~l5~uai~u~~aA~~d~u"11~u; i33ulu

n ~ ~ f i i ~ ~ ~ ~ . l i ~ ~ i ~ n i 3 ~ i a ~ ~ a ~ n u G ~ ~ 3 ~ 6 u i i a u n i ~ o a n n s ( w ~ n i p 9 u i u ~ a " ~ 1

1400 I u ~ u i 21 iiuuiuu R.R. 1993 ~ + 1 6 a u n i ~ ~ f i ~ ~ f ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e j i ~ ~ B u

~~nauluavwirs%jfa~%~ ~ u ~ e u u ~ n n i u n q w ~ n i 6 ~ n ~ i a E a n i 3 ~ u a n i

d~rnusiagaua:ani;u rriou~~fiimun~fl~ni3~aian&~~msl~uiun" 11-12

j u a i ~ u R.R. 1993 ~a:lu<u~baiiu& f~an i fa~~u~6b i l~n i3d3 :~ua f iu

5ai~tg~fqn" 9 ~ ~ a ~ s l 3 m i n ~ w ~ n l ~ a ~ d 7 : 5 1 u i ~ ~ l % b u a m " ~ u a n i + d s ~ ~

Twuyaiu gay3inad (Ruslan Khasbulatov) d3:iiiuablibba:an7~bb9?u

a7wg2~6iiuGdfi ~a~ds :~1 f i f i 5n iunqw~n i~~n i ia awsi:.iimdnfyrnf~yy

~ n $ ~ 8 ~ a 1 u d u + i n ~ s n ~ : ~ ~ v n ~ ~ u a i ~ u ~ ~ u n ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ m n g w u i u fjani<slm"

iiaRdanniasnslnhu~riu ua:uduRat.Gn.aiu~nEli adnu (Alexander

~utskoy) ~ ~ s d ~ : s ? u i 5 u G ~ ~ a ~ d i u ~ % ~ ] a K ~ 1 n ~ a ~ u ~ u ~ d u d ~ : s 1 u 1 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

@?fl b b ~ ~ ~ l % f i ? ~ @ ~ b b " L j ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ) 3 ~ 5 l ~ l ~ ~ l % bUa6%~l6w"l%flba~ bb~l~fl75

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n 7 a a ~ % t ~ ~ 6 1 4 s a ~ u ~ ~ a o s i l a i o i ~ e s i n a ~ u s ~ 6 ~ q 6 u ?,u<u$ 22 ~UUIUU

n.n. 1993 ua5a a u a ~ ~ u % s a a u q u n a ~ R i C ~ ~ a ~ d ~ : ~ w n a ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ P b . a " n a ~ f i ~ ~ ~

~moi~sBau$an7dri7C~ini3~3:qu r r < o u $ ~ i i o n h & l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . u " i ~ ~ u

aanuiuou<a ~ ~ i w + i 6 ~ 8 ~ ~ s n a 7 a l ~ j l A < u n ~ ~ n a u a u ~ ~ T m u i l u 3 : ~ ~ ~

ni-d6au<zani 10 Tu di~?~an~~qd~:nnu6aun~ufi~81~au5aGaF;1"~~a:

ntju.aiiGuu l ~ ~ d a ~ a a . a u n ~ : ~ u ~ 9 i i ~ ~ : . a i ~ u i l ~ ~ u ~ a i u a ~ n w ~ a u ~ i n n i ~

~~~dua~auai%uaanuiaGuayun@umu c.ioui~~an@uaGua~u"~1a~5a~~inapnl~~a:qa~nu~6wi~ua~n~~a~u

auaumiuflii~fiuun~~uaaTn Z~l6bfi~ni3d:~:Ku~4im61i6i~as~~a:~~9i3

5~ania1uisn~dia~4a81~~i'bd$Pd5~ani~6 vZ~sinb~uaidiuaPdvuayunu~a~

irrrinverdu~~5uiiuh ~ a y ~ i n a r l ~ ~ a - ~ a ~ n u ' b A a a n d i ~ ~ ~ < n a ~ A i Z ~ ~ a ~ n ~

~ n a & 8 m f l i a i ~ i n i ~ n ~ ~ r r a a b n ~ ~ ~ r v a d ~ ~ ~ q i ~ ^ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w " f l ~ "aaan"9Guu1~

(Ostankino) ~ s f i ~ n w v i ~ " I ] a ~ d ~ : ~ i u i ~ u ~ b u ~ 6 % u n a u b 6 s ~ 6 a ~ ~ i n ~ u n ~ ~

'bd$$3ania~a:Qn~qun'aaflu$qm 7nqmn136&qniia~661~6uad 12 Tusu w"i~fi%jL8~~%1 140 nuaba:uim~4unai 200 nu

wiis ~nr)mni3tif~5%3811$g" a9ua9 d3:5iu73~6i~ua6$u1i

d3:ni~lMliud 12 %J?IRU 8.n. 1993 Lil~iub~~nCkll~l~n~611~bb~U3194~~

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