Quarterly Chronicle

The Royal African Society

Quarterly ChronicleAuthor(s): Alan GraySource: African Affairs, Vol. 60, No. 239 (Apr., 1961), pp. 126-144Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal African SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/719084 .

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126

Quarterly Chronicle Compiled by ALAN GRAY

n OUTH AFRICA has decided to leave the Commonwealth because of e ;) strong criticism of its policies by other Commonwealth countries. The

decision had been widely unexpected, despite ie criticism of the Soui African Government's racial policies voiced at de previous meeting of Comrnonwealth Prime Ministers last year. The Bill enabling the Soudl African Republic to come into bemg was passed by the House of Assembly at

Cape Town in the early part of the new session. South African Although there was opposiiion to the Bill, mainly from

Republic the United Party's Natal representaiives, both die naiional leaders of the United Party and the leaders of

the Progressive Party did not challenge as such the manslate given by the referendum last October for de establishment of de Republic. The Natal section of the U.P., however, challenged ie Government's right to proceed with the setting up of the Republic widout first calling a national conveniion of the lid which brought the Union of South Africa into being in 1910. This protest by the Natal representaiives did not make a serious impression on events, which continued to move steadily towards the republican goal.

Perhaps the chief reason why the tuculence o? some Natalians made little impression was the fact that the constinution of the new Republic is almost ideniical with the constitution at present S force in the Union and embodied in the Soutb Africa Act which is the constitution of South Africa as agreed between the representatives of the old republics and colomes (Natal included) at the Convention of 1909. The only difference between the old and the new consiitutions is that the Crown, and the Governor-General as t:he representanve of the Crown, disappear to be replaced by the President who, along with the Parliament, will be the embodiment of the sovereignty of the State when the Republic is set up.

It is perhaps one of the ironies of politics diat before the Govemment showed its hand the Opposiiion harried them to give an umdertaking that no consiinu- iional changes would be made) and then when the Republic Bill was published, the same Opposition was at the Government to intoduce certaiIl changes The United Party tried to extract a guarantee that the Republic would remain in the Coonwealth and asked for a guarantee of basic htman rights. The Progressive Party, for its part asked more impressively for a rigid constituduon with proteccion for mmonty rights, decentralisation of power, and pariicipation itl government of all responsible ciiizens, irrespective of colour.

Dr. Verwoerd, the Pre Minister, rejecting both motions, said that die Opposiiion pames were trying to thwart the will of the people, clearly expressed in last year's referendum. Everybody knew dlat Sou1:h Africa would endearrour to remain in de Commonweald, provided her membership was not made subject to condiiions which she would regard as an insult.



127 QUARTER1Y CHRONICLE

lZr. Versvoerd had earlier announced that Mr. Harnnlarskjold, the Secretary- Gexleral of the United Nations, had been invited to pay a return visit to South Africa. He said that Mr. H>mmarskjold's recent visit had given an opportunity for a useful exchange of views. The Government was convinced that de personal contact established had been of considerable value.

The House rejected the amendments to the Republic Bill moved by the Umted Party and the Progressive Party. In the debate Dr. Verwoerd said that Sir de Villiers Graaff and Dr. Steytler wanted to attach conditions to tlhe republic which could never be granted. Dr. Steytler wanted a mulii-racial commty, although he hew the electorate would never agree to such a dend. The United Party wanted an unequivocal guarantee that South Africa would remain in the Commonwealth.

In giving his assurance dat he would do his best to keep South Africa un ie Commonwealth, e Prime Minister said that the Union would be able to remain a member only if the Commonwealth kept its present character. If the Commonwealth changed its identity and ways and became an organisation which iIlterfered in the domesiic affar of member countries, it would not be possible for South Africa to remain a member. South Africa would not allow other countries to dictate to her about her domestic policies.

When Mre D. Hammarskjold, U.N. Secretary-General, arrived in Pretoria for taLks with Dr. \'erwoerd, a group of non-whites numbering about 250 greeted him at the entrance of his hotel when he arrived from the airport. They carried banners calling on the Secretary-General to remember Sharpeville and appealillg to him to " take the yokes oS our necks." In a brief statement on arrival Mr. Hammarskjold referred to " a certain mission " which had come up in a United Nations debate, and to events that had prevented him from

* r * * @

carrymg out ts mlsslon ear. .ler. Mr. Hammarskjold attended a der in his honour given by Mr. J. N.

Malm, the Aflministrator of Cape Province. Replying to a toast by Mr. Malan, the Secretary-General made his first reference to the posiiion he considers South Africa to be in. He said the country's place in the world of today was " provocativeX' when one thought of the world of tomorrow. 4' So much history has been made, and you are living in a world of turmoil," he said. " You are moving towards a future which you want to shape. I am sure you will be able to find roads which will link you with that future."

Mr. HammarskjoId referred to the many new African member States of the United Nations, which, he said, had come in without knowledge of inter- natonal affairs and with extremely short domestic experience. " Our problem is to find, as quickly as possible, the bridges by which these people will be able to play their fllllest part and render their contribution to the intemational community," he said. (' I therefore see in my own way a bit of the problem you have to solve. The most essential feature is recogmtion of a conon and shared problem."

Mr. Hanlmarskjold visited eastern Pondoland on his tour. Beforehand he went to Umtata, adnainistrative headquarters of the Transkei. He was accom- panied by Mr. Nel, Minister of Bantu Administration, and Mr. Hans Abraham,



128 MRICAN ABMB

Csotnmissioner-General for the Transkei. Chief Botha Sigcau, Paramount Chief o? the Pondos and other chiefs were among those who met the Secretary-General. He had a d;SClltSiOn with ie executive tolnlwxittee of ie territoS authority hPa(16 by Chief Sigcau before leag Pondolant. Accord- ing to observers the Union Government was making no atleXnl)t to restrict Mr. Hanlmarskjold's itiIlerary. His investigatiarx was made at dle request o? ffie Security Council following a debate after the Sharpeville incislent lase year. The Union Government subsequendy inleted Mr. HaarslXold to nsit the Union and see things for himself.

Mr. H>mmarslriold reported to the Securiy CouncA later, and indicated that he hoped to pursue his investigaiions in South Africa at some future date. His ad interim report was largely nonwotnmisl.

rpHE following is a sllmnlanr of the main moves tit have been taken in 1 recent years by African States to work in closer co operaiion.

A conference of 13 French-sptalring African States was held at Brazzaville in December, 1960. It was the second of what is expected to be a series of meetings (the first was held at Abidjan [Ivory Coast] in November; the third was to be hdd at YaoundF [Cameroun] at the end of March) to

work out coon policies between uhat have been Ca"operation by described as African States d'expression franfazse. The African States following heads of State attencled de opening session

of the Brazzarrille conference: M.M. Senghor tSenegal); Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast); Abidjo (Cameroun); Dacko (Central African Republic); Maga (Dahomey); M'ba (Gabon); Yameogo (Upper Volta); Tswanana (Malagasy Republic); Moktar Ould DR2DPh (Mauri); Diori (Niger); Tombalbaye (Chnd); l'AbbF Youlou (Congo, capital: Brazza- ville) and M. Kasavubu (Congo, capital: Leopoldville). There were also obseners from Togo and the ICatanga and Ka provinces of the Congo (capital: Leopoldville).

After the public inaugural meeting subsequent discussions on political questions were held in private, only the heads of State being present. The main poiDtS of the joint communique issued at ie end of the conference were: On Mauritania, an expression of regret iat ie Soviet Union should have vetoed the Mauritanian application for membership of the Umted Nadons and a call to all Afncan States to prevent the ' cold war s sprescZing to Afnca and to redouble their efforts to obtain the adnrission of Mauntania; on Algena, a tribute to General de Gaulle, the 'iniiiator' of decolonisation, and an endorsement of his policy of selfZeterInination, wid a call to France to end the Algerian war in 1961; on the Congo, ffie communique congratulated Mr. Elanlmarslriold on his effort to prevent the 4 cold war ' spreasiing to Africa, and said that a poliiical solution to the Congo question could only be found in a round table conference at which all political parees were represented. The 12 former French States sigrled ie rommunique.



129 QUARTERLY CHRONICLE

The co nfererxce al so approved a resolu ton p rour iding for dle convenitlg of a study comtnittee in Dakar (Senegal) on January 30, 1961, to consider proposals for an African (and Malagasy) orgaxiisaiion for economic co operaiion which, inter als, would be concerned with naiional plan harmenisation, a development bank, credit schemesX price stabilisaiion and regional customs unions. The committee was also asUced to consider futre relaiions with the msiituiions of the European honomc Ammunity tEEC) After a meiing at <;:onakryr (Gumea) on 23rd-24^ December, 1960, Dr. Nluumah, President of Ghma, President Sekou TourE of Guinea and P-sident Modibo Keta of Mali issued a communique announcing that they had ' . . ^ (iec-ifl wth a view to haxmoxiising and ordinating de policies of our tbree States: ' To establish the union of our thrce States; ' To promote, a common economic and monetary policy; 'In this s-egad, two special cottees have been set up to examne praciical methods for achieving iese objecaves; ' 1h matters of representaiion abroad, we have decided to crdinate the diplomatic atviiies of our States; ' We bave also decided dat each year de three Heads o? State will meet quterly in Accra, Bamako and Conakry.' Ihe coque went on, anter alia} to regret C*..the inability of dle Umted Naiions to enforce the resoluiions of the Security Council in regard to the mtenance of the poliiical independence of the Congo its territorial iIltegrity and de normS funeioning of its democraiic snstitutons '; to condenqn ' . . . all forms of Afncan regroupment based on languages of the colonial Powus '; and to appeal ' . . . to these heads of States to follow a higher and more healthy concepoon of African Unity '? 0n November 27, 1960, after a visit to Mali, President Nlnah had announced tit Ghana and Mali had agreed to set up a ' jount parliament ', and in a statement issued in Bamsko (Mali) on ie same day, it was announced that Ghana svas to grant Mali a long-term lom. A further step m the associaiion of dle t:hree countries was the joint communique issued after a meedng betwem Presidents Keita and Sekou Toure on December 5, 1960, which stessed the need for close co operaton in poliacal, economic, defence and culuaral matters and announced that resident ministers would be exchanged between Conakry and Bamako.

A number of Airican heads of State attended a conference held m Casablanca from 4th to 7th January. The conference was oripally proposed by ie King of Morocco, Mohaed , for consultaiions between heads of African States 'direcdy interested ' irl the Congo quesiion, but was subsequently broadened to pt consideraiion of Algeria; French atomic tests in the Sahara; a framework for African military and polincal ccsoperation; racial policies in d}e Union of Soud Africa; and Israel. Itl addition to de iZmg of Morocco, the conference was atterxded by Presidents Nasser, Nkrumah, Modibc Keita and Sekou loure. Ithe ' provisional Algenan government ' was represented by a delegaiion headed by the ' Pnme Minister ' M. Ferhat Abbas;



130 MRICAN APFAIRS

Libya was represented by the Libyan Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Ceylon by the Ceylonese ambassador to the United Arab Republic. Therc werc also delegations represeniing the pro-Lumllnwba Stanleyville ' government ' ln ie Congo and anja-Belgian elements in the trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi. It was reported that invitations had also been sent to Nig, Liberia, Sudan, Ethiopia and Togo.

Among the decisions reacheci by the heads of State at Casablanca was an agreement, amounced on January 7, to wlthdraw their contingexits from the UN force in che Congo (for Morocco, Guinea and the United Arab Republic this was a re-affirmation of decisions aounced dlree weeks before; followmg the break-up of the Mali Federaiion de Mali Republic had announced that it would withdraw its troops. No date for the withdrawal was specified m the Casablmca announcement. The conference also expressed support for the late M. Lumumba as the head of the legiate Congo government and called on the United Nations to restore his authority; to disarm the forces o? Colonel Mobutu; to summon a meeiing of the Congolesc parliament; return airports md radio stations to ' the legitiate government of the Republic of the Congo '; and to deport all Belgians and foreigacrs not connected with oche UN commancle The conference also stated that, 4 llnlas de aims and principles for which the UN military comnlancl was set up . . . are realised and respected, the countries represented at e conference reserve the right to take appropriate action >.

An 4 African Charter ' was also proclaimed on January 7. To furier the asms proclaimesl in the charter, i.e., the freedom, unity, sovereignty, non- slignrnent, decolonisation and cboperation of African States, the charter provided for the creaiion of an African consultative assembly ' when conditions permit', represeniing every African State, and having a permanent headquarters; the setting up of an African military high comnlan(l (prenously proposed by President Nkrumah) for de common defence of Africa; anxl for the establishment of coKrdbatg cottees on political, economic and cultural affairs. It was amlounced that a meeting of experts to draw up procedure for the functioning of these bodies was to be held within the next three months. The charter ended with a re-affirmation of loyalty to the conferences o? independent African States held at Accra and Addis Ababa of respect for the UN Charter and the Bandung declaraiion, and an appeal to all African States to associate themselves with the decisions of the conferencc.

The resolution on Algeria declared, inter alia, the pariicipants' determinaiion to support the ' Algerian people and goverent' by eve2y means in their fight for independence; demanded that all countries supporiirsg the Algerian rebels should increase their political, diplomatic and economic aid; denounced ' NATO assistance ' to France; approved the recrxiitment of African and other volunteers for the rebel army; invited all governments which had not already done so to support the ' Algerian provisional government '; declared that the nature of the Algerian war was such as to cause the participants to reconsider

their relations with France; and opposed the partition of Algeria and rejected any unilateral soluiion or ' umposed or granted statute '. The corlference also



131 QUARTERLY (:HRONICLE

denounced any plebinte held by France alone in Algena, and said that i results were not binding on de AlgeriaD people. t

Resoluiions were also approved conde-mning racial policies in the Ussion of South Afnca; denoncing French tests in the Sahara-referring to them as being made ' m collusion with Israel'; supporiillg l:he Moroccan claim to Mauriia which it described as a ' ficiXiious State '; condenqnirlg Belgian policy in Ruanda-Urundi; and condemning Israel for g the ' imperialist ' side on any important decision on Afnca. President Nkrumah said at ie closing ceremony of de conference it the ' Casablanca Powers ' were deter- ed to wage battle with all the forces at their coxnmand ' to build a strong union of AfricaD Sutes') and, he added, he could see no secunty for African countnes ' umless we Afrscan leaders jOisl in blJikling the unity of Africa '.

A conference of de four States of the Cons it de l'EntZe (Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Niger and Upper Volta) was held m Ougadougou, the capital of Upper Volta) from 5th to 6th January. In dle course of the conference) President Houphouet Boigny announced his desire to see a ' nortnalisation ' of relatons between the States of de Entente and Gumea and Mali. (A few days later a meeiing was held between Entente representatives and representatives of Ghana, Gea and Ma1I

A communique issued at the end of the Ougadougou conference said ochat the four leaders had met to consider dle terms of future agreements between each of the four States and France. They had asked France to agree to a meeiiDg of experts on Communautd relaiions and had agreed to send President Houphouet Boigny for preliminary discussions with President de Gaulle. President Houphouee Beiguy met the French Prime Minister and President de Gaulle in Paris un January. AJter a further meeiing with che French President on January 23, President Houphouet Boigny said that their con- vcrsaaons had bem ssatisfactory and dat they had taken place in an amosphere of confidence and understandiIlg.

The following is a sllmmary of recent movements towards political in.tegra- iion and consultation in Africa.

In African poliiical movements today, the wish for sovereign nternaiional status is often bound up with the urge towards tlle creation of a wider) perhaps ulately ' Pan-African ') poliiical entity. Many of the exisiing boundaries settled between European Powers towards the end of the nineteenth century bear only an Lutermittent and haphazard relationship to iocal ethnic and gcographical cond;iion5. On the other hand, the naeural, tribal units are usually much smaller sell) and rery few of them could make viable States. It is in part, perhaps, consciousness of these facts that accounts for some of the enthusiasm for ' Pan-Africanism '.

Ihe obstacles m de way tf such a movement are considerable. Tribalism is breaEg down in many areas as a rcsult of economic forces, but still has to be reclroned with) as events in ie Congo and elsewhere have shown. Mweover Africans, unlike Arabs have no common religion or common language, or even closely related languages. The language of administration is normally a European orse) and this in turn gives rise to such divisions as

9 Vol. 60



132 APRICAN APEXIRS

that (m West Africa) between French-speaking tcmtories (includilig Guinea and the Congo) and P=rxglish-spealig (including Liberia), with the alditional complication of Portuguese- and Spanish-spealcing areas. Allother obstacle is the reluctance felt by some richer territories to enter, or to remain in, paIitiml units which would involve them in sharing dleir wealth with poorer neighbouus

--a factor which has had its inftlenc-e OD de policics of the Ivory C:oast m West Adrica, of Gabon in Equatorial Africa and of Mr. Tshombe's provncisl adtninisution of Katanga m ie Congo.

But the emotional and praciical appall of ie idea of ' Pan-A&icSsnism ' ains strong; it has so far found organised ewression m dse follg ys:

Four of these wse held between 1919 and 1927 under the awices of Dr. W. E. B. du Bois, m American Negro usiversiw teacher; and e fifth, and mo6t mportant, in London in 1945, with Dr. Ntumah, now Presidat of Ghana, as a joint secretary. 0n the last occasion there were more than 200 delegates and observers from Africa and The West Indies.

The first such conference, convened by Dr. Nkrumah, was held in Accra itl April 1958. It was attended by officinl delegations from Ethiopia, GhanF Libena, Libya, Morocco, ie Sudan, Tunisia and the United Arab Republic. A meetg in Monrovia in August 1959 was auended by the Foreign Minist of these eight countries, plus Gea and the Algenan ' provisional gosrern- ment '; this was not, however, one of the regular senes o? meetings planncd at Accra, the next of which was at Addis Ababa in June 1960. 0n tbis last occasion not only had ie number of independent States furdler nacrcasal, but the meeting was attended also by representaiives of States on the threshold of undependence and by observers from some other African teztitolks. Dele- gates found common ground m reprobatg ' colonialism ', though there were diSerences over the methods of approach to AfricaD ty.

A meetg in Leopoldville at ffie end of August 1960 was originally envisaged as a ' summit' conference of the heads of govemment of mdepenslent African States, but in the event representaiion was at a lower level; ministers or officials from ten countnes attended. (The total number of indepenclent African States had in the meantinle nsen to 24.) The meeiing was chiefly concerned with ie situaiion m the Congo and ie role of the United Nadons and of other African States in relation to this.

The first meeiing of de All African Peoples' Conference was held in Acua in December 1958, was sponsored by more Xn 30 poliiical and labour organisations anxl attended by about 300 people. A permanent secretariat was set up (secretary-general: Abdoulaye lDiallo, GuiIlea's Minister-Resident in Ghana), and among the resolutions adopted was one giving a general blessirlg to plans for regional groupings of States whose inhabitants voted in favour thereof at a referendum. The next conference was at Ts in January 1960. A gathering open bot:h eo representaiives of independent governments and of unofficial organisations in dependent territories was held under the iitle ' All-African Conference on Positive Action for Peace and Security in Africa ' in Accra in April 1960, at the invitation of ie African Affairs Bureau of the Ghana Government.



133 QUARTERLY CHRONICLE

An ' AfroAs Solidarity Council ' was set up as e result of a (non- governmenal) meeiing iIl Cairo at the end of 1957, and was widel regarded as being in large measure an attempt by Communists to appropriate to cheir Own purposes the presuge attaching to the (governmental) Afro-Asian Con- ference held at Bandung, Edonesu, in 1955. II1 the further atvities of e council and its associated bodies, the rllnning seems to have been made, so far, mainly by Soviet and Arab delegates someames in opposition to one another but, on the whole, Egypiian influence predonlinamg. The second AfroAsian Peopless Solidarity Conference was held at Conakry, Gliinea, tn April 1960. All emergency session of the AAPSO council was held in Cairo on 21st-22nd January, 1961, to discuss the situaiions in Algeria and the Congo. On the Congo it approved resolutons calling for the transfer of diplomatic missions to Stanleyville and requestiIlg States which had decided to withdraw their troops from che UN command to place them at the disposal of the Stanleyville authoriones. The council also considered de situations in Algeria, Laos, Ruanda-Urundi, Malta, the Somali Republic, Cuba, Portuguese territories in Africa, lbhe Yemen and Israel, and approved a nber of resoluiions.

Under the leadership of Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika and Tom Mboya of Kenya the Pan-Afncan Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa svas follnc1e<1 at a conference of East African political and labour leaders at Mwanza, Tanganyika, in September 1958. Its second conference was held at Meshi, Tanganyika, in September 1959; the third at Mbale, in Eastern Uganda, in October 1960. The two chief items considered at the Mbale meeang were plaxls for a future East African Federation, first proposed by Julius Nyerere at the Addis Ababa conference of independent African States in June 1960, and de setiing up of a permanent secretariat for the organisation.

The announcement of the Ghana-Gea-Mali =iion on December 26, 1960, vvas a step in a process of associaiion which began with a visit by President Sekou TourE to Accra in November 1958, seven weeks after Guinea had voted to leave the French community. It was aounced in Accra, on November 23, 1958, dlat the two countries had decided to constitute themselves ' the nucleus of a union of West Afncan States ' and that Ghana would lend Gea ?10,000,000. Vanous measures were taken in the following months to effect closer co-operation between the two countries, notably the reciprocal appomtment of isters, who would attend Cabinet meeiings of the country to which they were appointed, but in general it does not appear that the ' union ' has yet led to any substantial relinquishment of sovereignty on dther side. (The constitutions of both Ghana and Guinea do, however provide for the possibility of such relequishment.) Dr. Nkrumah paid a return visit to Guinea in April-May 1959. The two leaders then issued a declaration proposing the formation of a 'Union of Independent African States '. This was further developed at a meeting in Saniquellie, Liberia, in July 1959, attended by Dr. Nkrumah, President Sekou TourE and President Tubmax^, into a proposal for a ' community of independent Afncan States '.

Ihe federaiions of French West and Equatorial Africa have disappeared with the advent of independence for their consiituent parts; but the new



134 AFRICAN AFF?RS

eqXt States ze contg to maintain a cusxms oF i i W"t Africa (althougll Senegal has withell-awl;l from its associatinn tth Soudan, in the Federadon of Mali), the Ivory Coast, Niger, Dahomey and Upper Volts are loosely ted m ffie Conseil de IDEntente. The French Sahara and dxe former French States of Matania, Mali, Niger and Chad, which include within their territory parts of the Sahara, benefit from ie work o? the Orgrrusation Coune des Regions Saharienrzes (OCRS).

In July 1960 in the Horn of Adrica, the British Somatilantl Protectorate and ffie Italian-adnlinistered Trust Territory of SomaLia dded, ediatdy after independence, to unite in the Somali Republic. The United Kirlgdom dependent territories of East Africa can explore matters of common concern and run common services through the East Africa High Cossion; * has been suggested that the commission organisaiion migilt provide a nudeus for a future East African federation. In central Africa, since 1953, Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland have formed the Federaiion o? Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

The Com.mission for Techziical Co^operaiion in Africa South of the Sahara (CCTA), which is supported by the independent Afncan States as well as the countries with depexldencies in the area has done much practical work since its creation in 1950 in coordinaiing and thereby enhancing the effeconve- ness of exisiing technical assistance efforts, in diEerent parts of Africa, on agricultural, health, labour and many other scientific and social matters. It is also de parent of the Foundation for Mutual Assistance in Africa South of the

Sahara (FAMA) wbich supplies experts and traimng facilities and equipment. Iwhe independent States of Africa are pariicipaiing in tbe work of the United

Nations and of other international organisations; at the United Naiions itself there has lately emerged an ' African group ', whose delegates consult together with a view to common action. The United Nations Econoc Cossion fot Africa was established in April 1958 on the model of the econoc com- missions already emstg for other regions. It has held sessions in Addis Ababa and Tangier, and has embarked Ot1 a comprehensive survey of African economic and social conditions.

There hatTe been many contacts between trade unions, youth and student groups. The idea of an all-African trade union federaiion was mooted at the Tunis session of the AAPC and found public expression at the first congress of the Umon Generale des Trauailleurs d'Afriqtle Nzre (UGTAN) in Conakry in January 1959. ESorts to establish such a federaiion are now being pursued by the Governments of Ghana and Guinea, although a number of prominent trade unionists (ineluding Mr. Tlili d Tunisia and Mr. Tom Mboya of Kenya) are doubtful abcout the restrictions which it is proposed to apply on the external affiliations of mcmbPrs Pan-African Students' Conferences were held at Makerere, Uganda, ln 3ulv 1958 an.d at TuIlis in August 1959. A Pan-African Youth Conference was held at Tunis m April 1960) and an all-African Con- ference of Youth is to be held at Conakry, under the auspices of ie AAPC in 1961. In all these matt rs Communistiominated organisations, such as the Worlt1 TIedelntlrl oF rrade Ullions (WP-1 tJ), the International Union of



135 QU=TERLY CHIIONICLE

Stlclents (IUS), and the World Federaton of Demouaiic Youd (WEDY), are ve in compcoiion both wid intemational non-Cwtntnunist orgarJisationsX such as the Internaiional ConfederaiioD of Free Trade Unions (ICFT1J), the Co orsliratulg Secretanat of National Unions of Students (COSEC) and the World Assembly df Youth (TAY) and with purely local grouping8. HE Kenya African Natioml Union (Kanu) won 18 seats in the new

1 Kenya Legislative Council. The Kenya African Democratic Uxiion (Kadu) won ll seats. The New Renya Party won 4 seats, the Kenya

lii1on three, de Kenya Inclian Congress iree, Shungwaya Freedom Party one, Bulup Poliiical Union one, Kenya Freedom Party one, and ie lndependents, 12.

Following the eleciions, which were orderly and Kenya weSsonducted, dle Governor o? Kenya, Sir Patrick

Electizons Renison, made an amouncement about the funlre of Jomo Kenyatta, the rusiicated leader of de Mau Mau

movement. Sir Patnck uedicuted dat he would be prepared to release Kenyatta Once somd government had been established in ie Colony. The African naiionalist leaders, who had pledged themselves to get Kenyatta released, called for this step before dey would agree to take part in the Government.

Primary electons for the 20 seats reserved for racial inorites irl Kenya's new legislature were held in January. VoiiDg was consunal, and voting papers contained the names o? all thase who wished to staul as candJrlates for the reserved seats in the common roll elections m February.

The method of votg was described by the Kenya Minister of In?ormation who said:

"The primary election is a pre-selection of those who are prepared to go foravard to ie common roll elecons. Therefore you can Pliminate as few or as many of the ^nnfliciates as you wish. A paper will not be spoilt if you leave all oanclidatess names sstidirig; this merely means that each of them obtaXTxs a vote in favour of going to the ultimate eleciiom Any ?an(lic1ate whose name is left stansling on more dan 25 per cent o? the total number of papers completed will go forward for electon on the common roll in February. If, however, only one can(li(late in a constituency achieves the 25 per cent, he or she will be returned unopposed at the common roll election. If no candidate achieves 25 per cent of the number of balloiing papers completed, then all the rancliclates will go forward to the common roll electon.

st In Nairobi tVest and Nairobi Central non-Moslem, both double-member constinlencies retg two members each, if onc candidate only achieves 25 per cent or more and all the others are below 25 per cent, the first one will be reed without further election, and all ie oscher candidates will go forward to the common roll elon. If, on the other hand, two ̂ anfliflates only achieve 25 per cent they will be returned unopposed without need for further election. E three or more cansli(lates achieve 25 per cent or more, those achiesring this nzinimum figure will go forward to ie eemmon roll eleciion.'

For the 10 European reserved seats, 21 ?andiclates stood (8 represenang ie



136 AFRICAN APFME

New Kenya Party, 9 representing the KeDya Clition, and 4 isldepe-ndents); for the 5 Asian non-Moslem seats there were 13 candidates; for the 3 A Moslem seats, 7 candidates; and for the 2 Arab seats, 5 can(liclates. Most candidates of all races secured the nsesstry support to enable iem to go forward to the carnnnon roll eleciions. In the European consiiulencies, however, two Kenya Coalition oandidates were elected outght their opponent of dse New Kenya Party having failed to qualify.

According to press reports, 88 ranslic}ates, including 2 Europeans, have been noated for the 33 ' open ' constituencies, which have a pr<ioninantly African electorate. In sis, Africans have been returned unopposai: they include Mr. James Gichuru, President of the Kenya African Ntional Union (KANU) and two officials of the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU).

Elections to Zanzibar's Legislaiive Council, under a new and advanced constitution were held on 17th January, when 22 candidates were dected, on the basis of a wide fMnchise which, for the first time, mcluded w voters. In addition to the 22 elected members, the Legislanve Council will have 3 ex officio members and may have up to 5 appointed members. It mrill be presided over by a Speaker.

Three parties contested the electons: the Africanslominated Afr*Shirazi party, which had won S of the 6 seats contested in the previous election m 1957; the Zanzibar Nationalist Party, under Arab leadership; and the Zanzi- bar and Pemba Peoplels Party, a break-away group from the Afro Shirazis.

The results of the electon were: Afro-Shzi Party ... ... ... 10 seats Zanzibar Naiionalist Party ... ... 9 seats Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party ... 3 seats

Under the new consiitution, an Executilre Council will be formed, consist- ing of the Briiish Resident as President, 3 ex oBicio members and 5 non- officials, who will be designated ministers and one of whom will be appointed Chief Minister. The Briiish Resident, Sir George Mooring, asked Mr. Abeid Karume, leader of the Afr>Shwazi party, to try to form a Governmentt

A CRISIS was precipitated ill Central Africa followt de collapse of de ^ Northern Rhodesia constitlltional talks in London and the repltcliaiion

L of the 30uthern Rhodesia agreement by Mr. Joshua Mromo, leada of

the National Democratc Party. Sir Roy Welenst, the Federal Prime Minister, rejected the British Government's proposals for NorEern Rhodess completely, and the five United Federal Party Ministers in the Noriem Rhodesia Govern-

ment resigned i ponfolios in protest avinst e Rhodesian proposed constitution. The African nationalist leaders

Delevopments also rejected the proposals, bllt a meemg of 25 Chie?s at Lusaka accepted the White Paper as an intenm step

in the right direciion. The White Paper proposed a Legislauve Council of 45 members retuMed

on a three-ner system from "upper" and "lower" voung rolls. It was proposed that 15 members would be returned by the upper roll (predominantly



137 QUARTERLY CRONICLE

European) and 15 by the lower (African). The balance o? 15 members would occupy " national " seats and be returned OD the votes of the lower and upper rolls combined. A rnirlimum percentage of votes (not decided) from each of tbe rolls would be needed by a ^>nclixlate to win a national seat. It was esated that the new ql)atificanons for the lower roll (?120 uncome, or ?250 property) would have the effect of enfranchising about 70,000 Afncans. The qllalificaiions for de upper roll would be adjusted slightly, thus ptting an estimated additional 2,000 Africans to join the upper roll register. The White Paper also provided for a House of (:hiefs wth wide consultative powers and a Bill o? Rights to protect tlle rights of mdividuals of all races.

Agreerne-nt on a new consiitution for Southern Rhodesia was reachefl at a confetence of European and African poliiical leaders under the chanship Of Mr. Duncan Sandys, Commonwealth Secretary, at Salisbury m February. Only the Doon Party Opposiiion stood aside from the terms agreed. But the African National Democratic Party leader, Mr. Joshua Nkomo, subsequendy repudiated the agreement. Sir Edgar 7hitehead, the Prime Minister, nevertheless inclicated that a referendum on the proposals would take place about June.

The recoendations of the conference were: 1. A declaraiion of rights laying down fundamental rights which all should

enjoy) wdout the disonction of race, colour, or creed. 2. A setutional Council which could at least delay legislation it con-

sidei discnminatory and recommend the repeal of existg discriminatory legislation.

3. The edargement of the Legislative Assembly from 50 to 65 members. 4. The ealargement of the electorate by creamg two electoral rolls. Quali-

fications for the A roll would be higher t qualifications for the B roll. 5. Tbe abandonment of some powers reserved to Britain, induding those to

veto Bills or amul them and to coultrol African affairs. Other Bntish powers would be reted.

6. The entrenc-hment of basic rights so that it would be possible to amend the new constatution only oy (1) a two-thirds majority i2l the Legislaiive Assembly, and (2) approval in a referendum with racial commties voiing separately.

The coxlference had detailed discussions on parliamentary representation md the franchise. The statement says that having regard to the wdely varying views and aspiraiions of the groups represented, it was not surprising dat no group was able to secure the agreement of the conference to dle particular system it favoured. Neverieless, while mtaining their respective posiiions, all groups (with de excepocion of the l:)ominion Party), considered that the followmg scheme should be itltroduced:

Voters would regxster on two rolls those wiF higher qllalific-ations on an " A " roll and those with lower qllnlificutions on a " iB " roll. The franchise would be somewhat enlarged, in pariicular by de inclusion on the " A " roll of chiefs and headmen and by certain amendments to the " B " roll.



138 APR1CAN ARS

These "B" roU amendments would mclude persons over 30 years of age whose income was at a ratc of ?180 per aum durmg de sis months prv ^eling the date o? their application for enrolment, or who owned o?rable property worth ?350; persons over 30 who had completed standard ss educaiion and either earned ilicome at ic rate of ?120 per annlim or ocd immovable property worth ?250; s11 heads o? kraals with a follownag of 20 or more heads of families; ministers of rcligion.

The Legislative Assembly would be increased from 50 to 65 manbers. Of dese, 50 would be " A " roll constituencies and thc other 15 wolild bc " B " roll constituencies. OIle member would be dected for each of the 50 " A " roll consiituencies by " A " roll and " B " roll electors votg together. If, however, the " B " roll votes cast should amouNt tO more dian 25 per cent o? the " A " roll votes cast, e " B " roll votes would be proportionaly reduced m value so that the total number of " B " roll votes would be equivalent to 25 per cent of the total " A " roll votes cast irl the constituency. A converse system would apply to each of the 15 " B " roll constituencies.

A statement by the Dominion Party deleganon said that after 37 years of responsible government Ferc were no grounds whatsoever for witholdilig independence, provided sonable constituisonal amendments were devised. As a resillt of the dilssions it was clear to de party dat provision of an entrPncilefl system of rights safeguarded by a constitutional council, coupled widl the nght of appeal to the courts was a full and proper provision for the replacetnent of all elements of subordination which Soudiern Rl}odesia has borne to date (a reference to de " reserved powers " m the present constitution).

The statement said the party could not accept the situanon agreed by e remainder of the delegates that the removal of *se elemexits of subordination was tO be part of the bargain for the provision of extra seats which must inevitably go irlto the hands of Africans whatever dence the conference used to justify such extra seats, or that the provision of exta seats calculated to be won by Africans was necessary for ensg a suitable Government.

In addinon, the party could not accept a situation, " which will still remain even after the inclusion m the Southern Rhodesian Constitution of dauses safeguarding the rights whereby Britain still retains power to legislate for Southern Rhodesia, thereby destroying any real form of independence."

The statement d that t:he party was no longer prepared to recomnrenci people iIl Soutbern Rhodesia that ilidependence could be gaitled through discussions of this nature and ffiey wished solemnly to warn the Bntish Government at it would be their own responsibility if events follow a different pattern m future and the customary loyalty and aSeciion felt for Bri was no longer evident.

Simultaneously with the Conference in Salisbury, the Noriern Rhodesia consiitutional talks opened in London. But they qtiickly came to a dcadlock. Neither the U.F.P. (iovXloment party nor the Domon Party Opposition were prepared to take part in the taLks which would have centred, it was rumoured, on a set of consiitunonal proposals that svould have giverl ie



139 QUARTERIsY CHRONICt,

Africans a small majority in the LeSslature. Author of these prvposals was Mr. Madeod, t:he Colonii Seactary, and it bec>me patendy clear very quichy that, whatever shape the Erst Madeod proposals toolr, they were being stongly opposed by Sir Roy Welensky, de Federal Prime Minister. On the face of the rumours and a speech made by Sir Roy Welensky at ie e it seems evident that de proposals were formed on de paple of giving representaiion on the basis of race. Sir Roy Welensky stoutly reiterated the princxple of mulii-racialism as the basis of Federaiion, and appears to have objected strongly to the proposal that this principle should be waived in t:he case of one of the terntones participamg in the Federanon.

The same noiion of preSerViDg the unity of the mulii-racial approach in Central Africa was evident m de moton tab?ed by osrer 90 Conservaisse M.P.s who also, it seems, shared Sir Roy Welensky's aeiies regarding Mr. Maciod's plans. The deterioraiion of mood on the part of the African leaders arld Sir John Moffat's Liberals as they waited for de Colonial Secretary to bring in the " main dish '} at ehe conference was mevitable.

HE Great Lukiko, Parliament of the Kingdom of Buganda) passed a resoluton at the start of dle year in fasrour i secession from Uganda and independence. The Governor o? Uganda, Sir Frederick Crawford,

informed the Egdom that he could not accept ie resolution and dat it would therefore have no effect since, under the Blgansla Agreement (1955), no resolution of the Lukiko is valid unless it is approved by the Govemor.

Sir Frederick Crawfordss ruling was endorsed by Mr. The Maclead, the Alonial Secretary) in a letter addressed

Buganda Question to the Kabalca In the course of his letter Mr. Madeod called on the

Buganda Government to state its case to the Relationships ssion set up under Lord Munster to examine quesiions connected with de relatonship between the A?rican Kingdoms and Uganda as a whole. In ie meantime, he assured tbe Kabaka that neider the Uganda eleciions nor the constaltio steps to be taken afterwards would aSect Bllgansla's posiiion in my way. Before de electsons took place ie Lukiko re-affirmed that no steps would be taken to participate in the eleciions to de central Legislature.

Prior to the passing of the secession resoluton there was an exchange of letters between the Kabaka and Mr. Macleod in which the Buganda ruler ixldicated his willingness to coKperate with the Munster Cmission when it visited Uganda in January. The secession resolujaon, coming so closely after this apparent resumption of coKperaiion between Buganda and H.M. (>vern- ment was therefore somewhat unexpected. But the latest development is nevertheless part of a general pattern in Buganda's affairs that has existed for a nasmber of years.

Buganda is the most poliiically advanced of the follr provmces of Uganda. It has its own ruler (the Kabaka) its own parliament (the Lukiko) and its



140 APRICAN AFFMRS

own seerial system, with a Prime Minister (the Ka) at the head; and it has a ronsicle-rable degree of self-gourernmerlt m intemal affairsX

Traditionally the Bllvncla Government has shown a rellJOnce to pcipate fully in dxe central Govcrnment of the Uganda proiec-tolate, despite the fact that such pariicipadon is ernbodied in ie agreemyt which gourerns dle administrative re-lationship beeween Buganda and de United Lngdom; and this reluctance, based on the fear that, in a self-governxng Uganda, Bltgansla may no longer be able to mtain its special position md its traditional insatutions, has increased as consiituiional advance has brought Ugancla ever doser to independence. The Bllganda Government has refused to co operate with the central Government of the protsorate and has failed to carry out its undereaking, under the current 1955 Buganda Agreement, to send repre- sentanves to t:he protectorate Lzslaiisre Council.

The followirlg notes describe briefly two courses of axon which the Bllvnda Government has undertaken in an attempt to establish its claim to a status separate from that of the rest of Uganda. When direct electons of Africans to the Uganda Lepslauve Council were first held in October 1958, Blncla refused to pcipate, and the five seats reserved in de Uganda lwslature for Bllgansla representative snemhers were left vacant. The Lukiko had prenously contenclec that the ialtroduXon, at de etld of 1957, of a non-voting Spealrer to preside over de Ttgislaiive Council in place of the Governor, consiituted a breach of the United Kingdom's undertaking in the 1955 Buganda Agreement that no major consdtuiional chtmge would be brought about be?ore 1961: and that therefore Blnsla was no longer bound by the terms of that agreenzent to send members to the Legislaiive Council. Towards the end of 1958 the Katikiro brought a Suit tO this efect nvinst the Uganda Government, in the Uganda High Co. The suit was rejected: a subsequent appeal to the East African Aurt of Appeal was dismissed: and finally, an appeal to the Judicial Commieee of the Privy Council m the United Kingdom was dismissed in November 1960.

It is now, therefore, established in law that Buganda's obligaiion under de 1955 Agreement tO send representatives to the Uganda Lepslative Council is still valid.

II1 January 1959 the Buganda Lukiko passed a resoluiion seeking the abrogaiioIl of the Buganda agreements and the cessation of Briiish protection over Buganda. The resolution was disallowed by the Govemor, and the Kabaka then addressed a memorandum on the subject to the Queen. A reply from the Secretary of State for de Colonies in April 1959 rejected the propl to secede, and invited the Kabaka's Government to co operate in consiitutional discussions which he hoped would shortly take place.

The discussions had tO be postponed, however, as a result of disturbances, accompamed by violence and intimidation, which broke out m Buganda early in 1959 md which later led to the proscripiion of the Uganda Naiional Mo.zb ment and its successor political organisations and to ti declaraton of Bllvnda Province as a disturbed area. In the Utiited Kingdom Goveent's view, consiituiional discussions could not profitably be held against a baclrground



141 QUARLY CHRONICLE

of polincally mspired violeDce. 1h I)ecember 1959 consiitiionsl prvposals for Uganda as a whole were

put forward by a consiituiional canmittee (dle Wild Committee), and after debate in the Uganda lepslat and (iiSA1SSiONS betwee2x the United Kitlgdom Secretary of State for the Colonies, dse Governor and ddegadnon from the Uganda lepslature and from Bll&ansla, the United Kingdom Government's decisions, based on tbese pwosals and discussionsn were published in September 1960. They pronded for a major advance towards self-government for de protectorate.

The Bllptlsla Government, however, refused its co operation m chese consiittioul measures, and contued to put ?orwatd claims for development as a separate State. In October 1960 the Lukiko addressed a her memorandum to the Queen conmining its plans for the termination of lBriiish protection and for the declaraiion of an indepenclent Bllganda State on 1st January, 1961. This proposal was once more rejected by ie United Kingdom Government and, follg t:he exchange of letters described above, agreement has been reached on a renewal of consiinltional negonations between the United Kingdom Government, the Buganda Government and the Governor of Uganda.

T T HAS been aounced that the Duke of Kent is to be the Queen's special 1 representative at Sierra Leone's independence celebrations in April 1961.

Durilg his stay, which will last about a week, the Duke will be ie guest Of the Govenlor, Sir Mace I)orman, at Government House.

Certain intenm consatutonal changes have been made to cover the transt- tional period before indepenclence as agreed at the LoIldon Ccmstituiional

Conference. The Prer, whose iide has been changed Sierra Leone to Prime Minister, presides in place of the Governor Zndependence over the Esecutive Council trenamew1 Cabinet) and

sters bave been more dosely associated with de handling of police matters, defence and external affairs. Four new ministers, including three members of opposition parties, were appointed in MayX bringillg the total to 15; and the Prime Minister, Sir Milton hrga, presided over de Cabinet for tbe first iime m July.

Government policy is to strengthen and diversffy the economy by ?courag- ing industnal and commercial development and plantanon apculture, as well as encouraging illcreased produciion by the small farmer and the ewansion o? tlle Inining industies. The Government's direct effort to expand the economy is mninly throu? capital expenditure for lthe expansion and provb ment of basic economic and social services and installatiolls, and on aFculture. Development expenditure in 196tS61 is estimated at over t3 million, which is beiIlg found from United Rmgdom Colonial Development and Welfare (CD & W) funds, loans and local resources.



142 AFRI hIRS

Steps have also been taken to encourage overseas prierate invesenent. A Srm of industnal consultants has been invited to carry out a prelinainary sunrey o? tbe county. Legisladon offering tas and her concessions to new industial and agricultural enterpnses has been introduced and subse quendy passed by the House of Representaiives. An industrial estate is being laid out near Freetown, and the Government has entered into negb iiaiions for dxe seg up of a Development Corporation to finance industrial and oder development projects. An hotel financG jomfly by the Sierra Leone Government and tbe United Kingdom Colonial Development Cor- poraton (CDC), is due to open m Dnter and ihould encourage mterest nn Sierrs Leone's economic potentialities.

There are already SigIlS o? developmexlt on the desired lines in t:he psivate sector of the economy. A Natonal Construciion Company, which will undertake construxon projects, has been set up with assistance from Israel, and is at present engaged on the construction of a new House of Repre sentatives. A company has established a cigarette factory and is spencling about ?100,000 on promoiing the growing of tobacco, a new commscial crop, for use by the factory. A factory produg industrial gases and a nail factory have also been established rtly. A company is conducting wials for banana plantatons and tbe Government is negotiatg with another for the establishment of a ralbber plantaiion.

Diamonds provided nearly 70 per cent by value of Sierra Leone's mineral expons in 1959 and nearly one-half of total domestic eworts. In the period January-November 1959 the Sierra Leone Selection Trust exported 608,517 carat, valued provisionally at ?3.5 million. Illicit mining in ie company's lease was etively coIltrolled in 1959. The only licensed e2rporter of diamonds won under the Alluvial Diamond Nlirling Sc-heme is now dle Government Diamond Ofiice. The settiIlg up of this office in August 1959 appears to have had the desired eSect of decreasing the smlXaling of (liamond*.

Official purchases of alluvial diamonds in the first ten months of 1960 totalled over ?9 million, eompared wid ?5.8 million in the whole o? 1959 and ?4.5 million rn 1958. Improved methods of mining are being taught to the alluvial diamond ers by the Mines I)epant and, under a contract mining

scheme, Alfrican miners within the Selon Tmst lease are given the ̂ hance

to in a systemaiic manner under earpen supenision. In 1959, 1.5 million

tons of won ore, valued at ?4 million, were exported from the deposits near Marampa, compared with 1.4 million tons in 1958 and 1.1 million tons m 1950. A slew ore teatment mills whiO raised annual output capaaty from 1 million tO 1.5 million tons, was opened in March 1959. A contract has been awarded for the construciion of a further treattnent mill to raise capacity to 2 ion tons, and plan2ling of a further mcrase in capacity at Malpa to 3 million tons is in halld. Negonations have been takinE place for msang the finance necessary to develop the iron ore deposits in the Tonkolili area. PmF pecting is proceeding for other nerals, induding bate abd rutilc, a titanium-bearing mineral. AI1 overseas company has a concession for ie latter in an undeveloped area in ie south, and actual Mirling iS exl)ected tO



143 QUARTERLY RONICLE

begm wiiin dree years. Road mileage has been almost doubled from 1,739 in 1948 to 3,442 in

1959 and a number of bridges have been built to replace femes, which were, until after the second world war, the only means of crossing the larger rivers. United Kingdom CD & W grants totalling over ?2 millix have been made since April 1953 towards de road and bridge bllil<lirg prograrnrne and grants totalling over ?500,000 have been approved smce 1959 for railway development. AI1 order has been placed for two vehicular ferries to improve communications between Lungi Airport and Freetown.

During 1959 the installed capacity of the Freetown power staiions was increased by 2,000 kW to 8,200 kW. It has been announoed m 1960 that work is to go ahead on the final stage of the Guma Valley scheme, which will provide an ample water supply for Freetown, where water storage has long been a problem during the dry season, md also incorporate a hydro electric scheme. Iwhe United Kislgdom CDC has undertalren to lend ?2 million; the Commonwealth Development Finance Company will lend ?400,000; and the rest of the ?3.5 million which is need to finance the project will be provided by the Sierra Leone Government. The project, which will create a lake with a storage capacity of 4,250 million gallons, is expected to take four years tO complete.

Under various schemes promoted by the Sierra Leone Depart:ment of Agriculture, the acreage of productive land is steadily being increased, as hitherto unused swampland is surveyed, recled and brought under rice cllltivation. In some areas the department has successfuLly introduced mech- anical cultivaiion; in the north-west, for example, over 8,000 acres were tractor ploughed in 1960. Once developed, some of the sites have been handed over

cFoperative societies to cultivate with their own tractors, enabling ehe Deparenent of Agriculture to expand its activities in new areas and carry out rnore experimental work. The Rice Research Station at Rokupr makes an important contribution towards increased produciion through selection) tesiing and distribuiion of new varieties of rice seed and by investigamg rsce soils.

Exports of palm kernels have increased from 53,000 tons in 1957 to over 57,500 tons in 1959. The statutory Produce Marketing Board, which contrals the export of all palm produce, proposes to spend over ?1 million on develop- ing two existing plantations and establishing four new ones, each of 1,000 acres. It is also planned tO encourage farmers to make small plantations of improved varieties of oil palm. Farmers continue to plant coffee and, to a lesser extent, cocoa. Coffee exports have mcreased from 317 tons in 1950 to 3,348 tons in 1958 and to 4,931 tons in 1959. Cocoa expons fell from 2,828 tons in 1958 to 2,611 tons in 1959, though these figures compare with exports cuf 1,620 tons in 1950*

Co-operation has been eIlcouraged by the Administration as a means of securing for African producers a greater share in the commerce of their Wountry. At the end of 1959 there were 390 coodperative societies, with a rncmberRhip of about 24,00(). Their turnowrer in 1959 was over ?550,000? Arl impe>rtarlt development was the formatior} in 1958 of a federatim of



144 AFRICS ABAIRS

cocoa and coSee ceratives and its appointnent as a bupg agent of the Produce Marketing Board. Ib 1959 the federaiion llan(llesl 45 per cent of the c-ounws cocoa, as well as a considerable amount of coffee. Iwhe Govemment recendy maeased to ?250,000 the total guaranteed overdrafts at the banks which the Registrar of Co operative Societies may operate in order to aSord credit facilities to the movement.



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