Qur'an

Qur’anYusuf Ali

Hardback and Internet Comparisonhttp://www.quranexplorer.net/Quran/

http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/205-why-pakistan-is-not-a-nation.html

• The post-Zia generation – which believes that every issue would be solved if the country were to go back to the fundamentals of Islam – muddles on in a state of deep confusion and deadly divisiveness.

• It believes that adherence to ‘true Islam’ will solve all problems and lead to a conflict-free society.

http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/205-why-pakistan-is-not-a-

nation.html• But, in reality, the Quran and Hadith can be

interpreted in multiple ways, and ‘Islamic fundamentals’ can be defined in many contradictory ways.

• These differences fuel violent political forces, each convinced that they alone understand god’s will. Murderous wars between Sunni and Shia militias started during the late 1980s.


nation.html• Today, even those favouring the utopian vision of an

ideal Islamic state are frightened by the Pakistani Taliban, which seeks to impose its version of Sharia through the Kalashnikov and suicide bombings.

• All this was easily predictable, as sectarian divides are almost as old as religion itself.

• Basic questions are fundamentally unanswerable:


nation.html• Which interpretation of Islam, for instance, is

the ‘right’ Islam?

• Of the four schools of Sunni jurisprudence (Hanafi, Shafii, Maaliki, Hanbali), which version of the Sharia should be adopted?


nation.html• Will all, or most, Pakistanis accept any non-

elected amir-ul-momineen (leader of the pious), or a caliph?

• And what about the Shia?

http://m.wisegeek.org/why-was-pakistan-created.htm

• There was no such thing as India before the British arrived on the Bay of Bengal to destroy the remnants of the great Asian Empire: the Mughal Islamic Empire.

• The British used divide and conquer by aiding the Hindus against the remnants of the Mughal Empire and state by state soon fell to the British as Protectorates.


• There was never an India, but only a conglomerate of many nations and thousands of distinct languages, cultures and religions.

• Pakistan was created because the British had a policy to deprive the Muslims of their language (Urdu), and deprived them of the education of two centuries, which left them at the peril of Hindus.

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/11/social-media-rescues-dying-indian-languages-

201311277047252312.html

• In the language of the Bhatu Kolhati, a remote nomadic tribe in India’s western Maharashtra state, tatti means tea and gulle is meat.

• But, Kuldeep Musale, 30, who belongs to this tribe barely remembers his mother tongue. Well educated and having studied in boarding schools since he was six, Musale instead uses the dominant languages – Hindi, Marathi and English.


201311277047252312.html

• His ancestors were traditional folk artists and dancers, but not Musale. He works like any other professional in Pune city, 150km from the provincial capital, Mumbai.

• "When you don't hear a language you forget," he says.

• "India today is showing a remarkable phenomenon of growth in non-protected and minority languages," says Ganesh Devy, chair of the People's Linguistic Survey of India.


201311277047252312.html

• India speaks 780 languages, but the official number is 122, while 220 languages have disappeared in the last 50 years, says Devy, who has mapped all languages spoken in India.

• With 197 endangered languages, India tops the list of UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.


201311277047252312.html• Languages spoken by 4,000 people or thereabouts as

Mangeli, Hadoti, Haryanvi, are endangered no doubt but are being increasingly used. But those languages used by 30 or 40 people like Sidi, Jarawa and Onge are in dire straits.

• Mapping Indian languages

• Devy compares India to Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Nigeria as the demography and language density are similar.

• But, India is managing to resurrect its dying languages.


201311277047252312.html• For Machung Lalung, 28, his mother tongue Tiwa is synonymous

with muddy roads and earthen lamps of his village in Karbi Anglong in the northeastern state of Assam. "Knowing English and Hindi meant you are smart, you have a future," he says. So, as a teenager he moved to Delhi to work at a call centre.

• A similar dictionary for Koro Aka, spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, is being created.

• This language was previously unrecognised by science and the Indian census.


201311277047252312.html• "The Koro are a community that is embracing technology and

carrying their language forward across the digital divide, to help it survive, while keeping many of their traditional values and knowledge base," Harrison says. Now the speakers are sharing videos on YouTube about medicinal plants, beads and myths.

• The Google Endangered Language Project plans to digitally archive 3,000 languages.


201311277047252312.html• Bucking the trend, his website Indigenous Tweets tracks 61,909

users tweeting in 153 languages, of which 79 are endangered including six spoken in India - Khasi, Lushai, Karbi, Mara Chin, Thado Chin, and Tulu.

• Scannell explains how social media is resurrecting dying languages- it unites small and scattered language communities and provides way for learners to converse directly with fluent native speakers.

• Social media is mostly written while most indigenous languages are oral traditions. But sites such as SpeakTalkChat focuses on group and video chats in endangered languages.


201311277047252312.html

• Indigenous language-learning mobile apps are fashionable.

• "Really transformative is the First Voices Chat app: Basically, it just provides good keyboards so people can type in their language on a mobile device," he says.


201311277047252312.html

• Language groups are sharing resources, such as software toolkits.

• Darrick Baxter developed an iOS app for Ojibwe language and the source code is freely available. This enables other groups to create similar apps without starting from scratch.


201311277047252312.html• Facebook's translation app allows volunteers to use it in about 100

languages. Language groups can also use the script Greasemonkey and translate into any language without Facebook’s approval.

• Tools boost survival. But as Scannell says, "When you boil it all down, to save a language the most important thing is for people to have babies, love them, and speak their language to them.“

• Bucking the trend, his website Indigenous Tweets tracks 61,909 users tweeting in 153 languages, of which 79 are endangered including six spoken in India - Khasi, Lushai, Karbi, Mara Chin, Thado Chin, and Tulu.


201311277047252312.html• Scannell explains how social media is resurrecting dying

languages- it unites small and scattered language communities and provides way for learners to converse directly with fluent native speakers. Social media is mostly written while most indigenous languages are oral traditions. But sites such as SpeakTalkChat focuses on group and video chats in endangered languages.

• Indigenous language-learning mobile apps are fashionable. "Really transformative is the First Voices Chat app: Basically, it just provides good keyboards so people can type in their language on a mobile device," he says.


201311277047252312.html• Language groups are sharing resources, such as software toolkits.

Darrick Baxter developed an iOS app for Ojibwe language and the source code is freely available. This enables other groups to create similar apps without starting from scratch.

• Facebook's translation app allows volunteers to use it in about 100 languages. Language groups can also use the script Greasemonkey and translate into any language without Facebook’s approval.

• Tools boost survival. But as Scannell says, "When you boil it all down, to save a language the most important thing is for people to have babies, love them, and speak their language to them."


• In the 1920s, the Hindu Shruti campaign forcibly converted up to 2 million Muslims to Hinduism and it was known to everyone that the British were removing Muslims and replacing them with Hindus and the British empire in this region known as India would fall to Hindu mob rule.

• In over two centuries the elite class and educated ruling class were now demonised and persecuted in their homeland by a British-Hindu Alliance.

http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran

Reading this article; there seems considerable controversy surrounding English translations of the Quran.

However; if it was straightforward and an easy read there would be no work to do.

So how accurate are the Qur'an's renderings into English?

The record is mixed. Some are simply poor translations.

Others adopt sectarian biases, and those that are funded by Saudi Arabia often insert political annotation.

Since translators seek to convey not only text but also meaning, many rely on the interpretation (tafsir) of medieval scholars in order to conform to an

"orthodox" reading.


Muslims view the Qur'an as God's direct words revealed in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad (d. 632).

Because the Qur'an stresses its Arabic nature, Muslim scholars believe that any translation cannot be more than an approximate interpretation, intended only as a tool for

the study and understanding of the original Arabic text.

Since fewer than 20 percent of Muslims speak Arabic, this means that most Muslims study the text only in

translation.

So how accurate are the Qur'an's renderings into English?


The urge among many translators—especially now that many adhere to the religion itself—is to produce a functional and relatively accurate English rendition.

Many of these believers fail to take an academic approach to the history and the Judeo-Christian references in Islam's main document.

Polished English prose should not substitute for poor scholarship.

In addition, sectarian differences within Islam have undercut any Muslim consensus on a translated version.

Increasingly, it looks like the quest for the perfect rendition will be endless.

Even for native Arabic speakers, the Qur'an is a difficult document.

Its archaic language and verse structure are difficult hurdles to cross.

Many of these believers fail to take an academic approach to the history and the Judeo-Christian references in Islam's main document.

THE BIBLE WAS WRITTEN IN THE LANGUAGES OF ANCIENT PALESTINE:

HEBREW, ARAMAIC AND GREEK.

EVEN FOR NATIVE ARABIC SPEAKERS, THE QUR'AN IS A DIFFICULT DOCUMENT.

ITS ARCHAIC LANGUAGE AND VERSE STRUCTURE ARE DIFFICULT HURDLES TO CROSS.

Qur’an vs Vedas

1. http://ced.ochs.org.uk/courses/vedas-and-upanishads?gclid=CKbG9p6l0LsCFTDMtAodTyEAxQ

2. http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/

Islam spread further than

Hinduism

The gateway to paradise is not automatic



And when Saul went forth with the soldiers, he said, "Indeed, Allah will be testing you with a river. So whoever drinks from it is not of me, and whoever does not taste it is indeed of me, excepting one who takes [from it] in the

hollow of his hand." But they drank from it, except a [very] few of them. Then when he had crossed it along with those

who believed with him, they said, "There is no power for us today against Goliath and his soldiers." But those who

were certain that they would meet Allah said, "How many a small company has overcome a large company by permission of Allah. And Allah is with the patient."

Something that needs to be worked atThe language is seen by some as a "prophetic" analogy.

Moses is the leader of the people of Israel, whom they follow because of the prospect of life within a Promised Land.

Before they reach it however, Moses is informed by God that he will not allow him to enter into the land and that he will only see it

with his eyes.

"Then Moses climbed Mount Nebo ... There the Lord showed him the whole land ... Then the Lord said to him, "This is the land I promised on oath to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob ... I will let you see it with your

eyes, but you will not cross over into it.“—Deuteronomy 34:1-4

Endless quest for the perfect English rendition of Qur’an

• The nature of the work is to read the online Quranic translation; and compare this with the Hardback copy.

• To encourage understanding of the Quranic interpretation(s) the nature of the task is to read both the online version and hardback versions of the Quran simultaneously; and where there are differences; to highlight this on PowerPoint in bold.

• This approach employs a proactive methodology to reading the Quran with the hope that in addition to reading the text; understanding of the divine message would also take place as the reader would be encouraged to identify differences in the translations; and this would form the nature of the work.

• This would contrast with merely just reading the Quran in book or online format where it may be easy to lose concentration/lose overall sight of the message.

Comparison

Internet Quran Hardback Quran

Qur’an Explorer

• Although there are other translations on the Qur’an Explorer website; this particular exercise examines the two Yusuf Ali translations

– Hardback Qur’an– Qur’an explorer website

The importance of accurate translation and transliterationReviewing this test for Employment that I sat; it places emphasis upon the quality of Copy Typing and Audio Typing as

errors can lead to mis-communications and consequent mis-understandings and mis-interpretations.

applying analogical

deduction and individual

reasoning to Islamic

Scriptures bearing in mind

the Hadith

Whoever is an expert in reciting the Holy Quran

(his reward) is (recorded) with the Kiraman

Katebeen (the recording angels).

And whoever reads the Quran with pauses and it is difficult for him, that is, his tongue does not move easily and he recites with difficulty, for him there is

double the reward. (Saheeh Bukhari)

Surah Al-Baqara

7Allah hath set a seal on their hearts and on their hearing And on their eyes is a veil; great is the penalty they (incur). (7)

7Allah hath set a seal on their hearts and on their hearing And on their eyes is a veil; great is the chastisement they (incur). (7)

11When it is said to them: "Make not mischief on the earth", they say: "Why, we only want to make peace!" (11)

11When it is said to them: "Make not mischief on the earth", they say: "We are only ones that put things right" (11)

21O ye people! adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before you, that ye may have the chance to learn righteousness. (21)

21O ye people! Worship your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before you, that ye may become righteousness. (21)

23And if ye are in doubt as to what We have revealed from time to time to Our servant, then produce a Surah like thereunto; and call your witnesses or helpers (if there are any) besides Allah, if your (doubts) are true. (23)

23And if ye are in doubt as to what We have revealed from time to time to Our servant, then produce a Surah like thereunto; and call your witnesses or helpers (if there are any) besides Allah, if ye are truthful (23)

25But give glad tidings to those who believe and work righteousness, that their portion is Gardens, beneath which rivers flow. Every time they are fed with fruits therefrom they say: "Why this is what we were fed with before" for they are given things in similitude; and they have therein companions pure (and holy); and they abide therein (forever). (25)

25But give glad tidings to those who believe and work righteousness, that their portion is Gardens, beneath which rivers flow. Every time they are fed with fruits therefrom they say: "Why this is what we were fed with before" for they are given things in similitude; and they have therein Spouses purified; and they abide therein (forever). (25)

26Allah disdains not to use the similitude of things lowest as well as highest. Those who believe know that it is truth from their Lord; but those who reject Faith say: "What means Allah by this similitude?" By it He causes many to stray and many He leads into the right path but He causes not to stray, except those who forsake (the path). (26)

26Allah disdains not to use the similitude of things even of a gnat as well as anything above it. Those who believe know that it is truth from their Lord; but those who reject Faith say: "What means Allah by this similitude?" By it He causes many to stray and many He leads into the right path but He causes not to stray, except those who forsake (the path). (26)

37Then learnt Adam from his Lord words of inspiration and his Lord turned toward him; for He is Oft-Returning Most Merciful. (37)

37Then learnt Adam from his Lord certain words and his Lord turned toward him; for He is Oft-Returning Most Merciful. (37)

55And remember ye said: "O Moses! we shall never believe in thee until we see Allah manifestly" but ye were dazed by thunder and lightning even as ye looked on. (55)

55And remember ye said: "O Moses! we shall never believe in thee until we see Allah manifestly" Thereupon thunderbolt seized you (55)

58And remember We said: "Enter this town and eat of the plenty therein as ye wish; but enter the gate with humility, in posture and in words, and We shall forgive you your faults and increase (the portion of) those who do good." (58)

58And remember We said: "Enter this town and eat of the plenty therein as ye wish; but enter the gate prostrating, and say: Forgive (us) we shall forgive you your faults And increase (the portion of) Those who do good." (58)

93And remember We took your Covenant and We raised above you the mount (Sinai): (saying): "Hold firmly to what We have given you, and hearken (to the Law)"; they said: "We hear, and we disobey"; and they had to drink into their hearts (of the taint) of the calf because of their faithlessness. Say: "Vile indeed are the behests of your faith, if ye have any faith!" (93)

93And remember We took your Covenant and We raised above you the mount (Sinai): (saying): "Hold firmly to what We have given you, and hearken (to the Law)"; they said: "We hear, and we disobey"; And their hearts were filled (with the love) of the calf Because of their faithlessness. Say; “Vile indeed Are the behests of your faith if ye have any faith!”

102They followed what the evil ones gave out (falsely) against the power of Solomon; the blasphemers were not Solomon but the evil ones, teaching men magic and such things as came down at Babylon to the angels Harut, and Marut. But neither of these taught anyone (such things) without saying: "We are only for trial; so do not blaspheme." They learned from them the means to sow discord between man and wife. But they could not thus harm anyone except by Allah's permission. And they learned what harmed them not what profited them. And they knew that the buyers of (magic) would have no share in the happiness of the Hereafter. And vile was the price for which they did sell their souls, if they but knew!

102They followed what the Satans recited over Solomon’s Kingdom; Solomon did not disbelieve But satans disbelieved teaching men magic and such things as came down at Babylon to the angels Harut, and Marut. But neither of these taught anyone (such things) without saying: "We are only for trial; so do not blaspheme." They learned from them the means to sow discord between man and wife. But they could not thus harm anyone except by Allah's permission. And they learned what harmed them not what profited them. And they knew that the buyers of (magic) would have no share in the happiness of the Hereafter. And vile was the price for which they did sell their souls, if they but knew!

104O ye of Faith! say not (to the Prophet) words of ambiguous import but words of respect; and hearken (to him); to those without faith is a grievous punishment.

104O ye of Faith! say not (to the Prophet) Ra’ina, but say ‘Unzurna and hearken (to him); to those without faith is a grievous punishment.

109Quite a number of the people of the Book wish they could turn you (people) back to infidelity after ye have believed, from selfish envy, after the truth hath become manifest unto them; but forgive and overlook, till Allah accomplish His purpose; for Allah hath power over all things. (109)

109Quite a number of the people of the Book wish they could turn you (people) back to infidelity after ye have believed, from selfish envy, after the truth hath become manifest unto them; but forgive and overlook, till Allah brings about his command; for Allah hath power over all things. (109)

191And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter; but fight them not at the Sacred Mosque, unless they (first) fight you there; but if they fight you slay them. Such is the reward of those who suppress faith. (191)

191And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for persecution is worse than slaughter; but fight them not at the Sacred Mosque, unless they (first) fight you there; but if they fight you slay them. Such is the reward of those who suppress faith. (191)

233The mothers shall give suck to their offspring for two whole years, if the father desires to complete the term. But he shall bear the cost of their food and clothing on equitable terms. No soul shall have a burden laid on it greater than it can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child Nor father on account of his child. An heir shall be chargeable in the same way if they both decide on weaning, by mutual consent, and after due consultation There is no blame on them. If ye decide on a foster-mother for your offspring there is no blame on you provided ye pay (the mother) what ye offered, on equitable terms. But fear Allah and know that Allah sees well what ye do. (233)

233The mothers shall give suck to their offspring for two whole years, for him who desires to complete the term. But he shall bear the cost of their food and clothing on equitable terms. No soul shall have a burden laid on it greater than it can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child Nor father on account of his child. An heir shall be chargeable in the same way if they both decide on weaning, by mutual consent, and after due consultation There is no blame on them. If ye decide on a foster-mother for your offspring there is no blame on you provided ye pay (the mother) what ye offered, on equitable terms. But fear Allah and know that Allah sees well what ye do. (233)

256Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from Error; whoever rejects Evil and believes in Allah hath grasped the most trustworthy hand-hold, that never breaks. And Allah heareth and knoweth all things. (256)

256Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from Error; whoever rejects Tagut and believes in Allah hath grasped the most trustworthy hand-hold, that never breaks. And Allah heareth and knoweth all things. (256)

257Allah is the Protector of those who have faith: from the depths of darkness, He will lead them forth into light. Of those who reject faith the patrons are the Evil Ones: from light they will lead them forth into the depths of darkness. They will be companions of the fire, to dwell therein (for ever). (257)

257Allah is the Protector of those who have faith: from the depths of darkness, He leads them forth into light. Of those who reject faith the patrons are the Tagut from light: they will lead them forth into the depths of darkness. They will be companions of the fire, to dwell therein (for ever). (257)

259Or (take) the similitude of one who passed by a hamlet, all in ruins to its roofs. He said: "Oh! how shall Allah bring it (ever) to life, after (this) its death?" But Allah caused him to die for a hundred years, then raised him up (again). He said: "How long didst thou tarry (thus)?" He said: "(perhaps) a day or part of a day." He said: "Nay, thou hast tarried thus a hundred years; but look at thy food and thy drink; they show no signs of age; and look at thy donkey: and that We may make of thee a Sign unto the people Look further at the bones, how We bring them together and clothe them with flesh! When this was shown clearly to him he said: "I know that Allah hath power over all things." (259)

259Or (take) the similitude of one who passed by a hamlet, all in ruins to its roots. He said: "Oh! how shall Allah bring it (ever) to life, after (this) its death?" But Allah caused him to die for a hundred years, then raised him up (again). He said: "How long didst thou tarry (thus)?" He said: "(perhaps) a day or part of a day." He said: "Nay, thou hast tarried thus a hundred years; but look at thy food and thy drink; they show no signs of age; and look at thy donkey: and that We may make of thee a Sign unto the people Look further at the bones, how We bring them together and clothe them with flesh! When this was shown clearly to him he said: "I know that Allah hath power over all things." (259)

275Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the Evil One by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: "Trade is like usury," but Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge); but those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the Fire: they will abide therein (for ever). (275)

275Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the Evil One by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: "Trade is like usury," but Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving admonition from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge); but those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the Fire: they will abide therein (for ever). (275)

The Help of Allah

• Is not always guaranteed.

• Even through prayer there can be little or no guarantee that Allah will help you.

Atheism

http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/church-must-learn-from-its-failures-brisbane-

archbishop-tells-christmas-congregation-20131225-2zwcm.html

• In his Christmas message, the Archbishop asked followers to keep their faith in God, even though there might be times when his presence wasn't felt.

• “Sometimes it's confusing. But God's love and Jesus are real and more enduring than anything else,” he said.

http://news.atheists.org/2013/12/03/press-release-atheists-nobody-needs-christ-at-christmas/

• Press Release: Atheists: Nobody Needs Christ at Christmas

• Times Square Billboards Urge Celebration of Family, Friends

• Posted on: December 3, 2013– Manhattan, NY—American Atheists launched a major billboard display on

Tuesday that declares Christmas is better without the Christ.

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/26/us/26gainesville.html?_r=0

• Mr. Jones, 58, a former hotel manager with a red face and a white handlebar mustache, argues that as an American Christian he has a right to burn Islam’s sacred book because “it’s full of lies.”

• And in another era, he might have been easily ignored, as he was last year when he posted a sign at his church declaring “Islam is of the devil.”

http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx? category=8&article=1375

• The Quran’s portrayal of afterlife and the spirit realm is a confused hodge-podge of borrowed ideas from a variety of sources, as well as the author’s own misconceptions.

• While the Bible does not clarify every aspect of life beyond the grave, nor answer every question that one might have about that realm, it nevertheless affords a consistent, cohesive, definitive treatment of the subject that contrasts sharply with the Quran.

• Consider, for example, the Quran’s handling of the concepts of heaven and paradise [NOTE: Quranic references are taken from the Muslim translations by Pickthall (n.d.) and Ali (1934).]

http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/juancole.htm• Cole begins his comments on the manner in which the 24 verses were

presented. He also critiques the choice of translation (Pickthall’s Quran). He begins his attack upon the assertion that the Quran encourages violence against all non-Muslims, by defining the Arabic word for "unbelief" -"kufr".

• This argument and this citation are perfect examples of why it is so dangerous to get one's information from an amateur web site at geocities.

• The passages cobbled together here are from the 1930s translation by Marmaduke Pickthall, a British upper crust convert who simply was not an academic and often translates infelicitously. The verses listed are a hodgepodge, lacking any context and failing to make any distinctions.

Islam

Some aspects of Islam are poorly understood and subject to extremism.

British interference

http://suite101.com/a/british-india-creator-of-indian-caste-system-a149589

British Fears of IslamInitial fears of Islam led to the British banning all Indians from holding positions of authority in India, such as magistrates, and also creating a barrier between the languages of Hindi and Urdu which originally shared a common vocabulary and would be recorded in either Persian (Muslim, Urdu) or a version of the Sanskrit script (Hindi).

However, a British ruling that documentation was to be in either English or the Sanskrit script alienated the Muslim intelligentsia and certainly also created divisions within what had been virtually an integrated linguistic system, and, indeed, society itself under the Mughal Emperors.

http://www.amaana.org/history/history7.htmTHE KHOJA CASE

•Among the followers of Mowlana Shah Hasan Ali, there were a handful of people who refused to acknowledge him as their Spiritual Leader. They tried to withhold from him the properties dedicated to him by his pious and devout followers. These "seceders" argued that Pir Sadruddin who was responsible for converting Hindus into Khojas, was a Muslim of Sunni persuasion and, therefore, the Khojas converted by him and the descendants of the converts, could not be considered Shia Imami Ismailis. The argument which started with religious dues and properties held in trust for the Spiritual Head of the community, Mowlana Shah Hasan Ali, had its trial in the Bombay High Court before Sir Joseph Arnould in April and June 1866 A.D. This trial is popularly known as the "Khoja Case" or "Aga Khan Case".

•As a result of this judgement, the rights of Mowlana Shah Hasan Ali as the Spiritual Head of the Shia Imami Ismailis were firmly and legally established.

http://ismaili.net/histoire/history08/history814.htmlOn October 20, 1861, when the dissenting Khojas publicly joined the Sunni fold, the Aga Khan issued a decree in which he expressed his desire to bring the Ismailis to conform to the practices of the Shia Imami Ismaili creed of his holy ancestors, regarding marriage ceremonies, ablutions, funeral rites etc.

The decree ended thus, "He who may be willing to obey my orders shall write his name in this book that I may know him." Copies of the decree were kept at the house of the Aga Khan's son in Bombay for signatures and were circulated in Sind, Kathiawar, Kutchh and Zanzibar. Except for a handful persons in Bombay and Kathiawar, an almost unanimous acceptance was received from the Ismailis. The loyalty of the Ismailis for their Imam can be gauged from the reaction of the Bhuj jamat at Kutchh, who sent a letter dated January 2, 1862 in reply to the communication sent by the plaintiffs as illustrated by E.I. Howard to the Hon'ble Court. It reads: "We are upon the right side, but should His Lordship Aga Khan ask for the signatures, we are ready to give thousand times a day. Whatever order comes from him, we are bound to obey."

Observing the above letter, Justice Sir Joseph Arnold (1814-1886) remarked: "This is a very decided letter; at any rate, there can be no mistake about that." (cf. "The Shia School of Islam and its Branches", Bombay, 1906, p. 93).

In the meantime, Mukhi Alarakhia Sumar and Kamadia Khaki Padamsi (d.1877) called a meeting in Bombay Jamatkhana on August 16, 1862. Habib Ibrahim and his son Ahmad Ibrahim and few others were also summoned, but none of them attended the meeting. Thus, a notice of 21 days was served to them, effective from August 23, 1862 but of no avail. At length, they all had been expelled from the Khoja Ismaili community for ever.

http://www.dawn.com/news/1076542/hindu-burial-in-muslim-graveyard-sparks-protests-in-badin

• But the body was reburied in the same place by the local police on the wee hours of Thursday, following which the clerics belonging to various mosques of the town made announcements that a Hindu was buried again in their graveyard.

• The burial infuriated the Muslim community of the town and its adjoining areas, who gathered in the town and staged a sit-in on the Bago Canal bridge.

• Speaking to media persons the protesters threatened to dig out the body from the grave again.

• The protesters further claimed that a decision had been reached nearly four years ago according to which Hindus would not bury their deceased in the same part of the graveyard.

• It is pertinent to mention that this graveyard had been shared since many years by both the Hindus and Muslims of the area.

Surah Al-ImranWhen Talut set forth with the armies, he said:

"Allah will test you at the stream; if any drinks of its water, he goes not with my army;

only those who taste not of it go with me; a mere sip out of the hand is excused.―" But they drank of it, except a few.

When they crossed the river― he and the faithful ones with him they said: "This day we cannot cope with Goliath and

his forces." But those who were convinced that they must meet Allah,

said: "How oft, by Allah's will, hath a small force vanquished a big one? Allah is with those who steadfastly

persevere."

Surah Al-ImranWhen they advanced to meet

Goliath and his forces, they prayed:

"Our Lord! pour out constancy on us and make our steps firm;

Help us against those that reject faith."

Surah Al-Imran

By Allah's will, they routed them: and David slew Goliath; and Allah gave him

power and wisdom and taught him whatever (else) He willed.

Surah Al-Imran

And did not Allah check one set of people by means of another, the

earth would indeed be full of mischief, but Allah is full of bounty to all the worlds.

By Allah's will, they routed them: and David slew Goliath; and Allah gave him power and wisdom

and taught him whatever (else) He willed.

When they advanced to meet Goliath and his forces, they prayed:

"Our Lord! pour out constancy on us and make our steps firm;

Help us against those that reject faith."

Date post:	17-May-2015
Category:	News & Politics
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Qur'an

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