WORLD

VETERINARY DAY

2011

DR. SHUBHAGATA DAS

Lecturer

Department of Pathology and Parasitology

Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

WORLD VETERINARY DAY 2011SELECTED THEME :“RABIES”

“RABIES”

The most fatal infectious disease in the world

…..Rabies Highly fatal zoonotic disease infecting all warm-blooded

animals.

Only communicable disease of man that is always fatal.

A neurotrophic viral disease causing acute encephalomyelitis and Hydrophobia/aerophobia.

Have long and variable incubation period

Short course of illness leading to “Invariably Death”

It’s a comparatively neglected disease and often called the “Forgotten Disease”

………….History One of the oldest disease known to mankind, “probably

as old as mankind on earth” The Latin word “Rabies” seems to have originated

from the Sanskrit word “Rabhas” which means “to do violence”

Notified by oriental physicians in 3000 BC Greek physician Democritus; in 500 BC and Celsus; in

First Century AD Described in Antherva Veda from Vedic period (1500

BC to 500 BC) First vaccine developed by Dr.Louis Pasteur; first

administered on July 6, 1885

The Lethal Bullet That Never Fails……

Lyssavirus type 1 (RABV) from the family of Rhabdoviridae –Serotype 1

•Bullet shaped •single stranded •RNA virusTwo major antigens :

•Glycoprotein (G) – cell membrane•Nucleoprotein antigen (N protein)

Resistance of rabies virus:The virus is highly resistant against cold, dryness, decay, etc.Can remain infectious for weeks in cadavers/carcassInactivated by formaldehyde, sunlight, lipid solvents and antiseptics.Can be preserved by freeze drying

In At ultra low temperatures (< - 20°C)Or in Glycerin

Rabies virus destroys in:At 60°C within 35 seconds (sensitive to pasteurization and boiling)At pH < 4 or > 10.By action of oxidizing agents, most organic solvents, surface acting agents, quaternary ammonium compounds.Photolytic enzymes, ultraviolet rays and X-rays also kill the virusSoaps , detergents or Alcohol are also useful.

Phylogroup Genotype Species Geographicalorigin

Potential vector(s)

I 1 Rabies virus Worldwide (except several Islands)

Carnivores(worldwide); bats(Americas)

I 4 Duvenhage virus SouthernAfrica

Insectivorous bats

I 5 European batlyssavirus type 1

Europe Insectivorous bats

I 6 European batlyssavirus type 2

Europe Insectivorous bats

I 7 Australian batlyssavirus

Australia Frugivorous/insectivorous bats

II 2 Lagos bat virus Sub-SaharanAfrica

Frugivorous bats

II 3 Mokola virus Sub-SaharanAfrica

Unknown

Classification of lyssavirus:

Phylogroup Geographicalorigin

Potential vector(s)

Aravan virus Central Asia Insectivorous bats(isolated fromMyotis blythi)

Khujand virus Central Asia Insectivorous bats(isolated from

Myotis mystacinus)Irkut virus East Siberia Insectivorous bats (isolated from

Murina leucogaster)

West Caucasianbat virus

Caucasianregion

Insectivorous bats (isolatedFrom(Miniopterus schreibersi)

Isolates to be characterized as new genotypes:

Epidemiology of rabies:

Although rabies is 100% preventable, only some of the developed countries have completely eradicated rabies or have reduced its incidence to the minimum level. But most of the Asian and African countries still suffering in this devastating disease.

More than 55,000 people die of rabies every year in Africa and Asia. (<500 people die in other continents). Almost 99% of human cases are caused by bites from infected dogs, but all mammals can be infected with rabies and all can potentially transmit the virus to humans.

60-70% of victims of rabies are children aged 5-15; it is estimated that One person dies from rabies in every ten minutes and approximately 100 children die of the disease every day.

In 2010; Rabies-free countries were UK, Ireland, Australia, Austria, Belgium , Cyprus, Greek-Cypriot part, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece and the Greek islands, Iceland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal and the Portuguese islands, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Malta.

Epidemiology of rabies ……..

60-70% of victims of rabies are children aged 5-15.

One person dies from rabies in every ten minutes.

Approximately 100 children die of the disease every day.

Ecological distribution of rabies virus

In Asia and Africa: Dogs are the main reservoirs where, wild carnivores and Bat are responsible in North America, Australia and Europe.

…..Animal transporting Rabies (Indian subcontinent)

Distribution of rabies• Distribution of animal rabies Distribution of human rabies

Global human rabies: Asia: ~31000 (56% ) ， 90% in rural areaAfrica: ~24000 (44%) ， 75% in rural area

Other parts of the world<500

40

32092490

19000

76

44

2000

1100

24

248

30

Human rabies cases (>28,000) in Far East Asia in 2006

Human Rabies Cases and Treatment Reports, Far East Asia,2006

Post-exposure Country Deaths Rate/million Treatment Rate/mil India 19,000 16.7 1,800,000 1,768

Pakistan 2,490 17 69,000 469

Bangladesh 2,000 12 60,000 455

Myanmar 1,100 23 5,000 102

China 3209 2.5 8,000,000 3,959

Philippines 248 3.3 102,148 1,338

Indonesia 40 0.2 8,800 43

Sri Lanka 76 4 80,000 4,200

Thailand 24 0.41 200,000 3,178

Vietnam 30 0. 38 635,000 8,105

Nepal 44 2.17 25,000 1,085

Cambodia 2 0.80 12,000 1,071

Lao People s Democratic Republic 2 1.26 3,000 540

TOTAL 28,275 6.5 10,692,010 1,881

Rabies in Bangladesh:Rabies is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, and is distributed uniformly in all parts of the country.

Accurate statistics are not available, however, scattered hospital records indicate that about 2,000 people die from rabies each year.

Thousand of Livestock die every year in Rabies but no reported statistical data was found from any reliable sources.

Dogs are mainly responsible for the transmission of rabies to humans and animals.

The annual number of cases of rabies at the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), Dhaka has not changed significantly over the last 10 years indicating no improvement.

A report from analysis of the 684 cases of human rabies came to the IDH, Dhaka, revealed that from June 1999 to November 2003 the majority of the victims (64.2%, 439/684) were below 15 years of age.

In national vaccination program, only the Sheep brain tissue vaccine (NTV) is supplied for post- exposure prophylaxis. But Use of NTV is discouraged by WHO because of its neuroparalytic effect and low antigenicity.Two types of Modern Cell culture vaccines (CCV) are now imported by the private sector companies. Recent survey by Disease Control Unit (2007) shows that number of rabies death is more than 2000 per year.Recent vaccine consumption report shows post-exposure vaccination is taken by more than 3,00,000 person per year and a good number of victims of animal bite remains untreated and unreported.Other than stray dogs, Cats and jackals also involved in rabies transmission.

No organized rabies control program is running here in Bangladesh yet; except the municipalities and city corporations cull thousands of stray dogs in Autumn (Dog breeding season).

Diagnosis of rabies is made on clinical grounds only as the laboratory facilities are limited.

The use of rabies immune globulin (RIG) is very limited because of its high price and inadequate supply. Only few doses of Equine Rabies Immuno Globulin (ERIG) are being used.

Common Rare Bites from infected animals Licks on broken skin and mucous membrane Scratches

Inhalation Organ transplantation Ingestion

Mode of Transmission….

*** Observation period only applies to dogs and cats. Other domestic and wild animals (except threatened or endangered species) suspected as rabid should be killed humanely and their tissues examined using appropriate laboratory techniques.

Category of Exposure and recommendation………

Type of Exposure in Rabies…….

Category I Category II

Category III…….

Pathogenesis…..

Hydrophobia and aerophobia are pathognomonic for rabies and occur in 50% of patients. Attempting to drink or having air blown in the face produces severe laryngeal or diaphragmatic spasms and a sensation of choking. This may be related to a violent response of the airway irritant mechanisms. Even the suggestion of drinking may induce hydrophobic spasm.

Clinical Signs are:

•Disturbingly Horrifying

•Violent and Inhuman

•Invariably fatal

Change in behavior; docile become furious, furious appear docile.In dumb (paralytic) and furious (aggressive biting tendency) forms.

Biting aggression, frenzyHyperesthetic and PhotophobicAggressive pica and Irritation

Laryngeal and Mastication muscle paralysisHyperactive Roaming, Abnormal bark toneExcessive salivation

May undergo off feed and eat abnormal objectsparalysis leading to death with in 5-7 days of onset

No hydrophobia

Clinical features of rabies in animal (Dogs):

Clinical features of rabies in animal (Horse):

•Early clinical signs of infection are non specific.

•muzzle tremors, pharyngeal paralysis,

•anorexia, depression,

•colic and ataxia, abnormal posture.

•frequent whinnying.

•Aggressiveness; kicking, biting, striking, head tossing,

•apparent blindness.

•Sternal recumbancy progressing to lateral recumbence with paddling tremors.

•eventually systemic paralysis and death.

•Once clinical signs occur, death is usually with in 5 days.

Clinical features of rabies in animal (Cattle):

•Early clinical signs include

•Behavior change, yawning

•Abnormal posture, aggression,

•Excessive salivation, muzzle tremors

•Paraphimosis, sexual excitement, photophobia,

•abnormal bellowing, increased libido, tenemus, pica, decreased lactation.

•Increased interest with sound or light and pharyngeal paralysis.

•Late clinical signs includes opisthotonus, seizures, and widespread paralysis.

•Death occurs soon after late clinical signs.

In Cats shows similar signs of dogs but mandibular and laryngeal paralysis is rare is cat with clinical signs usually die in 3 to 4 days.In sheep signs are very similar to cattle infected with rabies.There may also be aggressive wool pulling and no abnormal bleating.In Early stage clinical signs may include excitement, aggression, in coordination, excessive salivation, backwards walking, phantom chewing, and lethargy. Final stages of disease include depression, convulsions, and recumbancy. Death occurs with 2 days of clinical signs.

Laboratory Diagnosis of rabies:

Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test ; Gold

Standard for Diagnosis of Rabies

from postmortem sample

Negri body MIT VNT

Diagnostic Tools

RECENT AND MORE RELIABLE DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS

Reverse transcriptase polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

Modified counter Immuno electrophoresis (CIEP) Serum

Virus Neutralization test

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT)

Various Type Immunochromatographic test: Direct

Rapid Immunochromatographic Test (DRIT)

Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic assay

Latex Agglutination tests

Rabies is 100% fatal after showing clinical sign but 100% preventable.

The first rabies vaccination was developed by Louis Pasteur and given

to Joseph Meister, July 6, 1885;  Joseph survived.

Rabies vaccines were dramatically improved throughout the past

century.

Modern cell culture rabies vaccines are virtually 100% effective to

prevent rabies.

PREVENTING RABIES

WHO Recommends precise procedure for….

• Pre-Exposure Vaccination• Post-Exposure Treatment (PET)• Post-Exposure Treatment of persons who have been

vaccinated previously

…………WHO Recommendations

veterinarians

Rabies laboratory staffs

Pet owners

Animal handlers

Wild life officers

Municipal employees

Dog handlers

Doctors and paramedics of communicable disease hospitals

A. Pre Exposure Vaccination mandatory for High risk group:

NaturalistsRural postmenslaughter house personnel Tannery workersTravelers in rabies endemic areas

Vaccine Name Manufacturer Presentation Aprox. Price

RABIPUR Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GmbH 1 ml vial 500-600 Tk.

VERORAB Sanofi Pasteur Ltd 1 ml vial 450-550 Tk.

Cell culture vaccines available for for Human: (BANGLADESH)

* Vaccine is to be administered in WHO recommended schedule.

*NTV (not WHO recommended) is available in subsidized price in Govt. hospitals and IDH, Dhaka.

**The ID route is now being used in limited countries (Only 0.1ml/injection is administered) in ESSEN schedule (2-1-1-0-1).

Vaccine Name Producer Presentation Aprox. PriceRabisin (10 ml) Advanced

(Merial)10 ml vial 600-1000 Tk

NobivacRabies Sanofi Pasteur Ltd

10 ml vial 550 Tk

DogVec Rab - 1 ml vial 100 Tk

HEP/LEP LRI 50 Tk

Rabies Vaccines available for Animal Vaccination: (Bangladesh)

……….WHO Recommendations

Why Pre-exposure vaccination? Prepares the immune system to have anaemnestic response

when the actual bite takes place. It will reduce the necessity of immunoglobulin

requirements as the active immunity is triggered immediately.

It will reduce the risk, in case, Post- Exposure Treatment (PET) is delayed due to non-availability of vaccine in remote areas.

It reduces the number of Post-Exposure Treatment doses to three instead of the usual six.

For high risk groups: Test the antibody titres every six months. Revaccination is recommended, if the serum antibody titre falls below 0.5 IU/ml.

44

Dosage Schedule for pre-exposure vaccination three injections of cell culture vaccines with a

potency of at least 2.5 IU

Continued immune status can be maintained by a booster after one year and there after a booster once in every three years

Day 0 Day 7 Day 28 1 year every 3 years

……….WHO Recommendations

Factors to be considered before initiating post-exposure treatments:

The nature of exposure

The presence of reported cases of rabies in the area

The species of animal involved

The clinical and vaccination status of the biting animal

The availability of the animal for observationThe results of laboratory testing of the animal, if available

……….WHO Recommendations

B. Post Exposure Treatment (PET):

Type of contact, exposure and recommended PET

……….WHO Recommendations

I. PET – Local wound treatment:……….WHO Recommendations

Administration of rabies immunoglobulin:

Should be given for all Category III exposure (severe bites), irrespective of interval between exposure and beginning of treatment

Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) OR Equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG) may be used

A skin test must be performed prior to the administration of Equine rabies immnoglobins, ERIGs

……….WHO Recommendations

Should be given as much as possible , the recommended dose should

be infiltrated around the wounds, if anatomically feasible

The remainder should be administered IM (into gluteal region ) in a

single dose

The WHO recommended dose :

40 IU/kg body weight, ERIG

20 IU/kg body weight, HRIG

……….WHO Recommendations

51

III. PET Vaccine Administration: (Tissue-Culture) The vaccine used should have a potency of at least

2.5 IU per dose

Intramuscular Schedule One dose of vaccine should be administered on

days 0,3,7,14 , 28 & 90

Day 0 D 3 D 7 D 14 D 28 D 90

……….WHO Recommendations

Post-Exposure Treatment of persons who have been vaccinated previously

Local treatment of wounds must be carried outPersons with previous full pre or post exposure treatment

with a potent cell-culture vaccine Only two doses are needed (days 0 to 3) No rabies immunoglobulin recommended

Persons with full per- or post exposure treatment vaccine of unproven potency, and/or low anti-body titre (<0.5 IU) Should receive a complete post-exposure treatment course, including rabies immnoglobins if indicated.

……….WHO Recommendations

The decision making tree in rabies exposure:

Frequently Asked Questions.

Q. Bat rabies in present in Indian subcontinent?

A. Yet Undiscovered

Q. Does hydrophobia develops in rabid animal?

A. NO

Q. Have consumed milk of a rabid cow/buffalo/goat?

A. If boiled Ok/Go PET

Q. Is there any carrier state of rabies?

A. Yet Undiscovered/ freaks of Nature

Q. How valid the10 days duration of observation ?

A. Only valid for dog and cat

Q. Pet dog / dog which is bitten by a stray dog? A. Euthanasia/PET (close observation)

Q. Patient died of rabies but the biting dog is alive? A. Carrier state/unusual

Q. Handled (or eaten) the raw meat of a rabid animal? A. Full PET

Q. Can a vaccinated dog transmit rabies? A. No, if carriers protective antibody. In confusion start PET until

observation period is over.

Q. vaccinated dog died of sudden unexplained death? A. Postmortem-diagnosis-PET (if positive)

Q. Provoked bites differ from unprovoked bites ?A. Just go for PET

…..Animal rabies

Q. Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated pet dog/cat is bitten by a dog?A. PET and discontinue if observation period ok.

Q. Why PET is required for a bite by a vaccinated dog? A. If not Titre detected.

Q. vaccinated pet dog is bitten by a rabid animal? A. Euthanasia, PPT not confirm.

…..Animal rabies

Q. vaccinated dog died of sudden unexplained death?

A. Postmortem-diagnosis-PPT (if positive)

Q. Provoked bites differ from unprovoked bites ?

A. Just go for PET

Q. Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated pet dog/cat is bitten by a dog?

A. PET and discontinue if observation period ok.

Q. vaccinated pet dog is bitten by a rabid animal?

A. Euthanasia, PET not confirm.

…..Animal rabies

…..Human Rabies

Q. Why a person does not acquire immunity against rabies naturally like other disease?

A. Neurotrophic virus.

Q. Can rabies be transmitted from man to man ?

A. YES, even by organ transplantation.

Q. Are there any survivors of Rabies/hydrophobia ?

A. 4 reports but all had previous immunization.

Q. Kissing of a hydrophobia patient require PET immunization?

A. YES

Q. Can rabies be transmitted through Sexual intercourse?

A. Yes, Category III

Q. Pregnant woman develops hydrophobia, Then? A. Caesarian section and PET for infant.

Q. Can a rabies vaccine be given to a pregnant woman? A.YES

Q. Lactating mother be given anti-rabies vaccine? A.YES

Q. What are the criteria for “Protection” after immunization? A. Rabies Neutralizing Antibody titre of > 0.5 IU / ml of serum

Q. Is there a one shot ARV? A .No, there is no ARV which gives lifelong immunity in one shot.

Q. Efficacy of NTV  v/s  TCVs ?A. NTV is known to produce neuroparalytic accident after 5-7 injections , TCV safer.

Q. Can ARV be given along with other vaccines? A. YESQ. “Potency” of ARV ? A. For NTVs it is a minimum of 0.3 antigenic value and for TCVs it is >2.5 IU / dose. Q. Intradermal (I.D.) schedule of vaccination?A. 0.1ml in upper arm at ESSEN schedule, in specialized centers only.Q. Accidentally the TCV was kept in the freezer. Can it be used?A.NOQ. Change of TCV brands in the middle of course? A. Possible.Q. RIG administration, side effects? A. Hypersensitivity may occur, should be given under institutional setup.

Prevention at the animal source is the key strategy in dealing with a prevalent zoonotic disease like rabies.

Control of stray dog populations should rank high on the agenda of developing countries

Animal vaccination remains the method of choice to control and eradicate rabies

When 70% of the dog population is vaccinated, human cases are dramatically reduced or even eliminated.

Success story; In Mexico, after 5 years of a nationwide dog vaccination campaign, the number of human rabies deaths was reduced from 60 per year to less than 20.

CONTROL OF RABIES:

Today only 10% of financial resources used to treat people after a dog bite would sufficient to national Veterinary Services of the world to eradicate rabies in animals and stop virtually all human cases.

For ethical, ecological and economic reasons the killing of potential infected animals should not be considered to be the sole method for control and eradication of rabies.

Stray Dogs shelter and neutering campaign might be the tool of choice.

All successful rabies eradication campaigns in the developing world have combined population control of in-excess stray dogs and systemic vaccination of owned dogs.

Key players in prevention and control of rabies Worldwide….

GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR RABIES CONTROL

Non profit organization:Global Alliance for Rabies has two

branches: The Alliance for Rabies Control,

established in Scotland in 2006 The Global Alliance for Rabies

Control, established in 2007 in the USA

Mission of the Global Alliance for Rabies Control is to prevent human rabies deaths, especially in children, and to alleviate the burden of rabies in animal species.

WORLD RABIES DAY; SEPTEMBER 28

The mission

To raise awareness about the impact of human and animal rabies, preventive measures, and to eliminate the main global sources.

www.worldrabiesday.org

At least 105 countries participated and 10,000 Veterinary clinics received World Rabies Day messages in 2009

Since the inaugural campaign in 2007, World Rabies Day events have been held in 135 countries; educating 150 million people and vaccinating 4.6 million dogs.

Rabies in Asia foundation Bangladesh, APCRIB , Director General Of Health Services, Govt. of Bangladesh Observed world rabies day 2010 in Dhaka accordingly with Rally and Advocacy meeting, news reporting, souvenir printed.

WORLD RABIES DAY; SEPTEMBER 28…….

Asian Rabies Expert Bureau

An informal group of experts in rabies including members of nine Asian countries :

Bangladesh – China – India – Indonesia – Pakistan – Philippines – Sri Lanka – Thailand – Viet Nam

AREB objectives: To present and discuss the rabies situation in their respective countries, exchange

points of view, consider specific problems encountered in their clinical practice and find practical solutions

KEY ORGANIZATONS IN RABIES CONTROL

WHO Collaborating Centers for Rabies Research:

IN BANGLADESH:

In Bangladesh stray dog is the main transmitter of Rabies and responsible almost 99% cases.

There is no official figure on the number of stray dogs in the country but more than 2.5 million is estimated by officials.

Every year more than 20,000 dogs are culled in and around the capital, Dhaka, alone.

Thousands of stray dogs are being inhumanly killed in name of rabies prevention program in municipalities and city corporations all over the nation which has proven unworthy.

The inhuman culling is not a solution. For ethical, ecological and economic reasons the killing of potential infected animals should not be considered to be the sole method for control and eradication of rabies.

All successful rabies eradication campaigns in the developing world

have combined population control of in-excess stray dogs and systemic

vaccination of owned dogs.

Animal Birth control (ABC) and simultaneous vaccination could be

the best probable solution.

Oral vaccination can also be taken into consideration.

A pilot programme undertaken in a small island of Meghna river in

Narsingdi where all the male dogs which have been sterilized and

vaccinated have been given black collars for identification.

Government Initiatives:Human Health:

DGHS SSMCIEDCRIPHDMCIDH

Animal health:DGLSCVHCDILLRI

Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)

Directorate General of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and Family Welfare

Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh

The target is to eliminate rabies by the year 2020.a. Short term target: 2010-2012

i. Registration and vaccination of dogsii. Procurement, supplies and staff training and activity including

piloting of Intradermal (ID) vaccine (IDRV) in IDH for human rabies

b. Mid term target: 2012-2016: Implementation of program with cell culture vaccine

c. Long term target: 2015-2020: Manufacture of vaccine and Immunoglobulin locally

Five main strategy for rabies control and elimination:A. Control of human rabiesB. Control of animal rabiesC. Effective disease and animal reservoir surveillance.D. Operational researchE. Social mobilization and partnership.

Diagnosis and immediate supportive management:• Early diagnosis and supportive management would help to reduce the risk of transmission, morbidity and peaceful mortality.• For early diagnosis and supportive treatment has to be undertaken in all district hospitals and Medical college hospitals• Requires trained health care providers ( doctors, nurses, paramedics and field staff), diagnostic facilities and adequate supply of effective logistics and emergency medicines• Patient management will be done at the Infectious Disease Hospitals of Bangladesh• Rabies will be diagnosed based on clinical presentation and lab diagnosis. In certain percentage of cases, Viral isolation by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will be done for confirming the diagnosis

Animal rabies control measures: Focus on Dog

I. Estimation of dogs population of Bangladesh and identification of source of stray dogII. improve health and welfare of owned and stray dog population;III. reduce numbers of stray dogs to an acceptable level through animal birth controlIV. Promote responsible dog ownership.V. Assist in the creation and maintenance of a rabies immune or rabies free dog population.VI. Environmental control of stray dogs by proper food waste disposalVII. Community participation through the establishment of community funds and mobilization of community volunteers during vaccination campaign should be promoted

Dog population control measures:

Education and legislation for responsible ownershipRegistration and identification of dogs (licensing)Reproductive control

a) surgical sterilization; b) chemical sterilization

• Removal and handling• Environmental controls• Control of dog movement – international

(export/import)-General provisions-Rabies free country or territory

Bangladesh Anti Rabies Alliance (BARA)Association of prevention and control of rabies in Bangladesh (APCRIB)Avayoronna International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B)Rabies in Asia Foundation (RIAF), Bangladesh

Ngo’s and Others taking initiatives….

Bangladesh Anti Rabies Alliance [BARA]

BARA takes active part in observing World Rabies Day 28 Sep each year.

Practical Training (TOT) on Animal Birth Control (ABC)

Objectives: Local and national Capacity building and to plan and implement selective and suitable preventive measures for the reduction

of incidence of human and animal rabies in Bangladesh

“Obhoyaronno” is working to stop inhuman killing of stray dogs and to establish Bangladesh as a no-culling nation by 2015.

NO CULLING

In CVASU:A research work is currently under execution “Introduction and Standardization of the Suitable Diagnostic tools for Animal Rabies Detection and molecular characterization of prevailing rabies virus”:

Brain tissue and Saliva Samples are being collected from:

Animals suspected for rabies (Observed by owners and vets)

Randomly collected strays form different areas of Chittagong.

CVASU DPP Diagnosing rabies by using ….

Lateral Flow Immunoassay Seller’s staining and Histopathology

Confirm by RT-PCR

VACCINATION CAPRAIGN FOR DOGS AGAINSTRABIES……..

Organized by S.A.Q TVH, CVASU

…….So People from Many aspects Involved for elimination of this Zoonosis

WHERE ARE THE VETS??Veterinarians are the unique group of people having capability to

understand the animal-human disease dynamics

……shouldn't we be more active in this campaign?

Shouldn’t we take this as a chance to go toward

“One World One Health” Concept???

WE HAVE GLORIFIED HISTORY OF

ERADICATINGRINDERPEST

WE CAN DO THE SAME FOR RABIES…….

SO IN WORLD VETERINARY DAY, 2011

“RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT RABIES; PARTICIPATE IN PREVENTION AND

CONTROL”

……Everyone is in Risk

All measures are available

Why stay Behind…,.

Vets.. It’s Time to “Get Involved”