Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Second Edition
Edited by
Jaana Laiho and Achim Wacker Both of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland
Tomas Novosad Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1 Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomas Novosad, Peter Muszynski, Petri Jolma and Roman Pichna 1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History 1 1.2 Evolution of Radio Network Planning 2 1.3 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS 5 1.4 Future Trends 9
1.4.1 Towards a Service-driven Network Management 10 1.4.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 11 1.4.3 Next-generation Mobile Communication 15 References 16
Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 19 Tomas Novosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipilä, Tero Kola and Achim Wacker 2.1 Mathematical Background of Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems 19
2.1.1 Multiple Access 19 2.1.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation 20 2.1.3 Tolerance of Narrowband Interference 21
2.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System 22 2.2.1 Modulation Example 23 2.2.2 Tolerance of Wideband Interference 24 2.2.3 Operation in Multi-path Environment 26
2.3 CDMA in Cellular Radio Networks 27 2.3.1 Universal Frequency Reuse 27 2.3.2 Soft Handover 27 2.3.3 Power Control 28
Contents
2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 28 2.4.1 High-level UMTS Architecture Model 28 2.4.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels 30 2.4.3 Transport Channels 37 2.4.4 Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels
(FDD) 45 2.4.5 High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 60 2.4.6 Timing and Synchronisation in UTRAN (FDD) 65 2.4.7 Spreading, Scrambling and Channelisation Concepts 69
2.5 WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators 75 2.5.1 Definitions 76 2.5.2 Classification according to Multi-path Channel Conditions
and Services 80 2.5.3 Link-level Simulation Principles 83 2.5.4 Physical-layer Measurements Supporting the Measurement
of Link-level Performance in a Live Network 89 References 91
WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomas Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and Kimmo Terävä 3.1 Dimensioning 95
3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 95 3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 98 3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 99 3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 100 3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 100 3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102 3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105
3.2 Detailed Planning 109 3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 110 3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 124 3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 129 3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 137 3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common
Channel Analysis 139 3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142
3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 143 3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144
3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 149 3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149 3.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151
3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154 3.5.1 Ideal Case 154 3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158
Contents
3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 162 3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163 3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 164 3.6.3 Dead Zones 166 3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 166 3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174
3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 175 3.7.1 Rollout 176 3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177 References 194
4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomas Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson, Tero Kola and Ted Buot 4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197 4.2 Power Control 198
4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 198 4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200 4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 201 4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 207 4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 209 4.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command
Errors 210 4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210
4.3 Handover Control 211 4.3.1 Intra-system-Intra-frequency Soft Handover 212 4.3.2 Intra-system-Intra-frequency Hard Handover 213 4.3.3 Intra-system-Inter-frequency Handover 213 4.3.4 Inter-system Handover 214 4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 214 4.3.6 Compressed Mode 223 4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224
4.4 Congestion Control 233 4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 233 4.4.2 Admission Control 235 4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 237 4.4.4 Load Control 242
4.5 Resource Management 244 4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 244 4.5.2 Code Management 245
4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 250 4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 250 4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 252 4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for
High-speed Downlink Packet Access 253 4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255
VIII Contents
4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 256 4.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on
Network Performance 256 4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 267 4.7.3 Call Setup Delay 275 References 277
WCDMA-GSM Co-planning Issues 279 Kari Heiska, Tomas Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fühl 5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 279
5.1.1 Thermal Noise 279 5.1.2 Man-made Noise 281 5.1.3 Interference Scenarios 281 5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 282
5.2 Noise Measurements 285 5.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment 285 5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 287 5.2.3 Measurement Results 289 5.2.4 Conclusions 292
5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 293 5.3.1 • Co-planning Process 294 5.3.2 Transmission Planning 301 5.3.3 Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user 302 5.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different
Technologies 302 5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent
Frequency Bands 303 5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 305 5.4.2 Worst Case Analysis 308 5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 310 5.4.4 Capacity Reduction 323 5.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327 References 329
Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 331 Chris Johnson, Achim Wacker, Juha Ylitalo and Jyri Hämäläinen 6.1 Introduction 331 6.2 Techniques for Improving Coverage 332
6.2.1 Uplink and Downlink Coverage Limited Scenarios 332 6.2.2 Link Budget Analysis 333
6.3 Techniques for Improving Capacity 335 6.3.1 Uplink and Downlink Capacity Limited Scenarios 335 6.3.2 Load Equation Analysis 336 6.3.3 Identifying the Limiting Link 337
Contents ix
6.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power 338 6.4.1 Impact of Uplink Cell Load 339 6.4.2 Impact of Base Station Transmit Power 339
6.5 Additional Carriers and Scrambling Codes 342 6.5.1 Impact of Additional Carriers 342 6.5.2 Impact of Additional Scrambling Codes 344
6.6 Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 346 6.6.1 Mathematical Background 346 6.6.2 Impact of Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 347 6.6.3 Practical Considerations 349
6.7 Remote RF Head Amplifiers 349 6.7.1 Mathematical Background 351 6.7.2 Impact of Remote RF Head Amplifiers 351 6.7.3 Practical Considerations 352
6.8 Higher Order Receive Diversity 352 6.8.1 Impact of Higher Order Receive Diversity 353 6.8.2 Practical Considerations 354
6.9 Transmit Diversity 355 6.9.1 Impact of Transmit Diversity 357 6.9.2 Practical Considerations 359
6.10 Multiple Input Multiple Output in UTRA FDD 360 6.10.1 Mathematical Background 360 6.10.2 Impact of MIMO 362 6.10.3 Practical Considerations 362 6.10.4 Candidate MIMO Algorithms in 3GPP Standardisation 364 6.10.5 MIMO in UTRA FDD Uplink 367
6.11 Beamforming 367 6.11.1 Mathematical Background 368 6.11.2 Impact of Beamforming 369 6.11.3 Practical Considerations 370 6.11.4 Impact of Fixed Beam Approach upon Radio Resource
Management Algorithms 372 6.12 Rollout Optimised Configuration 373
6.12.1 Impact of Rollout Optimised Configuration 374 6.12.2 Practical Considerations 376
6.13 Sectorisation 376 6.13.1 Impact of Sectorisation 377 6.13.2 Practical Considerations 379
6.14 Repeaters 380 6.14.1 Impact of Repeaters 382 6.14.2 Practical Considerations 383
6.15 Micro-cell Deployment 383 6.15.1 Impact of Micro-cells 384
6.16 Capacity Upgrade Process 387 6.17 Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 389
References 392
Contents
Radio Network Optimisation Process 395 Jaana Laiho, Markus Djupsund, Anneli Korteniemi, Jochen Grandell and Mikko Toivonen 7.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation Requirements 395
7.1.1 The Operations System's Role in the Optimisation Process 398 7.2 Introduction to the Telecom Management Network Model 410 7.3 Tools in Optimisation 414
7.3.1 Planning Tool Level Optimisation 415 7.3.2 Configuration Management in a Network Management
System 419 7.3.3 Performance Management in Network Elements and in the
Operations System 422 7.3.4 Measurement Applications in Network Elements and in the
Network Management System 437 7.3.5 Optimisation Using Operations System Tools 446 7.3.6 Field Measurement Tool 447
7.4 Summary 452 References 454
UMTS Quality of Service 455 Jaana Laiho, Vilho Räisänen and Nilmini Lokuge 8.1 Definition of Quality of Service 455 8.2 End-user Service Classification 456 8.3 Characteristics and Requirements of Services 457
8.3.1 Generic Issues 458 8.3.2 Data Transfer 458 8.3.3 Interactive Data Transfer 459 8.3.4 Messaging 460 8.3.5 Streaming 460 8.3.6 Conferencing Media 461
8.4 3GPP Bearer Concept 461 8.4.1 Architectural Entities 462 8.4.2 Bearer Layers 463 8.4.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Characterisation 463 8.4.4 Comments about 3GPP Bearers 464
8.5 Overview of 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture 465 8.5.1 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture 465 8.5.2 Support for the IP Multimedia Sub-system 467 8.5.3 External Bearer Service 469
8.6 Quality of Service Management in UMTS 469 8.6.1 Introduction to Quality of Service Management
Challenges 470 8.6.2 Radio Bearer Mapping of UMTS Traffic Classes 473 8.6.3 Utilisation of Quality of Service in the UMTS Domain 474
8.7 Concluding Remarks 501 References 502
Contents XI
Advanced Analysis Methods and Radio Access Network Autotuning 505 Jaana Laiho, Pekko Vehviläinen, Albert Höglund, Mikko Kylväjä, Kimmo Valkealahti and Ted Buot 9.1 Introduction 505 9.2 Advanced Analysis Methods for Cellular Networks 506
9.2.1 Introduction to Data Mining 506 9.2.2 Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining 507 9.2.3 Classification Trees 511 9.2.4 Anomaly (Outlier) Detection with Classification Tree 513 9.2.5 Self-Organising Map 513 9.2.6 Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map:
GSM Network 515 9.2.7 Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map:
UMTS Network 517 9.2.8 High Level Performance Analysis by Clustering Network
Performance Data: Case Study 528 9.3 Automatic Optimisation 536
9.3.1 Examples of Automated Optimisation 539 9.3.2 Network Scenario and Data Used in Algorithms with
Cost Function 539 9.3.3 Measurements and Costs Used in Algorithms 540
9.3.5 Autotuning in the Call Admission Control Sub-system 552 9.3.6 Capacity Optimisation and Traffic Balancing 561
9.4 Summary 569 References 569
10 Other 3G Radio Access Technologies 573 Jussi Reunanen, Simon Browne, Pauliina Erätuuli, Ann-Louise Johansson, Martin Kristensson, Jaana Laiho, Mats Larsson, Tomas Novosad and Jussi Sipola 10.1 GSM Packet Data Services 573
10.1.1 Introduction 574 10.1.2 Modulation and Coding Scheines 574 10.1.3 EDGE Radio Link Performance 577 10.1.4 GPRS Radio Link Performance 582 10.1.5 Coverage 583 10.1.6 Capacity Planning 586 10.1.7 Mobility Management 594 10.1.8 Frequency Hopping Techniques 598 10.1.9 Conclusion 600 10.1.10 EDGE Performance Assessment 600 10.1.11 Quality of Service and Service Optimisation for EGPRS 603
\11 Contents
10.2 Time Division Duplex Mode of WCDMA (UTRA TDD) 606 10.2.1 Some Time Division Duplex Specific Properties 606 10.2.2 System Scenarios 607 10.2.3 Synchronisation of Cells 610 10.2.4 Single-operator Time Division Duplex Networks 610 10.2.5 Synchronisation in Multi-operator Time Division
Duplex Networks 611 10.2.6 Erlang Capacity for Time Division Duplex Networks:
A Simple Way of Estimating Capacity per Cell 612 10.2.7 Co-existing Time Division Duplex and Frequency
Division Duplex Networks 612 10.2.8 Co-located and Close Proximity Local Area Base
Station System (BSS) 614 10.2.9 Radio Performance 614 10.2.10 Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex
Processing Gains 615 10.2.11 Time Division Duplex Link Budget Examples 615 10.2.12 Some Other Important Parameters and their Effect on the
Radio Link Budget 618 10.2.13 Summary 618 References 619
Index 621
