RATIONAL TUNNELLING

SUMMERSCHOOL,

INNSBRUCK, 2003

Edited by

Dimitrios KolymbasUniversity of Innsbruck, Institute ofGeotechnic and Tunnel Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface v

Acknowledgements vi

Table of contents vii

Part I Design of tunnels

Some principles for the design of lining

D. Kolymbas, M. Mdhr, T. Pornpot

1 Introduction 3

2 Principles of arching 4

2.1 Janssen's silo equation 7

2.2 Trapdoor 10

3 Creep of shotcrete lining 16

Bibliography 26

vii

viii Table of Contents

Constitutive models for numerical simulations 27

Ivo Herle

1 Introduction 27

2 Observed behaviour 29

3 Elasticity 35

3.1 Linear isotropic elasticity 35

3.2 Linear anisotropic elasticity 36

3.3 Nonlinear elasticity 38

4 Plasticity 41

4.1 Perfect plasticity 41

4.2 Limitations of elastic perfectly plastic models 43

4.3 Anisotropy 47

4.4 Advanced models 47

5 Calculation benchmarks 52

5.1 INTERCLAYII project 52

5.2 Tunnel excavation (DGGT) 53

5.3 Tunnel excavation (COST) 53

6 Conclusions 55

Bibliography 55

SCL Tunnel design in soft ground- insights frommonitoring and numerical modelling 61_

Chris Clayton, Alun Thomas, Pierre van der Berg

1. Introduction 61

2. UK design 62

Table of Contents ix

3. Monitoring 64

3.1 The potential value of monitoring data 65

3.2 Performance of different types of instruments 67

3.3 Instrument survival 70

3.4 Observed behaviour 71

4. Numerical modelling 73

4.1 3-D Numerical modelling - effects of the ground model 74

4.2 3-D Numerical modelling - effects of sprayed concretemodel 84

4.3 Numerical modelling - the future? 87

5. Conclusions 88

Bibliography: 89

Ground reinforcing and steel pipe umbrella system

in tunnelling 93^

Daniele Peila, Sebastiano Pelizza

1. Introduction 93

2. Classification of reinforcement and improvement techniques 94

3. Steel pipe umbrella 106

3.1 Introduction 106

3.2 Carrying out procedure 110

3.3 Drilling techniques 115

3.3.1 Open hole drilling 116

3.3.2 Drilling with casings (liners) 117

4 Design procedures 120

4.1 Empirical design approaches 120

Table of Contents

4.2 Numerical modelling 123

5 Conclusions 126

Biblography 128

Acknowledgements 132

Part II Water problems 133

Problems of TBMs in water bearing ground 135

Lars Babendererde

1. Introduction 135

2. Jammed by compacted soil in surrounding steering gap 136

2.1 Pipe - Jacking Machu Picchu 136

2.2 Slurry-TBM under the Albert - Channel in Belgium 139

3. Fluctuating support pressure in EPB - TBMs 141

4. Stones and boulders: a hindrance to pressurized TBM - drives 147

Estimating groundwater inflow into hard rock tunnels -- the problem of permeability 155

Jack Raymer

1 Introduction 155

1.1 Definition of the problem 156

1.2 Fundamental observation 156

1.3 Porosity and permeability 157

Table of Contents xi

1.4 Log-Normal distributions 158

1.5 Gradient and inflow 158

1.6 Project setting 158

2 Inflow equations 159

2.1 Thiem equation 159

2.2 Transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity 161

2.3 Average permeability 161

2.4 Thiem for tunnels 162

2.5 Recharge and release from storage 163

2.6 Goodman's solution 163

2.7 Nature of the variables 165

2.8 Practical ranges of variables 165

2.9 Possible sources of difficulty 166

3 Testing permeability 167

3.1 Packer tests 167

3.2 Test results 169

3.3 Increments of transmissivity 170

3.4 Application to "Horizontal Transmissivity" 172

4 Permeability distribution 173

4.1 Cumulative curves 173

4.2 Log normal plots 175

4.3 Central limit theorem 180

4.4 Singular features 181

4.5 Summary 182

5 Conclusions 183

References 183

xii Table of Contents

Part III Measurements 185

Geotechnical instrumentation of tunnels 187

Helmut Bock

Part 1: Performance monitoring for tunnel designverification 187

1 Introduction 187

2 Instrumentation for an empirical proof of a new equilibrium aftertunnel excavation: convergence tape measurements and survey-ing methods 189

2.1 Convergence tapes (Tape extensometers) 189

2.2 Geodetic deformation monitoring 191

2.3 Engineering assessment of convergence and geodetic de-formation measurements 194

2.4 Load bearing capacity reserves and safety factors of shot-crete linings as deduced from geodetic deforma-tionmeasurements 195

3 Instruments for monitoring of displacements and stresses forbetter design 198

3.1 Instruments for measurement of the displacements of theground 199

3.2 Instruments for measurement of ground stresses 202

4 Conclusions 203

Bibliography 205

Appendix: List of Companies 205

Table of Contents xiii

Part 2: Instrumentation to assist with tunnelconstruction control 207

1 Introduction 207

2 Instrumentation for the control of selected tunnel constructionprocedures 209

2.1 Tunnel scanner for control of the excavation profile andof the concrete thickness 209

2.2 Deflectometer measurements for control of the drillingwork in tunnelling 213

3 Real-time monitoring for the control of entire tunnelling opera-tions 216

4 Conclusions 222

Acknowledgement 223

Bibliography 223

Appendix: List of Companies 224

Geophysical investigations: Integrated seismic imaging sys-tem for geological prediction during tunnel construction. 225

G. Borm and R. Giese

1. Introduction 225

2. System components 225

2.1 Geophone anchors 226

2.2 Seismic impact source 227

2.3 Interactive software 227

3. Field tests 229

3.1 Seismic layout 229

3.2 Seismograms 230

xiv Table of Contents

3.3 Tomographic inversion 231

3.4 Geological interpretation 232

4. Perspectives 232

Ackowledgement 232

Bibliography 232

Part IV Management aspects 235

What tends to go wrong in tunnelling 237

Sir Alan Muir Wood

1 Introduction 237

2 Initial planning 238

3 Procurement 1 239

4 Design and investigation 241

5 The proof engineer 248

6 Procurement 2 — appointment of the contractor 250

7 Value engineering 251

8 Reference conditions 252

9 The observational method of design 252

10 Conclusions 253

Bibliography 254

Table of Contents xv

Application of design-build contracts to tunnelconstruction 255

Robert A. Robinson

1. Design build basics 255

2. Traditional design-bid-build contracting 257

3. Design-build - Pros & cons 259

3.1 Owner's perspective 260

3.2 Contractor's perspective 262

3.3 Designer's perspective 263

4. Design-Build - Case histories , 264

4.1 Channel tunnel, England to France (Lemley 1991) 264

4.2 Whittier tunnel rehabilitation, Alaska (Moses et al. 2000) 265

4.3 Copenhagen subway system, Denmark (Reina 2000) 266

4.4 Tren urbano transit system, Puerto Rico (Gay et al. 1999) 267

4.5 High Speed Rail Link Germany 268

4.6 "Link" Light Rail, Seattle, Washington (Gildner, 1999) 268

4.7 Case history conclusions 269

5. Where's the risk? 270

6. Third-party and geotechnical information for design-build 271

6.1 Failure without exploration data 272

6.2 Suggested level of geotechnical explorations 272

7. Conclusions 274

7.1 Murphy's Laws live underground 274

7.2 Risk reduction contracting 274

References 275

xvi Table of Contents

Cost and schedule management for major tunnel projectswith reference to the Vereina tunnel and the Gotthard basetunnel 277

Felix Amberg, Bruno Rothlisberger

1. Introduction 277

2. Cost controlling 281

2.1 The Vereina project 281

2.2 Basic principles 284

2.3 Recording the development of costs 288

2.3.1 Cost controlling for driving work 289

2.3.2 Cost controlling for the final lining work 294

2.4 Quarterly cost controlling report 294

2.5 Summary 297

3. Schedule management 298

3.1 An introduction to schedule management 298

3.1.1 Objectives 298

3.1.2 Scheduling methods 299

3.2 Scheduling for the Gotthard base tunnel 303

3.2.1 The Gotthard base tunnel 303

3.2.2 Deadline controlling at BAV (Federal TransportAuthority) level 309

3.2.3 Schedule controlling at ATG level 311

3.3 Schedule management by the local construction mana-gement 312

3.3.1 Bases, contractual agreement 312

3.3.2 Construction programme in the bid 313

Table of Contents xvii

3.3.3 Work contract construction programme /contractual construction times 314

3.3.4 Factors influencing the deadlines / constructionprogramme 317

3.3.5 Schedule management by the local constructionmanagement 318

3.3.6 Determining the extensions to set periods (timecredits) 322

3.3.7 Reporting 322

3.3.8 Longer availability 324

3.4 Dependencies between deadlines and costs 325

4. Controlling and information management tools used for the Gott-hard base tunnel sites 326

4.1 The context 326

4.2 The software concept 327

4.3 The database 329

4.3.1 Concept 329

4.3.2 Features 330

4.4 Project Control 331

4.4.1 Structure 331

4.4.2 Management 333

4.4.3 Cost and deadline controls 334

Technical features for quality procedures in tunnel-ling 337_

Claudio Oggeri

1. Introduction 337

2. Basic technical requirements for quality 340

xviii Table of Contents

3. Practical relationships in the tunnelling phases 344

4. Conclusions 350

Bibliography 351

Part V Additional aspects

Hard rock TBM advance rates 355

Michael Alber

1. Introduction 355

2. On the use of rock mass classifications for engineering purposes 356

2.1 Geological considerations 357

2.1.1 Results from classification systems 361

2.1.2 Rock mass strength from classification systems 364

2.1.3 Rock mass modulus from classification systems 364

3. Estimation of hard rock TBM advance rates 368

3.1 Estimation of penetration rates 369

3.1.1 Effects of mixed face conditions on penetration

rates 371

3.2 Estimation of TBM utilization rates 372

3.3 Design for high speed TBM advance rates 374

3.4 Project-oriented hard rock TBM advance rates 376

3.4.1 Example of application 381

3.4.2 Estimating the time of completion 382

Table of Contents xix

4. Conclusions and outlook 383

Bibliography: 384

Tunnel refurbishment 387

Anton W. Ackermann, Christopher Hunt

1. Road and railway tunnels in Switzerland 387

2. Tunnel refurbishment 388

2.1 Definition 388

2.2 Reasons for tunnel refurbishment 388

3. Tunnel inspection and investigations 388

3.1 Inspection preparations 389

3.2 Qualification of inspection personnel 389

3.3 Inspection methodology 390

3.4 Tunnel inspection using digital technologies 390

3.4.1 Tunnel mapping 391

3.4.2 Scanning 391

4. Common damage in road and railway tunnels 392

4.1 Common damage in tunnels 392

4.2 External and internal causes of structural damage 393

5. Considerations for tunnel refurbishment concept 394

5.1 Boundary conditions and project constraints 394

5.2 Structural state 395

5.3 Project design 396

5.4 Project execution 397

6. Case study 1 - The San Bernardino road tunnel 398

xx Table of Contents

6.1 Tunnel description 398

6.2 Tunnel inspection and state assessment 398

6.2.1 Tunnel inspection and investigations 398

6.2.2 Assessment of inspection and investigation results... 399

6.3 Refurbishment concept 399

6.3.1 Goals of the client 399

6.3.2 Construction of concrete surface slab 400

6.3.3 Invert lowering 401

6.4 Tunnel safety 402

6.4.1 Construction measures for operational and fireventilation systems 402

6.4.2 Construction of escape galleries 403

6.5 Construction schedule and costs 403

7. Case study 2 - The railway tunnels of Travys 404

7.1 Project description 404

7.2 Tunnel inspection and state assessment 404

7.3 Refurbishment concept 405

7.4 Construction process 406

7.5 Construction schedule and costs 407

Bibliography: 407

Fire protection in tunnelling 409

Volker Wetzig

1. Introduction 409

2. Fire resistant constructions 410

2.1 Definitions 410

Table of Contents xxi

2.2 Fire load curves 411

2.3 Damaging mechanisms 414

2.3.1 Formation of water vapour 414

2.3.2 Chemical conversions 415

2.3.3 Reinforcement 416

2.3.4 Thermal length change 416

2.3.5 Evaluation of damage mechanisms 417

2.4 Test procedures 417

2.5 Fire resistant concrete 418

2.6 Sprayed protection 420

2.7 Prefabricated fire protection system 420

3. Fire detecting 420

4. Fire extinguishing 422

4.1 Basic principles of water mist 422

4.2 Safety in transport tunnels 423

4.3 The configuration of the water mist system in a tunnel 424

4.4 Test results 424

5. Fire fighter training 425

Bibliography 427