REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS
By
LESLIE JACKSON EXTRA FIRST CLASS ENGINEERS CERTIFICATE
a.Se., C.Eng., F.I.Mar.E., F.R.I.N.A.
PUBLISHED BY THOMAS REED PUBLICATIONS LIMITED
36 COCK LANE, LONDON ECI A 9BY AND SUNDERLAND
MCAsr)
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PAGE Historical. Utilisation. Cybernetics. Economy.
Safety. Terminology. Comparison of pneumaticelectronic-hydraulic systems. Open and closed loop. System. Analogue. Digital. Computers. 1-10
CHAPTER 1 - TEMPERA TU RE MEASUREMENT
Mechanical thermometry; liquid in glass. Filledsystem for liquid, vapour, gas, mercury in steel. Bimetallic type (Rototherm) .
Electrical thermometry; resistance thermometer, Thermistor, thermocouple, electronic unit.
Radiation pyrometry; optical pyrometer (disappear-ing filamenI). 11-22
CHAPTER 2 - PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Water and mercury manometers. Mercury and aneroid barometers. Bourdon and Schaffer pressurevacuum gauges. Differential pressure cell. Piezoelec-tric crystals, sensor. Strain gauge pressure sensor. 23-32
CHAPTER 3 - LEVEL MEASUREMENT
Direct methods; float operated, sight glasses, probe elements (capacitive).
Inferential methods; pressure elements. Manometer types, remote level, Electroflo, Igema. Purge systems, pneumercator 33-40
CHAPTER 4 - FLOW MEASUREMENT
Basic principles; quantity meters, rate of flow meters, integrators, square root extraction.
Inferential-rotational; flowmeters, mechanical, electrical, Rotameter.
Inferential-differential pressure; primary elements, orifice and venturi flow sensors. Secondary elements, square root extractors, mechanical, pneumatic, electrical.
Flow sensor/transducer units. 41-54
CHAPTER 5 - OTHER MEASUREMENTS
Electrical. Speed-tachogenerator (analogue and digital). Torque-power, torductor. Viscometer. Photoelectric cells (conQuctive, vacuum, gas, transistor). Oil in water sensor. Smoke density detector. Oil mist detector. pH sensor. Heat (fire) detector. Flame detector. Gas explosion-detector meter. Gas analysis, oxygen and CO, analysers. Relative humidity. Water analysis, dionic water purity meter, dissolved oxygen meter. Instrument calibration, testing and adjustment. 55-74
CHAPTER 6 - TELEMETERING
Pneumatic transmitters; position balance and force balance transducers, electro-pneumatic transducer (I/PP).
Electrical transmitters; variable contact resistance transducer, other resistance systems, variable inductance transducer - ratio and balance, variable capacitance transducer, electronic force balance system, voltage current transducer (V/I).
Receivers; receiver integrator, potentiometric pen ' recorder, XY recorder, position motors (de), position motors (ac), synchro, magslip, resolver. 75-88
»
CHAPTER 7 - ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Analogue and digital circuits. Semi-conductors; atomic theory, electron conduc~
tion, solid state junctions, rectifier and transistor. Rectifiers; bridge and centre tap transformer,
applications, carrier, modulation, d~.modulation,
smoothing, filter. Semi-conductor diode, zener diode, characteristics, voltage stabilisation, applications. Thyristor (silicon controlled rectifier).
Amplifiers; rotating electrical (metadyne), magnetic (transductor), classification, junction transistor, circuit configurations, transfer characteristics, voltage amplifier, parameters, T·circuit, unijunction transistor (oscillator). Linear mode small signal transistor, power amplifier (push-pull) , de amplifier, chopper, field effect transistor, operational amplifier. Feedback, negative, positive, gain, stability.
Oscillators; basic theory, transistor oscillator, harmonic oscillators, relaxation oscillators, push-pull blocking, multivibrator, univibrator.
Other devices; digital, switching, logic, analysers, cathode ray oscilloscope. Radio communication, elec-tromagnetic radiation spectrum. 89-114
CHAPTER 8 - FINAL CONTROLLlNG ELEMENTS
Correcting units; diaphragm control valve, motor, correcting element (valve) characteristics, valve positioner. Piston operated, torque actuated, rotary cylinder and wax element control valves.
Servo-motors; electric de and ac motors, hydraulic ram servo, variable delivery pump, hydraulic rotary vane serva, pneumatic piston servo, other servos. 115- 26
MCAS~
CHAPTER 9 - PROCESS CONTROL THEORY
Terminology; combination of elements. Response of detecting elements; lags. Types of control action; two step, proportional,
bandwidth. Integral and proportional plus integral. Derivative and proportional plus derivative. Three term controller (level). Graphs of control actions. Cas-cade and split range control. Example - level control. 127-156
CHAPTER 10 - PNEUMATIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES
Two step, relay, one term (P), stack type (P), two term (P + I. P + D). three term compound controller (P + I + D). Air supplies. 157-170
CHAPTER 11 - ELECTRONIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES
Operational amplifier, inverter, summer, multiplier, two step, one term (P, J), two term (P + D), three term compound controller (P + J + D). Black box analysis. Transistor stabilisation control. 171-184
CHAPTER 12 - AcrUAL CONTROLLER TYPES
Mechanical(Synchro). Mechanical-Hydraulic, governor. Electro-Pneumatic (Philips). Electronic (Kent, Philips, Foxboro). Pneumatic (Hagan, Foxboro, Dray ton, Bailey (2),
Yiscotherm). 185-202
CHAPTER 13 - TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS
Steam ; exhaust range, gland steam, sootbJower, circulating water, steam temperature, steam flow/air flow rate, bridge remote control (turbine).
IC Engine; jacket (or piston) coolant (one and two element), overall coolant systems (ring main, series and parallel), boiler oil purification system, waste heat flash evaporator control, bridge remote control (IC engine), outline and detail systems.
General; auto-combustion and attemperator, auxiliary automatic boiler, feed regulators, viscosity, refrigeration, alternator load sharing, Butterworth heating, oily-water separator interface level control, controll-able propeller pitch, auto steering (block diagram) . 203-238
CHAPTER 14 - KINETIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
Position systems; position control servo-mechanism (de), system response, damping, overshoot. Stabilising feedback and rate network. Offset, reset feedforward and network, block diagrams. Position control servomechanism (ac), hydraulic position control servomechanism.
Speed systems; speed control servo-mechanism ( de), speed control (ac) , Ward Leonard, Thyristor.
Governor systems; Mechanical-hydraulic and elec-trical-hydraulic speed control servo-mechanisms. 239-254
CHAPTER 15 - CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The systems approach; system, state, approach. System order; analogues, generalised impedance.
First order systems, transfer function, closed loop transfer function . Second order systems, higher order systems.
System performance; step, ramp and sinusoidal input response, Argand diagram. Frequency response analysis (Nichols and Bode). Stability response, Nyquist diagrams and criteria, Nichols chart. Further analogues, second order, manufacturing system.
Component interaction; internal and external (series).
Component adjustment; adjusting controllers to plant, empirical setting method. 255-280
CHAPTER 16 - LOGIC AND COMPUTING
Analogue, analogue computer; elements, control, systems analysis and approach, model, block, pro, gramme and circuit diagrams.
Logic circuits; digital algorithm, Boolean algebra, switching and solid state logic, gates, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, memory, delay, flip-flop, logic sequence engine start. Fluidic logic.
Digital computer; scales of notation, binary scale. Component units, input, output, memory, control; peripheral units, reference sets, scanner, analoguedigital converter, digital instrument.
Data processing; data logger, annunciator system, integrated system, signal selection and processing, output, display, control room.
Computer control; direct digital control, programmes, marine system, hybrid types. Computer simula-tion. 281-312
P I
1
SPECIMEN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 313
DoT Class Three 313
DoT Class Two 315
DoT Class One 321
TEC/SCOTEC (& METC, ONO) 328
Higher; TEC/SCOTEC (& CGLI Advanced METC) 332
Higher; TEC/SCOTEC (& aND Supplementary) 341
INDEX 351
r
INDEX
A Arithmetic unit 303 ac ekctric servo-motor 121.245 Atomic theory 89 .. position control 244 Attenuation 134,173 " speed control 247 Auto-combustionf attemperator
Acro:o;s variable 257 control 224 Action, control types 136,151 Automatic controller 130
derivative control 147, 149 Auto-lIteering integral control 143,146 (block diagram) 236 proponionaJ control 137.141 Auxiliary boiler control 226 P+ D 148. 150 Averaging 194 P+J 143, 147 B time 144.148 Bailey controllers 199 two-step control 136,157 Bandwidth 139
Actual controller types 185 Barometer, aneroid 26 Actuated torque valve 118 mefcury 25 Adjustment of controllers 276 Basic control actions 136
.. instruments 73 Bj-metaUic thermometer 12 Air-fue l ratio control 201 Binary arithmetic 301 " -steam rate control 207 Black box 8,180.256 " supplies 168 Blind contronce 200
Alarm circuit. fjre 66 Block diagrams 236.240.243 Algorithm 287 Blocking oscillator 111 Alternator control 231 Bode diagrams 270 Amplification LW, 158 Boiler oil purification Amplifiers 97.171 system 216 Analogies 142, 164 Boolean algebra 288 Analogue 8,281 Bourdon gauge, pressure 26
circuits 89 Bridge control, lC engine 218 computer 9,281 turbine 208 -digital converter 305 rectifier 92 simulation 282, 286 BS terminology 127 tachometer 55 Butterworth heating control 233
Analogues 257,273 Analysis, carbon-dioxide 70 C
control system 255 Calibrat;on of instruments 73 dissolved oxygen 72 Capacitance transduccr 81 feedback 107 Capacitive level ~ensor 34 frequency response 269 Carrier wave 93 oxygen 68 Cascade control system 132,152,214 stabiljty 270 Cathode ray oscilloscope 112 water 71 Cell, differential pressure 2R
!" AND gate 289 photo 60 Aneroid barometer 26 .. -transistor 61 Annunciator systems 306 Characteristics, control valve 116 Argand diagram 267 pn junction 94
352
Characteristics. resistance-temperature 15 thyrlnor 94, 96 z:cncI diode 94
Chopper circuit 106 Circuit configurations, transistor 100
fire alarm-detcction 66 Circuits, logic 287 Circulating water control loop 205,212 Classification of amplifiers 98 Closed loop system 7. 108
" transfer function 108.261 CO! analyser.recorder 70 Collector characteristics (CE) 102 Combustkm/attemperator control 224 Command signal 128 Common base transistor 100
collector transistor 100 emitter transistor 101
Comparing element 128 Comparison tdemetcring systems 6 Complex numbers 267 Component adjustment 276
interaction 167,275 Compound controller P + J+ D ]67,177 Computer, analogue 281
control 309 digital 300,304 simulation 310
Computers 9 Computing and logic 281 Condenser water control 205 Conduction electrons 290
holes 290 Configurations (transistor) lOO Control action graphs 151
types 136 cascade 132. 152 circuits, general 224
motor (IC engine) 212 steam 203
factors 138, ] 44, 147 level, example 138, 152, 153 loops 7, 142 position servo 239,245,263 speed servo 246 split range 153,204 system, analysis 255
cascade 132, 152 kinetic 239 process 127
technique 157,172 theory 127 three clement 207, 228
term 150, 167, 177 transistor stabllisation 182 two element 213. 228
term 162, 165, 175 Control unit 303
Control valve (diaphragm) 115 (pilton) 118 (rotating cylinder) 119 (torque) 118 (wax clement) 120
Controllable pitch propeller 235 Controlled condition 129 ControUer action P 141 .160. 173
P+D 148,165.175 P + I 145.162.186
types 185 ControlIen. electronic one term 173
three term 177 two term 175
master 153,214,234 pneumatic, two step 157
onelenn 160 three tenD 1 67 two term t 62, 165
setting, adjustment 277 slave 153.214,234 stack type 161
Connolling elements liS Converted command signal 128
controUed condition 130 deviation 129
Conversion. decimal-binary 300 Converter, analogue-digital 305
pneumatic-elcctronk: 82 Coolant control, IC engine 212 Correcting elements 115, 129
units 115, 129 Cybernetics 2
D Damping 242, 266 Data logging 306
" processing 282, 306 de amplifier 106 " electric servo-motor 121 " position control 239 " speed camrol 246
Dead time 132 Decimal-binary conversion 300 Demodulation circuit 93 Derivative action 145, 147, 165, 175
factor 147 time 148
Desired value Detecting element, response
(sensor) Detector-alann circuit, fire Detector, CO2
flame flow gas explosion (meter) beat (fire)
128 133
5,129,133 66 70 67 48 67 64
.!
.!
J
J
,
J
•
Detector,level (capacitive) (resistive)
oil in water oil mist oxygen pH piezoelectric pressure relative humidity smoke density
3. 36
34, 62,234 63 72 64 29 32 71
speed (tachogencrator) strain gauge temperature
62 SS 31 11 58 59
128
torque viscosity
Deviation Diapbragm control valve Differential capacitor transducer
115 82
Digital
equations inductor transducer pressure cell
circuits computer instrument logic tachometer
259.263 80 28
9 89
Diode gate, AND. OR semi-oonductor
9,300,304 305 288 56
291 94 95 71
309
zener Dionic water purity meter Direct digital control
33 77 72
level measure Displacement-pneumatic transducer Dissolved oxygen meter Distance-velocity lag 135
181,194 Divisor DoT specimen examination
questions Drayton controller Driver amplifier Drum level controller
313 197 105 227
E Economy 2 Electrical Oowmeter 45
measurements 55 square root
extractor 52 telegraph 86 thermometry 13 transmiUenl 79
Electroflo level transducer 35 Electro-hydraulic speed control 252
-maanetic flowmeter 46 radiation spectrum 113
-pneumatic controller 187 transducer 78
353
90 171 172
Electron conduction Electronic control principles
techniques controller types controllers
188,190 171.188
onc term 173. 174 three tenn 177 ~otenn 175
devices 89 force-balance 82 thermocouple 19 two step control 172
Elemenl 5.42. 115. 128 Empirical controller settings 278 Enpne Iopc system 298 Equivalent T-circuit 103 Error 175 Evaporator flow control 217 Examination questions, specimen 313 Example, level control 138. 152. 153 Exbaust range pressure control 203 Explosion meter detector 67 Extraction. square rool 42, 49 Extrinsic semi-conductors 90
F Feedback 107
amplifier 107 analysis 107 negative 107,158. 160 positive 109 pneumatic 158 stabilisation 242.271
Feedforward 244 Feed regulators, level 227 Field effect transistor 106 F'tlled system tbennomelers 11 Filter circuit 93 Final controlling elements 115 Fire detection-alarm circuit 66
.. (heat) detector 64 First order equation 258
system 258 Flame detector (sensor) 67 Flapper and nozzle 67,76,1.57 Flasb evaporator control 217 Flip-flop oscillator 297 Flow measurement 41 Flowmeter, electrical 45
electra-magnetic 46 mechanical 43
Flow selUOrs 48.53 Auidic logic 299 Force-balance system (electronic) 82
transducer (pneumatic) 77 Foxboro controllers 191. 197 Frequency response analysis 269 Friction damping 242
354
Fuel-air ratio control .. oiloonuol valve
Further analogues
G Gain
.. ampli6en
.. margin Gas analysis
" explosion meter detector " filled thermometer
Gates, Ioiic Gauge. pressure
strain Generalised impedance Gland steam control Governor
electro-hydraulic mecbanical-bydraulic systems
Graphs, control action
H Hagan controUers Hannonic oscillator
response Heat (fire) detector Higher order systems
TECJSCOTEC specimen ex.amination questions
Historical Hold (memory) circuit Human control loop Hybrid computer Hydraulic· mechanical governor
position system
"'""'" cam servo ro lary vane servo se",o variable delivery pump
le engine control circuits oil purification remote control
Igcma gauge Impedance , generalised Inclined tube manometer Index Inductance balance
ratio transducer
Inferential-differentia1 pressure measures rotational
Infra-red Dame detector Inherent regulation
200 116 273
134 108 271 67 67 11
290 26 31
2S7 204 185 252
186.250 249 151
193 110 269
64 264
332, 341 1
29S 143
9 186 245 122 122 123 122 122
212 216
218, 222 37
257 24
351 81 81 80 .7
35,41 43 67
137
Input ekment ramp signal step signal unit
128 33,241.266
241.265 303
Instrument calibration, testing, adjustment 73
305 143 14.
Instrument, digital Integral action control
{actor time
control action {actor
Integrated system Integrators Interaction Interface, oil-water Intrinsic semi-conductors Inverter
J Jacket water control, sineJe
element
144, 146 143 144 308
"2, 182 167,275
34,62,234 90
181
Jacket water control, two element Junction transistor amplifier
212 213
99, 104
K Kenotometer Kent controller
25 18' 239 Kinetic control systems
L Lag 271 Level control, cascade 132,152, 214
example 138, 152, 153 oil-water separator 234 regulator 227
indicator, remote 37, 39 measurement 33 sensor, capacitive 34
resistive 36 simulation-control 310
Unear mode amplificn 99, 104 Liquid in glass thermometer 11
level control 138,142,1"6,1 49 linear vibration damper 286 Load 130 Logic and computing 281
circuits 287 engine control 298 now chart 287 f1uidic 299 solid state 290 switching 288 symbols 290
Loops, control 7,108,213,261
M Magnetic amplifier 97
-Magnitude ratio Manoeuvring relays Manometer. inclined tube
mercury water
Manufacturing system Master cootroller Mathematical models Measurement of electricity
.. flow
.. gas " level ., oil in water " oil mist .. pH " pressure .. smolr.e density " speed .. temperature .. torque-power " viscosity
Measuring element unit
Mechanical controller flowmeter governor -hydraulic speed
control square root extractor thermometry
Memory circuit unit
Mercury barometer in steel thermometer manometer
Meter, carbon dioxide dissolved oxygen explosive gas quantity rate of flow water purity
Microprocessors Mimic dis.~ams
Misalignment. velodty Models Modulation Monitoring: element
l;"lba~1'
268. 272 220
24 24 23
275 153,214 282.310
55 41 61 33
34, 62 63 64 23 62 55 11 51 59
5,129 5
185 43
186
186.250 50 11
295 303
25 12 24 10 72 61 41 41 11
310 309
242, '2 .... 282
93 5,130
})f) Motor element
position servo ae
do
115,129 86,240, '245
121.245,247 121,240,263
Multiplier Multivibrator
N NAND gate Negative feedback:
181,194 112,297
289,295 107,158,160
Nichols chart diagram Non-linear mode amplifier NOR gate NOTgatc np junction TIP" junction n type material Null balance potcntiomcter Nyquist diagram
stability criteria
o Offset Oil mist detector
.. purification system " -water detector (sensor)
interface control
separator Open loop system
" transfer function Operational amplifier Optical pyrometer OR gale Order of system Orifice sensor OsciUalofs OScilloscope, cathode ray Other devices, electronic
measurements servo-motors
Output unit Overall coolant systems Overlap Overshoot Oxygen analyser Oxygen (dissolved) meter
p
355
170,273 99
289.293 289. 292
91 91 90 85
210 211
132. 141,244 63
216 34,62
34,62.234 234 23'
7,261.270 261
107.171,180 20
289.291 257, 258
48 109 112 112 55
126 304 214 131
132,242 68 12
Parallel-series cooting system Parameters, transistor
216 103 85
304 4-
Pen recorder Peripheral units
pit senSOr Phase advance network
"g margin
/JJj)jf! :?,~lroUer Photo-electric cells
·\t\lns\'i\(){
Piezoelectric sensor Piston control valve
water temperature control
p type material pt! junction Pneumatic control priocipks
p
271 134,269.27 J
211 187,190
60 61 29
118
212,213 90
91,94 151
159,161
356
Pneumatic control P + D 165 P + I 162 PT I + D 167 tecbniques 157
controller types 193,197,199 one tcrm 160.161 three term 167 two term 162. 165 P 160. 161 P + D 165 P + I 162 P+1+V 167
Pneumatic-<:u rrent transducer 82 ·c1e(;tronic uansducer 82 force-balance transducer 17 piston scrvo-positioner 123 position-balance transducer 76 relay 158 remote conlrol system 223 square root extractor SI stack controller 161 standardising relay 199 transmitters 76 two-step technique 157
Pneumercatof 39 pnp junction 91
transistor 99 Position-balance ae motor system 87
de motor system 86 indicator (telegraph) 86 transducer (pneumatic}76
control 239 motor ac 87,244
de 86,239 Positioner 116,125 Positive feedback. 109 Potcntiometer circuit 85 Potentiometric pen recorder 85 Power amplifier 105
measurement 57 Pressure conlrol 204
..(:urrent transducer 32, 82 elements 35 gauge, Bourdon 26
Schaffer 27 measurement 23 sensor 29, 32
Primary elements 42 , 47 Probe, level 33 Process 132
control system 127 theory 127
Processor 308 Propeller pitch control 235 Proportional action 137. 142, 160, 173
factor 137 band 139 controlactiol\ 137,141,159
Proportional control (actor P+ I action P + D action P+l+Daction Pump, variable delivery Purge level system Purification control system Pw;h-pull power amplifier
blocking oscillator Pyrometer
Q
138 143. 144, 162 148.150.165 150. 167. 177
122 39
216 105 111
14,20
Quantity meters 41 Questions, specimen examinatiun 313
R Radiation pyrometr), 20
In 113 122
spectrum Radio communication Ram, hydraulic servo Ramp input response R ate
133,241 , 266
., air-fuel .. ~steam of flow meter network
Receiver integrator Receivers Recorder, pen
XY Rectifiers Reference sets Refrigeration contrQlloops Relative humidity detector Relaxation oscillator Relay, manoeuvring
pneumatic Remote control, le engine
transmission !Oystcms water level indicator
Reset
165, 175 201 207
41 243 8'
5.84 85 86 92
30S 231
71 111 220 158 222
6,75 37
162. 174 network 244 feedforward 244
Resist ance level sensor 36 thermometer 13 -temperature ch.aracleristi~ 15 transducer 79
Response analysis 269 curves 133. 241.266 ,270 detecting elements 132 Nyquist 270,272 sinusoidal input 134. 178, 267 stability criteria 270 step input 241. 265
Ring main cooling system 214 " torductor 58
Rool extrdctors 42, 49
Rotameter 46 Rotary cylinder valve 119
vane hydraulic servo 123 Rotating electrical amplifiers 97 RotOl" meter 43 Rototherm 12
s Safety requirements Scalar multiplier Scanner
2 173 30S 21 Schaffer pressure lauge
SCOTEctrEC specimen examination questions 328
Secand order equations 263 systems 258. 262
Secondary elements 42. 47 Self balancin, bridges 14
potentiometers 8S Semi-conductor diode 94 Semi-conductors 89 Sensor. CO2 10
(detectina element) S flame 67 flow 48. S3 Sas explosion (meter) 67 heat (fire) 64 level (capacitive) 34
(resistive) 36 oil in water 34. 62. 234 .. mist 63
pH 64 piezoelectric 29 pressure 32 relative humidity 71 smoke density 62 speed (tachogenerator) 55 strain sauge 31 temperature 11 torque 58 viscosity 59
Series-parallel coolinS loop 216 Servo-governor 249
electro-hydraulk 252 mechanical-hydraulic 250
mechanism 239 motor ac and de 121,240.245 position conlrol ac 244
de 239,263 pneumatic piston 123 ram hydraulic t 22 rotary vane hydraulic 123 speed control ac 247
de 246 Set value Settling time SHM analogue circuit dillgram Signal, command
128 132 286 128
357
Sipal, processing 129,309 sc.&ec;tion 309
Silicon controlled rectifier 96 Simple pendulum analogue simulation 282
computer 285 Simulation, computer 310 Sinale element control 212.228
term control 160. 173 Sinusoidal l'esponac: l~, 118,267 Slave controller 152,214 Small sipa) amplifier 1 ().4
Smoke density detector 62 Smoothin& circuit 93 Solid state devices 91 Soot blower oontro' 205 Specimen examination questions
DoT Class One 321 Specimen examination questions
DoT Class Three 313 Specimen examination questions
DoT Clan Two 315 Specimen uamination questions
Higber; TEC/SCOTEC (and METe) 332
Specimen eumination qucations Higher; TEC/SC01EC (and ONO supp.) 341
Specimen eumination questions TEClSCOTEC (and METC. ONO) 328
Spectrum elcctromasnetic 113 Speed control 246
c5ec-hydraulic 252 mech-hydraulic 250 thyrlstor 248 Ward Leonard 247
measurement (tachogeneralor) 55 Split range control 153,204.214 Sprinl-mass-damper analogue
simulation 286 Square root extraction 42, 49
extractor, electrical 52 mechanical 50 pneumatic 51
Stabilising feedback Stability response criteria Slack controller Standardising relay (Bailey) Steam-air flow rate control
temperalure. oontrol Steering control Step input response Strain gaule Study programme Subsidence ratio SubtraClor Summer Supplies, air Switching circuit logic
242,271 270,271 161,199
199 201 206 236
241 , 265 31
3 141
182. 194 174.181,194
168 288
l ,
I I ,
I 1 1
i I
!
358
Syncbro system 87 System 8, 255
analy~8 255,282 equations 259,263 first order 258 manufacturing 275 order 257.258 performance 265 response 241 second order 258,262 state 255
Systems approach 255,256 comparison, telemetering 6
T Tachogenerator Tachometer Tachometer, digital T-circuit. transistor Technique, control TEC/SCOTEC specimen
" " 56 103
157,112
examination questions 328 Telegraph 86 Telemctering 5, 75
systems, comparison 6 Temperature rnea$un:ment 11
control loops 205.207.212 Terminology BSI 5, 127 Testing, instruments 73 Thermal conductivity COl recorder 70 Thermistor 15 Thermocouple 17
electronic 19 Thermometer, bi-metallic 12
filled system 11 liquid in &lass 11 resistance 13
Tbermometry 11, 13 207,228 Three element control
term. control Through variable Thyristor
speed control
150,167,177 257 96
248 Time constant
delay derivative action inteNal action lal'
Torduetor Torque actuated valve
measurement Transducers. electromagnctic
now sensor force-b&lancc position-balance pre5$Ure-cUlTent variable capacitance
inductance
132,13. 293 148 14. 134 57
118 57 78 53 77 76 82 81 80
Transducers, variable resistance 19 voltage-current 83
Transducen 5,7S Transfer characteristics (transistor) 101
function 8, 260, 268 block diagram 262
lag Transformer rectifier (centre tap) Transient response
135 93
265 9.
10. 102 102 100 106
Transistor amplifier (small signal)
, Voltage characteristics configurations field effect junction oscillator parameteN photo-cell stabilisation control T -circuit unijunction Voltage amplifier
Transmitters
99 110 103 61
182 103 103 102
5,16, 19 95
289 224
Triucr pulse Truth tables Tw'n oown ratio Two element control 213,228
action 136,157,112 162,165,175
136 185
V
224 212 203
Unbonded strain sauAe 31 Unijunction transistor 103 Units, correcting lIS, 129
measuring 130 Univibrator 112 Unmanned machinery sp8CCs (UMS) 4,210 Utilisation 2 U tube manometer 23
V VAFviscotbcrm controller 201 Value, desired 12S
set 128 Valve, diaphragm actuated lIS
piston actuated 118 pneumatic actuated 116 positioner actuated 116 relay actuated !SS rotating cylinder actuated 119 torque actuated 118 wax element actuated 120
1
" ">.!I!I
359
Vane servo 123 Water analysis 71 Vapour pressl,U'e thermometer 12 level indicator, remote 37 Variable capacitance transducer 81 manometer 23
delivery pump 122 purity meter 71 inductance transdoccr 80 temperature 0001101 205,212 resistance 79 Wax element control valve 120
Ve10dty misalignment 242, 244 Well type manometer 24 Venturi sensor 48 Wlteautone bridJC circuit 13,32. 80 Viscometer 59 Viscosity control 229
X controller (V AF) 209 scDaor 60 X plot 282
VOltaJe amplifier transistor 102 XYrewl'der 86 -current tranldgcer 83 ~abiUsalion 9', 182 Y
W Yplot 282
WlIJ'd Leonard :speed control 247 Waste beat flash cvaporator Z
control 217 Zener diode 9S
