Referencing in Academic Writing 2

7/28/2019 Referencing in Academic Writing 2

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using the words or ideas of others is not

acceptable unless you reference those ideas

you must show the readers whose words and

ideas are being used and where those wordsor ideas can be found

If you do not do this, you are, in effect,

stealing other people's ideas (plagiarism)

Students often get mixed up and confused bythe difference between references and

reference lists.


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A reference is the bracketed or footnoted

piece of information within the text that

provides an acknowledgment that we are

using someone else's ideas. A reference list should be attached to the

end of the text. It provides the full

bibliographic information for each of the

sources we have referenced within the text.


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it informs the reader of the source of your

ideas so that he or she can distinguish

between your words and ideas and those of

others. accurate referencing and lists of references

are necessary to allow the reader to evaluate

the information and read further into the

area.


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when you have included an idea in your essay

or report which is not your own original idea

and which is not common knowledge

You must reference the idea whether youhave presented the idea in the author's

original words, as a quote, or have

paraphrased or summarised the author's idea

into your own words. You don't need to include a reference when

the idea or concept is common knowledge in

your discipline.


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Including referenced evidence increases the

formality of a text


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The inequity in the distribution of wealth in Australiais yet anotherindicator of Australia's lack of egalitarianism. In 1995, 20% of the

Australian population owned 72.2% of Australia's wealth with the top

50% owning 92.1% (Raskall 1998, p287). Such a significant skew in

the distribution of wealth indicates that, at least in terms of economics,

there is an established class system in Australia. McGregor (1988)

argues that Australian society can be categorised into three levels: theUpper, Middle and Working classes. In addition, it has been shown that

most Australians continue to remain in the class into which they were

born (McGregor 1988, p156) despite arguments about the ease of

social mobility in Australian society (Fitzpatrick, 1994). The issue of

class and its inherent inequity, however, is further compounded by

factors such as race and gender within and across these class

divisions.

The relative disadvantage of women with regard to their earnings and

levels of asset ownership indicates that within classes there is further

economic inequity based on gender...


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Because only a few people have most of the money and power in

Australia, I conclude that it is not an equal society. Society has an

Upper, Middle and Lower class and I think that most people when they

are born into one class, end up staying in that class for their whole

lives. When all three classes are looked at more closely, other things

such as the differences between the sexes and people's racialbackgrounds also add to the unequal nature of Australian society.

Women earn less than men and own less than men. Why is this so?

Including referenced evidence increases theformality of a text


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several referencing systems

differ in two ways:

the format of the references

the location of the references acknowledging sources is extremely

important

consistency in referencing format is essential

No matter what referencing system you adopt, you

must use it consistently and correctly throughout

your whole piece of writing.


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In-text referencing

incorporates information on the author of the

material cited and the date of publication within

the body of the text

Full bibliographic information for each of the

sources referred to is provided in a reference list

at the end

the notation system

places reference information either at the

bottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end of

the text (endnotes)


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Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most

historically significant cemeteries (Lucas, 1999). The cemetery contains the remains of

many influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and

Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a

cemetery (Gledhill, 1927, p1). A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the

estate of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on

September 23, 1848(Gledhill, 1927, p1). The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate,

was originally part of the 240-acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of thecolony of New South Wales(King, 1934, p8). The cemetery served as one of Sydney's

principal burial grounds from its opening, in 1849, until 1867(King, 1934, p4).

Reference List

Gledhill, P.W., Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the

Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, The Board of Trustees, CamperdownCemetery, Newtown, 1927.

Lucas, C. (updated 10 December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999), State Heritage, State

Heritage Inventory - Item View, http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.html

King, M., Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, NSW, Albert

Holmes, Newtown, 1934.


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Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most

historically significant cemeteries2. The cemetery contains the remains of many

influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and

Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a

cemetery3. A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir

Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September

23, 18484. The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-

acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Wales5.The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in

1849, until 18676.

Reference List

2C. Lucas. State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View,

http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.html (updated 10 December, 1999,

accessed 10 May, 1999).3 P.W. Gledhill, Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for theRestoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, Newtown, 1927, p.1.4 ibid.5 M. King, Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown,

1934, p.8.6 ibid., p. 4.
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/4di_footnotes.htmlhttp://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/4di_footnotes.html


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Author, date and page number

Author in the middle or at the end of thesentence:

(Williams, 2006: 34)

Author is used to begin the sentence

Williams (2006: 34)

Two or more authors

(Adams et al., 2006: 35)

2 authors with the same year of publications

(Cheah 2005a: 77)

(Cheah 2005b: 118)


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Malay author

(Ahmat Adam, 2005: 23)

Author with unknown year of publication

(Chye Fook Yee, t.th.: 7)

Multiple references(Ahmat Adam, 2006: 35; Mohd Sarim Mustajab, 2006:56)

Same author with different same year of publications

(Cheah 2005a: 77, 2005b: 118)

Without author(Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976, 2001: 3;Seventh Day Adventist Encyclopaedia, 1966:45)


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Footnotes and endnotes

a number is placed in superscript within the text, andthe full reference (including all bibliographic details)is placed either at the bottom of the page(footnotes), or at the end of the piece of work

(endnotes). A full reference list should also be provided at the

end of the assignment.

the first footnote or an endnote reference to asource should contain all the bibliographicinformation necessary to identify it.

The second and subsequent references to aparticular source may be abbreviated in two ways:by abbreviating the information of the first citationor by using Latin abbreviations such as ibidandop.cit..


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Abbreviated information:

1. Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning bydoing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p.

1262. Anzai & Simon, p. 178

If two works of the author are referred to,however, more information will be required; forexample,1. A. Baddeley, Human Memory: Theory and Practice,

Allyn and Bacon, Boston,1990.

2. A. Baddeley, Working memory, Science , vol. 255,pp.556-559, 1992.

3. Baddeley, Human Memory, p. 345.


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Latin abbreviations: ibid is the abbreviation ofibidem and means 'in the same place'. You useibid for a reference entry when the citation is

the same as the previous footnote or endnote.If the page number is different, you include thepage number of the new entry after ibid. ibidsaves you writing out the full reference again;for example,

1. Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning bydoing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p.126

2. ibid.

3. ibid., p.157.


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Latin abbreviations: op.cit. is an abbreviationofopere citato that means 'in the work cited'.op.cit. is used together with the authors name

and page number when the full reference hasalready been cited.1. Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by

doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p.126

2. J. R. Anderson. Cognitive psychology and itsimplications, 2nd edn, Freeman, New York, 1985, p.234

3. Anzai and Simon, op. cit., p. 157

4. Anderson, op. cit., p. 36


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Author in the middle or at the end of the

sentence:

(Williams, 1965)

Author is used to begin the sentenceWilliams (2006)

Two authors

Mariam & Chee (2006)

More than 2 authors

(Adams et al., 1994)


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Author with multiple articles in a year

(Cheah, 1998a)

(Cheah, 1998b)

Malay Author(Ahmad, 1992)

Unknown year of publication

(Ong, t.th.)More than 2 references

(Ahmat, 1992; Mohd Sarim, 1995)


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Same author from different references

(Cheah, 1998a, 1998b)

Unknown author

(Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976,2001)


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Based on APA Style (American Psychological

Association)

References items are listed alphabetically at

the end of the thesis These same items are referred to in the body

of the paper using In-Text style.


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Reference: Komisar, L. 1991. The newfeminism. New York: FranklinWatts.

In-Text: (Komisar, 1991)


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Reference: Strunk, W. Jr., White, E. B. 1979.

The elements of style (3rd

Ed.). New York: Macmillan

In-Text: (Strunk & White, 1979)

(Strunk, White, & Smith, 1979)

(Strunk et al., 1979)


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Reference: Roll, W. P. 1976. ESP and

memory. In J.M.O. Wheatley

& H.L. Edge (Eds.),

Philosophical dimensions ofparapsychology(pp.154-

184). Springfield, IL

American Psychiatric Press.

In-Text: (Roll, 1976)


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Reference: Maki, R. H. 1982. Categorization

effects which occur in

comparative judgment

tasks. Memory & Cognition,10, 252-264.

In-Text: (Maki, 1982)


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Reference: Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M.

1971. The control of short-

term memory. Scientific

American, 225, 82-90.

In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971)

(Smith, Zappella, Rosen, Gustman,

& Rock, 1994)

(Smith et al., 1994)


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Reference: Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M.

1971. The control of short-

term memory. Scientific

American, 225, 82-90.

In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971)

(Smith, Zappella, Rosen, Gustman,

& Rock, 1994)

(Smith et al., 1994)


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General rules:

all the elements (except the author's initials and

the year) are separated by commas

the author's surname appears first followed by

the author's initials, separated by a comma

authors initials are followed by a full stop but no

spacing

the citation ends in a full stop

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Referencing in Academic Writing 2

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