Reforming the Industrial Reforming the Industrial WorldWorld

The Luddites: The Luddites: 1811-1811-18161816

The Luddites: The Luddites: 1811-1811-18161816

Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Luddite Triangle

Neo-Luddites

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die Let us die like men, like men,

and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The “Peoples’ Charter”The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform

of the inequalities created by the Reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.

Votes for all men.Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Abolition of the requirement that Members of

Parliament [MPs] be property owners.Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament.Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Unionization Unions fought for better working conditions,

higher wages– Could threaten to strike– Helped skilled workers more than

unskilled Government Response

– Combination Acts of 1799, 1800 (repealed 1824)

Reform Laws in Britain Parliament investigated child labor &

working conditions Factory Act (1833) Mines Act (1842) Ten Hours Act (1847)

U.S. passed National Child Labor Committee

Supreme Court objected federal child labor law in

1919

Reform Movement Spreads Abolition of slavery in British Empire(1833)

– William Wilberforce– Other nations followed Wilberforc

e depicted in the film “Amazing Grace”

Reform Movement Spreads Women’s rights

– Women made higher wages, but still less than men

– Formed unions– Led reform movements– International Council for Women

Jane Addams

Reform Movement Spreads Public education - Horace Mann (U.S.) Prison reform - Alexis de Tocqueville

New Ways of Thinking: New Ways of Thinking: Economic PolicyEconomic Policy

Jeremy Bentham -

Utilitarianism

Robert Owen - Utopianism

Adam Smith – laissez-faire capitalism

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels –

Communism

Capitalism Private ownership, money invested in business

to make profit Laissez-faire capitalism – Favors free market

unregulated by gov’t– “let people do as they please”

Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations (1776)– Law of self-interest– Law of competition– Law of supply & demand

“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we

expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. “

Adam Smith

““The Invisible Hand”The Invisible Hand”““.....every individual necessarily labours to render the annual .every individual necessarily labours to render the annual

revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an many other cases, led by an invisible hand invisible hand to promote an to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good.”those who affected to trade for the public good.”

““The natural effort of every individual to better his own The natural effort of every individual to better his own condition ... is so powerful, that it is alone, and without condition ... is so powerful, that it is alone, and without any assistance, not only capable of carrying on the any assistance, not only capable of carrying on the society to wealth and prosperity, but of surmounting a society to wealth and prosperity, but of surmounting a hundred impertinent obstructions with which the folly hundred impertinent obstructions with which the folly of human laws too often encumbers its operations.” of human laws too often encumbers its operations.” The Wealth of Nations, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV Chapter V Section IVBook IV Chapter V Section IV

““The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over a workman is ... that of his customers. It is the fear of a workman is ... that of his customers. It is the fear of losing their employment which restrains his frauds and losing their employment which restrains his frauds and corrects his negligence.” corrects his negligence.” The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations, Book I , Book I Chapter XChapter X

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

Capitalism - Thomas Malthus

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildrenchildren

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wagesdepresses wages

If labor & resources are scarce, If labor & resources are scarce, goods are expensivegoods are expensive

In other words, a permanent In other words, a permanent underclass would always be underclass would always be poorpoor

Capitalism – David Ricardo

Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

Utilitarianism – people should judge ideas, institutions, & actions on basis of usefulness (utility)

Bentham – gov’t should promote greatest good for greatest # of people

Mill – equal division of profits, cooperative system of agric., women’s rights

“The worth of the state, in the long run,

is the worth of the individuals composing

it”~John Stuart Mill

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

Socialists believed that Socialists believed that people as a society would people as a society would operate and own theoperate and own themeans of production, not means of production, not individualsindividuals

Their goal was a society Their goal was a society that benefited that benefited everyone, not just a rich, everyone, not just a rich, well-connected fewwell-connected few

Tried to build perfect Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]communities [utopias]

Robert Owen of ScotlandRobert Owen of Scotland

The Socialists: Utopians

New Harmony, Indiana

The Socialists – Marxism Radical socialism Marx & Friedrich Engels The Communist

Manifesto

I.R. enriched the wealthy, impoverished the poor

“Haves” vs. “Have-nots”

Employers, or

bourgeoisie

Workers, or proletariat

Marxism & Communism Capitalism would destroy

itself Proletariat would revolt Workers would bring about

economic equality for all people “Dictatorship of the

proletariat”, a classless society Communism – means of

production owned by the people

“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They

have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries,

unite.”

Excerpts from Excerpts from The The Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

““Modern industry has converted the little workshop Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.”embittering it is.”

Excerpts from Excerpts from The The Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

““What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.”inevitable.”

What is Communism?What is Communism?

This is the symbol This is the symbol of Communism – of Communism – The Hammer and The Hammer and the Sicklethe Sickle

Hammer for the

Workers

Sickle for the Peasants – the

farm labourers

Who are these blokes?

What is Communism?What is Communism?

‘‘Those Blokes’ wrote the ‘Communist Those Blokes’ wrote the ‘Communist Manifesto’Manifesto’

in 1847. It’s a short book – but billions of in 1847. It’s a short book – but billions of people have read it….people have read it….

This is Karl Marx, the ‘Father of Communism’. People who believe in his ideas are called ‘Marxists’

This is his good friend, Frederick Engels.

What is Communism?What is Communism? Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies.Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies. This means the way that power, industry and finance are controlled.This means the way that power, industry and finance are controlled. They saw the way countries developed in stages.They saw the way countries developed in stages.

Primitive Communism

Feudalism

Capitalism

Socialism

Communism

Explain these please!

What is Communism?What is Communism?

Primitive Communism

This is how humans first lived together – in small tribes. Primitive means ‘not very advanced’ e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everything was shared amongst the tribe – food, jobs, belongings. No-one owned land. Eventually a group comes to power – this leads to Feudalism…

What is Communism?What is Communism?

Primitive Communism

Feudalism

Under feudalism, a king or emperor or chief becomes the ruler over all the people.

He gives land and privileges to ‘nobles’ who rule the people for him.

The people are kept uneducated and told that god chose the king to rule. The church helps the king this way.

As trade develops, some people get richer. This leads to Capitalism…..

What is Communism?What is Communism?

Feudalism

Capitalism

The business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers do all the hard work.

The capitalists get more power to serve their own interests.

Capitalism creates a huge working-class of people who soon get angry at the way they are treated. They organise in unions and demand changes. This will lead to a revolution and Socialism…

What is Communism?What is Communism?

Socialism

Capitalism

In the Socialist revolution all the rulers – kings, churches, capitalists are got rid of.

The workers take control of the country to produce things for everyone.

Because nothing is made for profit, all people benefit from education and health.

These ideas spread across the world to create Communism….

What is Communism?What is Communism?

Socialism

Communism

The remaining capitalists put up a bitter fight, but the will of the people will always win.

As everyone now works together, war is a thing of the past – armies are not needed. Sharing means no police are needed. Everything is provided by the people – so money becomes a thing of the past.

All human activity goes towards benefiting each other – allowing all to live their lives to the full.

Marxism Inspired Later Revolutionaries…

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Social classesSocial classes– Factory workers Factory workers

overworked, underpaidoverworked, underpaid– Growing middle classGrowing middle class– Tension between upper Tension between upper

and middle classesand middle classes– Long-term Long-term standard of standard of

living roseliving rose Cities increased in sizeCities increased in size

– Many cities specialized in Many cities specialized in certain industriescertain industries

– Long-term Long-term suburbs suburbs grew as people left citiesgrew as people left cities

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Living conditionsLiving conditions– Cities lacked Cities lacked

sanitary codes or sanitary codes or building codesbuilding codes

– Housing, water, and Housing, water, and social services were social services were scarcescarce

– Disease epidemics Disease epidemics spreadspread

– Long-term Long-term housing, diet, & housing, diet, & clothing improvedclothing improved

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution Working conditionsWorking conditions

– Created jobsCreated jobs– Factories were dangerous, dirty, harsh disciplineFactories were dangerous, dirty, harsh discipline– Long-term Long-term Higher wages, shorter hours, better Higher wages, shorter hours, better

conditionsconditions Political effectsPolitical effects

– Social reform Social reform movementsmovements

– Child labor lawsChild labor laws

Impact of IndustrializationImpact of Industrialization Shifted world balance Shifted world balance

of powerof power Increased competition Increased competition

between industrialized between industrialized nationsnations

Rise of global inequalityRise of global inequality ImperialismImperialism Transformation of Transformation of

societysociety

Global Inequality TodayGlobal Inequality Today