Research Methodology

Class for Final Year ProjectFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Presentation Outline

FYP 1 Preparations

Introduction

Problem Statement

Objectives

Literature Review

Research Methodology

Expected Outcome

Gantt Chart

References

Components in FYP2

What Is Research?

3

Research is “a procedure by which we attempt to systematically find the answer to a question or the resolution of a problem, with the support of demonstrable fact.”

(adapted from Leedy, 1989)

Research is “a systematic investigation into the study of materials, sources, etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions”

(Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary)

The Research Cycle

5

Identify research

area

Design research

study

Conduct research

Analyse research

Publish research results

Research QuestionsThe framework of any research project relies on the answers to four

important questions:

What are you going to do?

Why are you going to do it?

How are you going to do it?

When are you going to do it?

6

Title and Objectives

Problem Statement and

Contribution of Study

Research Methods or

Methodology

Project Planning

Preparing Your Research Title

The title of your research should clearly related to the

proposal content

Avoid using word “A Study of” or “A comparison of”

If a long title cannot be avoided, consider a main title and

subtitle (example: Projection of social trends using time

series indicators: Methodology and application in educational

planning)

The letter should not exceed 20 words and should contain

keywords to help future users locate this document

7

FYP 1 Preparations

Slide presentation (Power point)

Project proposal

Structure of your Project Proposal

9

Your proposal should contain the following:

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

(a) Problem statement

(b) Objectives

(c) Scope and limitations

(d) Contribution of study

3. Literature review

4. Methodology

5. Expected outcomes/results

6. References

7. Plan of action and milestones (Gantt chart)

Preparing Your Abstract

The abstract is presented at the beginning of the

proposal or final report.

The abstract is a summary of the whole

proposal/final report.

Important points:

- Introduction

- Problem statement

- Objective

- Methodology

- Expected Outcome

- Significance Contribution

10

Preparing Your Abstract Keep your abstract short and simple (in one page, preferably 150

to 250 words).

A good abstract has the following qualities:

11

1. Follows the chronology of the proposal/final report.

2. Provides logical connections between the

information included.

3. Often uses passive verbs to downplay the author

and emphasize information.

e.g. The research was conducted for the purpose of …

Observations were made during …

Preparing Your Abstract For proposals, however, use the future tense since you have not

conducted the work nor obtained any results yet.

e.g. The collection of data will involve …..

A relationship will be developed between …..

Remember, although the abstract

comes first, it should be prepared last!

Avoid the use of personal experiences

and opinions.

Avoid using quotes.

Preparing Your Introduction

Present general introduction regarding topic

Creative way: put pictures (slide)

Example 1 : Introduction (Slide)

Residential development on or near mountainous terrains

is accepted as a trend of life style in city centre

Slope failure often occur and it leads to great loss in

property and human life (Geo, 2009)

Highland TowerBkt Antarabangsa

Example 1: Introduction – Cut Slope

Protection

Bukit Setiawangsa

- Soil Nailing

Uitm Puncak Alam

- Vetiver Grass

(Vegetation)

EXAMPLE 2: INTRODUCTION

Site Exploration

Methods:

Geologic Mapping

Geophysics

Exploration

Boring

In situ Testing

Geophysics Exploration

Techniques:

Seismic

Electromagnetic

Electrical

Resistivity

Gravity

Ground

Penetrating Radar

Electrical Resistivity

Technique

Georesistivity

index value

of Ground

Best Method

2 ways to write Introduction part in Thesis:

i. Cite the statement – put Author and Year

ii. Present statement in your own word after reading

sources – Rewrite and rearrange the statement

Chapter 1: Introduction part (Thesis)

Preparing Your Aims and Objectives

Emphasize how aims are to be accomplished.

Address the expected outcomes of the research.

At least, minimum 3 objectives to fulfil

requirement

19

Objectives

Determine

the engineering

parameters and

georesistivity

index of soil

materials

Determine the

2D georesistivity

images of

stratified soil

To correlate

the georesistivity

images with engineering

parameters of

soil

EXAMPLE : SLIDE PPT

Preparing Your Problem Statement A problem statement is a description of an issue that needs

to be researched to see whether a solution can be found.

Writing a problem statement should help you clearly identify

the purpose of the project

Creative ways : put pictures, cartoon or article newspaper in

slide ppt

21

Example 1: Problem statement

The most critical problems that always face in the site is to determine the characterization of site geology

Some causes of geotechnical failures occur

Lack of understanding about site geology

Improper sampling could effect the evaluation because of disturbance and/or contamination. This will make the works are in error value

For the drilling method, it also brought the contaminated material to the surface during the process. This contaminated material would effect the construction.

Slope failure at

Lanchang Area

(KM 89.55

Westbound)

AFTER PLANTING VETIVER

GRASS WITHIN ONE YEAR

BEFORE PLANTING

VETIVER GRASS

• The slope failure is still occur although have been protected with

bioengineering technique – vegetation (Christian and Frank, 2009; Kwok

2006)

• One of the critical factors known trigger slope failure in Malaysia

tropic climate is monsoon rainfall (Diti,2009)

• Malaysia is among the highest country received rain with average

rate of annual rainfall is about 2500 mm with high humidity

(Ismail et al.2006)

Slope failure at KM

154.87 wb

EXAMPLE 4: PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sources: New strait time (20 June 2000)

Preparing Your Research Contribution

Explaining how your research is new. The following are

some tips writers use to indicate research contribution:

1. Demonstrate in a sentence how your research matters

to the general public.

2. Review and summarize previously published research

literature.

3. Identify a "gap" in the previous research (i.e. a

problem that has not been resolved, or a new

application that has not been considered).

4. Show that there is something missing (or unfulfilled)

in the current state of research and that there is a

need for this gap to be filled.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Definition:

According to Creswell (2005), literature review is a

review of the literature “is a written summary of

journal articles, books and other documents that

describes the past and current state of information,

organizes the literature into topics and documents a

need for a proposed study.”

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Who has done what and how?

What is their plan for “further work”?

Have they reported more recent work?

Findings (the important part) during the past

10 years

Literature ReviewWhat sources are considered “valid” literature?

Everything relevant to your research topic that has been written and

published, such as:

29

Journal articles

Conference proceedings

BooksHistorical

records

Government records

Newspaper articles

Theses Dissertations

Project reports

Technical notes/papers

Standards / Specifications

Manuals / Guidelines

Literature ReviewWhat sources are considered NOT VALID literature?

30

Wikipedia BlogsOnline Forums

Lecture Notes

Important!

Do not just summarise the research findings that

others have reported. You must also evaluate and

comment about each study's worth and validity.

You should conclude the review with a statement of

your hypothesis, or a focused research question.

Writing Your Literature Review

31

Your review should be made up of three parts:

(1) Introduction

(2) Body

(3) Conclusion

The introduction should include:

The nature of the topic under discussion (the topic of

your thesis)

The parameters of the topic (what does it include and

exclude)?

Writing Your Literature Review

32

The body should include, among others:

Current Historical background

Definitions

Current/past research studies

Principal questions that are being asked

Methodologies and methods in use

General findings that are being drawn

EXAMPLE 1: LITERATURE REVIEW (SLIDE)

Techniques Application Finding Reference

2D Resistivity Imaging

technique

To determine the subsurface

leachate recirculation in

Orchard Hills Landfill

2D Resistivity technique was

successfully help to assess

the distribution of leachate

recirculation

Solenne et al.2006

To investigate subsurface

contamination at Sungai

Besar Landfill Site

Success technique in

determining the subsurface

contamination. Major

direction flow of

contamination was found

towards the sea.

Tan Chin Lee et al.2004

To determine the suitability

of site geology for proposed

Edmonton landfill site

1.Recommended this

technique is a viable to

determine the subsurface

geology

2.The technique is fast and

economical

Lindsay et al. 2003

EXAMPLE 2: Literature Review –The Role of

Microorganisms (SLIDE)

Researcher Findings Genus Species

Davis et al. (1978) The inoculation of Vesicular

Mycorrhizae Fungi were

significantly increased the

Phosphorus uptake of citrus,

avocado, and alfalfa seedlings

• Phytophthora parasitica

• P.cinnamomi

• Glomus fasciculatus

Sally et al. (2003) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Fungi were increased the

Phosphorus uptake of flax,

medic and tomato plants

• Glomus rosea

• Glomus caledonium

• Glomus intaradices

Ghazi (2004) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Fungi were increased the

Phosphorus, Zinc and Copper

uptake of winter wheat

• Glomus mosseae

• Glomus etunicatum

Ortas (2010) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Fungi were able increased

Phosphorus and Zinc uptake of

cucumber plant

• Glomus caledonium

• Glomus etunicatum

• Glomus clarum

• Glomus mosseae

Tiby (2009) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Fungi were able increased

N,P,K and Mg uptake of jujube

and tamarind seedlings

• Glomus aggregatum

Citing

35

Citing references in text:

Author (Year) found that …….

It was found that …… (Author, Year).

Remember, you must only mention the author’s

surname when citing in text and the year the

source was published.

e.g. Linda Johnson (2001)

(Johnson, 2001) or Johnson (2001)

Citing

36

Example:

According to Mohamed (2005), a large proportion of

scheduling problems in the various sectors, such as

economic and engineering, can be classified with a

class of problems known as constrained optimisation.

or

A large proportion of scheduling problems in the

various sectors, such as economic and engineering,

can be classified with a class of problems known as

constrained optimisation (Mohamed, 2005).

Citing

37

If there are two authors, e.g. Mohd Ali Abdullah

and Tan Beng Keat (2008)

(Abdullah & Tan, 2008) or Abdullah & Tan (2008)

If there are three or more authors, e.g. John

Michael Smith, Paul Lee, Ranjit Singh & Syed

Naser Al-Attas (2011)

(Smith et al., 2011)

Main author

How to write Literature

Review in Thesis

EXAMPLE: Physical appearance

Researcher (Year): Findings

Case 1: Sajid Mohamad

(2019) write as Sajid,M

(2018)

Found himself is more

handsome than Ernar

Case 2: Amjad

Husam(2015) write as

Amjad,H(2015)

Found Syah is the most cutest

men in Damansara

Case 3: Munir Alhallak,Lim

Ley Yang,Naressh,

Mohammad Khobaib, Poe

Myal Chal,Biplab

Kashyapi, Honey and Moon

( 2019) write as Munir et

al. (2019)

Found Taher is the macho

men in the world

Thesis:

• Case 1: Based on survey

feedback,Sajid,M(2019) found himself is

more handsome than Mustafa. The survey

was carried out in Kuala Lumpur and Klang.

A no.of 70 womens vote for Sajid,M while a

no.of 30 mens vote for Ernar. In addition,

Wail and Basel (2020) agree / disagree with

this statement by …..%.

• Case 2: According to the survey feedback,

Amjad,H(2015) found Syah is the most

cutest men in Damansara.A no of 100 of

survey questionnaires were given to public

person in Damansara on 2 March 2020.

• Case 3: Based on the survey questionnaire

outcome, Munir et al. (2019) clarified Taher

is the macho men in the world. The surveys

were carried out through online on 13 July

2019. A no of 1,000 000 womens vote for

him to be chosen as the macho person.

Slide Presentation:

EXAMPLE

Researchers Findings

Chok et al. (2004), Wendi

(2006), Joanne and John

(2006), Ghassem et al.( 2007),

Faisal and Normaniza (2007),

Sasan et al (2009), Rajesh and

Shrivastva (2011), Yong et

al.(2011) & Ali et al. (2012)

Vegetation influences slope stability

in two ways, hydrological effects and

mechanical effects

Chok et al.(2004), Joanne and

John (2006), Wendi (2006),

Faisal and Normaniza (2007),

Ghassem (2007), Bibalani and

Majnounia (2008), Sasan et al.

(2009), Bujang and Sina

(2010) & Yong et al. (2011)

The vegetation have tendency to

reduce moisture content of soil

through interception of rain and

draws water from the soil via

evapotranspiration

Thesis:

Slide:

Key important things to highlight in

sources to do Literature Review:

From Journal article, conference proceedings paper

or books:

Abstract

Methodology

Result/ Discussion

Conclusion/ Findings

Introduction / Problem Statement (general)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Present the works that you may carry out through

Flow Chart

Definition: Flow chart is a work planning where

show through geometric patterns.

43

Flow Chart

of

Research

Methodology

Sampling of

Sedimentary

residual soil

Literature

Review

Laboratory model

Experimental

Work

Soil

Mineralogy

Correlation

and

interpretation

of images

with physical

properties

Geomaterial

Testing

Georesistivity

index

Dry Wet

Physical

Properties

Moisture

Content

Petrography

Study

(Texture of

cement

mortar)

Interbedded strata

model study

Hard Layer

(Cement + sand)

Residual Soil

Residual Soil +

Hard Layer

Discussion

Correlation

between

georesistivity

index and

physical

properties

Discussion

Soil

Cement

Mortar

METHODS

Experimental Survey

• Standard you may used

(ASTM/BS/EUROCODE)

• Experimental that you

may carry out

• How many samples

• Site location

• Results: present by

graph or Table

• Survey Questionnaire

a) Location conduct

survey, date

b) Type of

questionnaire

c) Target: public

person

• Result: Bar and Pie

Chart

Modeling

(Software)

•Data Collection

a) Rainfall Intensity

b) Topography map

(Contour data)

c) Landuse map

d) Soil type (map)

• Results: Merge map

into each other

4 0 4 Miles

Soil Erosion Risk Map

0 - 3992.664

3992.664 - 7985.328

7985.328 - 11977.992

11977.992 - 15970.656

15970.656 - 19963.32

19963.32 - 23955.984

23955.984 - 27948.648

27948.648 - 31941.313

31941.313 - 35933.977

No Data

S

N

EW

Soil Erosion Risk Map

4 0 4 8 Miles

Landuse1.shpCoconut

Diversified Crops

Fish and Hyacinth AreasFish and Hyacinth Ponds

ForestGrasslands

Mixed Horticulture

Oil PalmRecreational Areas

RubberScrub

Swamps

Tin Mining AreasUnused Land

Urban and Associated AreasWater

N

EW

S

LANDUSE MAP

4 0 4 8 Miles

Dem

Elevation Range446.667 - 500393.333 - 446.667340 - 393.333286.667 - 340

233.333 - 286.667180 - 233.333126.667 - 18073.333 - 126.667

20 - 73.333

S

N

EW

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

4 0 4 8 Miles

LS FACTOR

0 - 13.932

13.932 - 27.864

27.864 - 41.796

41.796 - 55.728

55.728 - 69.659

69.659 - 83.591

83.591 - 97.523

97.523 - 111.455

111.455 - 125.387

No Data

S

N

EW

LS FACTOR

4 0 4 8 Miles

R FACTOR283.468 - 338.34338.34 - 393.213393.213 - 448.085448.085 - 502.958502.958 - 557.83557.83 - 612.702612.702 - 667.575667.575 - 722.447722.447 - 777.32No Data

S

N

EW

R FACTOR

Georesistivity Index Vs Moisture Content of Sandy Soils for

Model 2 and Model 3 in Undrained Condition

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 10 20 30 40 50

Moisture Content (%)

Ge

ore

sis

tiv

ity

In

de

x (

Oh

m.m

)

Sandy Soil Layer 2 Model 2 Sandy Soil Layer 1 Model 2

Sandy Soil Layer 2 Model 3 Sandy Soil Layer 1 Model 3

Model 2

Model 3

Electricity ions

Extreme of electricity

ions

Relationship between Georesistivity Index and Moisture

Content for Model 2, Model 3, and Model 4

y = 5032.1x-1.6635

R2 = 0.6427

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Moisture Content (%)

Geo

resis

tivit

y I

nd

ex (

Oh

m.m

)

Hard Layer Sandy Soils Pow er (Sandy Soils)

Georesistivity Index Vs Day for Hard Layer, Sandy Soil

Layer 1, Sandy Soil Layer 2, and Sandy Soil Layer 3

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100

Day (Time)

Geo

resis

tivit

y I

nd

ex (

Oh

m.m

)

m ois ture contents decreas es

UNDRAINED CONDITION DRAINED

CONDITION SURCHARGED

0.7

kN/m

1.0

kN/m

2.0

kN/m

2.0

kN/m

SANDY SOIL 2

SANDY SOIL 3

MODEL 2

MODEL 3a MODEL 3b

MODEL 4

SANDY SOIL 1

HARD LAYER

HARD LAYER

Laboratory Work

No. Lab Objective Equipment Place

1Consolidation Test

• To cover the rate of the

consolidation for the saturated

specimen of soil

2Particle Size

Distribution

Test

• To determine the grain size

analysis of the soil from course

size to fine size

3Specific Gravity

Test

• To obtain the specific gravity of

the soil sample

4Water Content

Demonstration

Test

• To measure the mass moisture

content in the soil sample

5Mineralogy Test

(XRD)

• To determine the mineralogy of

the soil sample by x-ray

diffraction machine.

6Atterberg Limits

Test

• To determine the liquid limit and

plastic limit of the soil

CREATIVE WAYS:

Simple way

Anime /movement

Sketch the equipment

Video

EXAMPLE 1 : APPARATUS (SIMPLE WAY)

Direct shear Box

apparatus

with accessories

Hammer

Force

Wooden Pieces

Shear Box

Laptop with direct shear

software

EXAMPLE 1 : Testing Procedure (SIMPLE WAY)

EXAMPLE 2: ANIME/MOVEMENT

ORIGINAL PICTURE OF SET UP

50

Laptop

Copper

Electrode

Jumper

Electrode Selector

ABEM Terrameter

SAS4000

Cable 1 Cable 2

Hard Layer30cm

Sandy Soil Layer 1 5cm

Sandy Soil Layer 2 5cm

ANIME: MODEL 1- DRY CONDITION

ORIGINAL PICTURE OF SET UP

52

Hard Layer

Sandy Soil Layer 1

Sandy Soil Layer 2

Water

Sandy Soil Layer 3 30cm

Hard Layer15cm

Laptop

Copper

Electrode

Jumper

Electrode Selector

ABEM Terrameter

SAS4000

Cable 1 Cable 2

Soil Moisture Probe

ANIME: MODEL 3 - UNDRAINED AND DRAINED CONDITION

Georesistivity Image for Model 3 in Undrained

condition at day 1

Hard Layer

Sandy Soil Layer 1

Sandy Soil Layer 2

Sandy Soil Layer 3

Hard Layer

Rainfall

Hoses

ANIME: PROPOSED PHYSICAL TANK MODEL

(NEW FABRICATION)

Physical Tank

Modeling

Slope

angle

indicator

Water

storage

Tank

Minirhizotron

camera

EXAMPLE 3: SKETCH THE EQUIPMENT

In Thesis..

- For procedure, apparatus and

standard of lab test – must do in

paragraph

Presenting Expected Outcome

Present Hypothesis Of Findings / Outcome

Present Significance Contribution

EXAMPLE: Expected Outcome & Significance

Contribution

a) Expected Outcome

Identification of good bacteria/fungi that enhance

vegetation root growth with high water uptake

capacity

Improvise biogeotechnology slope stability in

wet climate

b) Significance Contribution

An optimum green technology that able to mitigate slope failure especially

triggered by monsoon rain

Gantt Chart & Milestone

• Present work planning based on year

and month

References (IN THESIS AND SLIDE PPT)

List of references that you have found and read

The References list must be in alphabetical order.

If you have referred to two or more articles by the same author, then arrange according to the year published (earliest article first).

e.g.

Shinar, D. (2001) …….

Shinar, D. (2007) …….

Referencing

61

Books:

Author (Year). Title of Book. Edition. Location:

Publisher.

e.g.

Walliman, N. (2005). Your Research Project: A Step-by-

step Guide for First Time Researcher. 2nd ed.

London: Sage Publications.

Indent after first line

Referencing

62

Journals:

Author (Year). Title of Article. Name of Journal,

Volume No. (Issue No.), page numbers.

e.g.

Mikac, N. & Branica, M. (1994). Complexation of

Trialkyllead with Diethyldithiocarbonate.

Electroanalysis, 6(2), pp. 37 – 43.

Referencing

63

Proceedings:

Author (Year). Title. Proceeding. Location: Publisher.

Page numbers.

e.g.

Alias, M. (2006). The Effects of Teacher Generated

Concept Maps on the Learning of Secondary School

Physics. Proc. of the Second Int. Conf. on Concept

Mapping. San Jose: Universidad de Costa Rica. pp.

550-557.

Referencing

64

Corporate Documents:

Name of corporate body (Year). Title of document.

Location: Publisher.

e.g.

Austroads (2008). Guide to Traffic Management: Part

8: Local Area Traffic Management. Sydney:

Austroads.

Referencing

65

Standards:

Name of institution (Year). Name of standard.

Location: Standard number.

e.g.

British Standards Institution (1987). Tongued and

Grooved Software Flooring. London: BS 1297.

Referencing

66

Theses:

Author (Year). Title. Name of institution: Level of

thesis.

e.g.

Mohamed, B. (2008). Design of Pavement on Soft Soil.

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Master’s

Project Report.

Referencing

67

Newspapers:

Author (Date). Title of article. Name of newspaper.

Page numbers.

e.g.

Latiff, A. B. A. (2001, Februari 14). Hatinya telah

dimiliki. Utusan Mingguan. p. 12.

Referencing

68

Articles published on the internet:

Author (Date). Title of article. Name of website. Date

retrieved, from URL.

e.g.

Cain, K. (2012, June 29). The Negative Effects of

Facebook on Communication. Social Media Today

RSS. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from

http://socialmediatoday.com.

FYP2 PART

COMPONENTS IN FYP 2

Introduction

Problem Statement

Objective

Significance of the study

Limitation

Research Methodology

Results/ Discussion

Conclusion and Recommendation

Prepare in Slide Power point & Technical Paper

Analysing Data

71

Leedy (1994) describes statistics

as “a language that, through its

own special symbols and

grammar, takes the indefinable

facts of life and translates them

into comprehensive meaning”.

You do not have to be a mathematician to use this

special language, as user-friendly computer

packages (e.g. SPSS, SAS, MATLAB, Minitab, and

even MS Excel) will do all the calculations for you.

However, you must be able to understand the

function and applicability of the various tests to

your data sets.

Presenting Your Findings

72

After analyzing your data, you will need to present

the findings of your research. This should be done

effectively in the Results and Discussion chapter

of your final report.

Presenting your results well, using words and

graphics, is an important skill that you will have to

learn. You will need to:

(1) Properly use text and visual aids

(2) Interpret the results

(3) Refer to figures or tables correctly

Presenting Your Findings

73

Properly Use Text and Visual Aids

Present your findings in words with the aid of

tables, charts and graphs in order to make your

findings clear and easy to understand.

Remember, you should write a report and not draw

a report. The text is primary. The graphics are

only there to support the text.

Presenting Your Findings

74

Example

5.3 Extent of knowledge of CPR

As can be seen from Figure 5.10, only 21% of the respondents reported knowing

how to administer CPR.

Figure 5.10: Percentage of respondents who know how to do CPR

This is a surprising finding, considering the many opportunities offered to the

public to learn emergency procedures. This finding may also be deemed worrying

given that government efforts to train the public to be ready for emergencies are

central to the concept of total defense.

Presenting Your Findings

75

Use Proper Language of Reporting

Example:

From the survey, 36% of the

respondents feel that …

The survey shows that 36% of

the respondents feel that …

AppropriateInappropriate

From interviews with students,

they do not benefit from …

From interviews with students,

it was found that they do not

benefit from …

According to the respondents,

they say that …

The respondents say that …

(Redundant!)

(It was not FROM the survey/interview that the respondents felt that way!)

Presenting Your Findings

76

Interpret the Results

You not only need to report data, but you also need

to interpret data, which is to say what the data

means in relation to your research question.

Example:

The majority of the

respondents (70%) said that

they had to wait for more than

half an hour before being able

to board the bus to KLCC,

between 7.00 and 8.30am.

The finding indicates that the

frequency of bus service to

KLCC in the morning peak

hours is inadequate.

Interpreting dataReporting data

Presenting Your Findings

77

Refer to Figures or Tables Correctly

If you include any figure or table in your report, you

should:

1. Number it and give it a concise, accurate caption.

1. Draw the reader’s attention to the figure or table

in your text.

1. Make sure that the figure or table is located

after the text that mentions it.

Concluding Your Report

78

The final stage of your report writing is the closing

chapter that includes conclusions of your research.

Conclusions are shorter sections of academic texts

which:

1. Summarize and bring together the main areas

covered in the writing.

2. Provide a final comment.

The final comment may also include making

suggestions for improvement and speculating on

future directions.

THANK YOU

79