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RESPIRATION
But we need to quit taxing people upon death… no taxation without respiration ~ Stephen King
What is respiration?
• The process in which organisms exchange gases with the environment
• Unicellular organisms use diffusion– Diffusion involves moving molecules from areas of high
concentration to low concentration • Larger organisms have specialized organs for respiration • 2 types
– aerobic- uses oxygen– anaerobic – doesn’t use oxygen
How does respiration happen at the cellular level?
• Cells break down glucose into CO2 and water– Equation: C6H12O6+O2 = CO2+H2O
• Photosynthesis is the chemical opposite of respiration– Equation: CO2+H2O = C6H12O6+O2
• Adaptations are structures that increase an organisms chances of ________ and __________.
• Examples include: lungs; gills; trachea and spiracles; and, in some organisms, skin
survivingreproducing
How do lungs work?
• Sponge-like elastic organs that exchange gases between body and air of many land dwelling creatures– Few marine animals have lungs
such as dolphins and whales• Usually in pairs in the chest• Air moves through branched
tubes that become smaller and smaller
• Tiniest branches of tubes end in balloon-shaped sacs with thin walls called alveoli
How does oxygen get to the rest of the body?
• Alvioli are surrounded by capillaries where blood picks up oxygen AND blood transfers CO2 released by the body’s cells– This occurs by diffusion
• Oxygen is delivered to body by blood
• O2 and CO2 are between avioli and blood by simple diffusion– This is also the method in
which the gases are exchanged between cells and blood
Assignment!
• Lung coloring sheet • Due tomorrow• Materials:– Coloring pencils or crayons– Worksheet
What are gills and how do they work?
• Specialized tissues containing many blood vessels that can take in oxygen dissolved in water– Used by many aquatic animals– Covered by a flap of skin
• Fish take in water through their mouths
• As water flows over gills oxygen is taken in, and carbon dioxide is removed as water flows out of the gills – Happens by diffusion
How well do gills work?
• They are less efficient that lungs– Difficult to move water over
them– O2 concentration in water is low
• Some aquatic animals have special adaptations– Mollusks and clams have gills in
their body cavity allowing them to pump water over their gills
– Some crustaceans like lobsters and crabs have gills on their legs so they can walk to move water over them
What about amphibians?
• Frogs and salamanders spend the entire beginnings of life in water and depend entirely on gills– Physically move gills to move
water over them• As adults they live on land
and water and develop lungs• Many use their skin • Some frogs also use the lining
of their mouth for gas exchange
Do land animals use other methods?
• Some use skin only – Thin skinned and small– Skin must stay moist– Ex. Earthworms secrete mucus
and live underground and oxygen in soil diffuses through its thin skin into capillaries; carbon dioxide diffuses out
– Other examples of animals that use their skin for respiration:• Amphibians• Segmented worms • Mollusks• Some arthropods (insects)
How do insects exchange gases?• Arthropods (insects) use
a network of tubes within their body called trachea
• Trachea deliver oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide directly to tissues
• Trachea are connected to the outside of the body using tiny openings in the exoskeleton called spiracles
How do plants exchange gas?
• Plants take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen through photosynthesis
• At night, plants take in oxygen for cellular respiration
• Plants do BOTH photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Exchange gas through tiny openings called stomata– Gas moves between stomata and cells
via diffusion – Land stomata are usually under leaves
in the epidermis
How do plants keep from drying out?
• Guard cells control the size of stomata– Help maintain homeostasis, or balance in
the cell• Gases exchanged are:
– Carbon dioxide - in – Oxygen - out– Water vapor – out
• Usually plants open stomata in the morning
• When do you think desert plants open theirs? Why?
• Land plants usually have stomata on the bottom of their leaves. Where do you think aquatic plants stomata are? Why?– Some plants have roots adapted to take in
oxygen also
Assignment!
• Leaf anatomy coloring worksheet• Due tomorrow• Materials:– Colored pencils or crayons– Worksheet