Restoring Degraded Mine Land Using Native Species

Dr. Yadi Setiadi

Land Rehabilitation SpecialistFaculty of Forestry, IPB

Campus IPB, Darmaga, Bogorysetiad55@gmail.com

Function of Tropical Rain Forest

Habitat for flora and faunaGenetic resourcesConserve soil and water Supporting biodiversityNatural resourcesMaintaining climatic conditionsWater cycle processesCarbon sequestration

Factors Forest Destruction

Poor logging operationsIllegal loggingForest firesAgriculture developmentTimber plantationsEstate crops plantationsShifting cultivationTransmigrationMining OperationsOil and Gas operations

Potential Resources Under Forests

NickelGold and CupperCoalTinOil and GasOthers

Eliminates some part of vegetation;;Disturbed some of the original ecosystemIncreases the rate of soil erosion and run-­off (sedimentation, contamination)Reduces of native species biodiversityDamages to wildlife habitat Damages of watershed areaChanges natural landscape

Impact of Mining Operations

Degraded mined land

Exposed Loss of root and crown function

No vegetation Loss of supporting biodiversity

No top soil and sub-­soil Loss of land productivity

Land stability Land slides and erosion

Poor soil Low seedling survival and poor growth

Government Regulations Related toForest Land Rehabilitation

UUD No 41, tahun 1999, Tentang Kehutanan.PP, No 24, tahun 2010, Tentang Penggunaan KawasanHutan.PP, No 76, tahun 2008, Tentang Rehabilitasi dan Reklamasi Hutan. PerMenHut (revisi) No 18, tahun 2011, TentangPedoman Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan.PerMenHut (revisi) No 4, tahun 2011, Tentang PedomanReklamasi. PerMenhut No 60, tahun 1999, Tentang PedomanPenilaian Keberhasilan Reklamasi Hutan.PerMenESDM no 18, tahun 2008, Tentang RencanaReklamasi dan Rencana Penutupan Tambang

Restoring degraded mined land

ProtectionStabilized and cover the exposed landReduce erosion and improve land stability

ConservationEnhancing native plant species (biodiversity)Conserve potential native speciesImprove wild life habitat conditions

ProductionImproved soil fertility (long term)Produce non woody productsBenefit for local people

No change in the structure and function of the forest

Repairing the structure and function of the forest , related to their function

Factors to be considered

Land conditions after mining (derelict)Status of forest function (protected, production, conservation )

Government regulations (Revegetation Planning, successful criteria, follow guide line)

Post mining land use (multi stakeholder)

Revegetation Activities

Selection of native trees species Planting stock productionSite preparationSoil amendmentsPlanting techniquesMaintenanceMonitoring and EvaluationTraining

Species selection

Select adapted local species which are: 1.Relatively fast growing2.Light demanding and low nutrient demanding3.Produces abundance and decomposed litter4.Perform or function as a “catalytic”5.Easy to propagate and to culture6.Low cost for planting and maintenance7.Easy to manage8. Appropriate to land used (forestry planning)

Using Local Tree species

Advantages

Recommended by the governmentAdapted to local soil and climatic conditions Resistant to pest and diseases Maintains local species diversityReduces potential booming of weeds Minimizes “genetic identity”contamination Promotes conservation program

Disadvantages

Lack information of the utilization Lack information of their ecology and silvicultural techniquesThe seeds or seedling are not available in the marketRelatively slow growing

Soil Physical PropertiesSoil texture (grain size distribution)Porosity (aeration)Depth to hard-­pad or impervious layerSoil compaction (water-­logged, root inhibition)Soil moisture content, surface temperature

Soil BiologyVegetation cover and carbon content Microbial population and activities

Soil ChemicalPoor soil nutrientsSoil reaction (pH)Low cation exchange capacity (CEC)Mineral toxicity

Soil problems

Soil Problems

Constraints Oil/Gas Coal Mining Nickel Mining Sand Tailing

pH 3.4-­5.6 2.8-­5.5 4.2-­7.3 5.8-­6.4

Compaction Fair High High Low

WHC Low Low Low Very Low

Nutrients Low Very Low Very Low Deficient

CEC Low Low Low Very Low

Al High High High Low

Fe High Very High High Low

EC High Low Low Very Low

Others Hydrocarbon Pyrite Ca<Mg Drought

Soil improvements

Soil amendments

Top soil, Fertilizer, Compost, lime,

Humic acid, Bio-­enzim, Bio-­remedy, MycorrhizaeActive compost (TeraRemed)TeraBusterTera-­Brik (Soil breaker)

Functions

Improves root developmentSolubilizes fixed minerals (phosphate)Increases cation exchange capacityIncreases water-­holding-­capacityImproves chelation of heavy metals Improves nutrient uptakeImproves potential microbesProvides macro-­nutrients

No

Species Coal Nickel Gold Oil/ Gas Tailing Remark

1. Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V

2. Paraserianthes falcataria V V V V V

3 Acacia mangium V V V V V

4 Acacia auriculiformis V V V

5 Acacia crassicarpa V

6 Sena siamea V V V

7 Casia turangensis V

8 Glyricidia sepium V V V V V

9 Leucaena leucocephala V V V V V

10 Erytrhina spp V V V V V

11 Hibiscus tiliacues V V V

12. Anthocephalus cadamba V V

13 Tectona grandis V V

14 Gmelina arborea V V V V V

15 Vitex pubecens V V

16 Macaranga hypoeleuca V V

17 Mallotus spp V V

18 Trema orientalis V V V V

19 Nauclea spp V V V

20 Cratoxylon spp V

21 Syzigium spp V V V

22 Tricospermum burretii V

23 Melalueca leucadendron V V V V

Species planted on mined sites

24 Ficus spp V V V V V26 Alstonia scholaris V V V V27 Enterolobium sp V V V V

28 Duabanga mollucana29 Cananga odorata30 Michelia champaka V

31 Octomeles sumatrana V V32 Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V33 Fragea fragrans V V34 Peronema canesten V V V V V

35 Dyera constulata V36 Shorea spp V V V37 Eusideroxcylon swagerii V38 Mangeris

39 Ficus benyamina V V V V40 Eugenia spp V V V V41 Melastoma spp V V

42 Antidesma bunius V V43 Syzigum spp V V V44 Aleurites mollucana V V V V V45 Artocarpus V V V V

46 Arenga pinata V V47 Parkia roxburgii V V V48 Agathis spp V V

49 Hevea braziliensis V V V V50 Fruit Tress V V V V

Revegetation approaches

Minimize application of top soilMinimize application of pesticidesEnhance native tree biodiversityCreate “closed nutrient cycle” systemDomesticate potential native tree speciesReused local and non toxic organic wasteInvolved and contribute for local people

Success Criteria for restored mined land

The rate of seedling survival is highPlant growth performance is normal and continuousRoot extension can passed on mine soilCrown closure is fast, stratified and diverseThe system produces abundant litter and decomposition The system is diverse and naturally regenerates through native tree colonizationThe system creates habitat suitable for wildlifeLand form (safe, stable and with limited erosion)

Success criteriaAdaptabilitySurvival >80%Growth performance (normal, and progressive)Root development (across mined land)

SustainabilityBiodiversity (Shannon index , Species richness)Natural colonization (abundance)Nutrient retention (decomposed litter)Wild life status (species richness)

Stand structurePlant density (800-­1000/ha)Crown structure (3-­5 layers)Crown coverage (60-­70%)Species composition (Pioneer (40 %),Primary (50%),

Wildlife (10%)

Land FormSlope (leveling <30o)Erosion status (below threshold level)Land stabilization (controlled)

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