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Reviews and Notices of Books.CLINICAL PATHOLOGY.

Clinical Diagnosis. A Text-book of ClinicalMicroscopy and Clinical Chemistry for MedicalStudents, Laboratory Workers, and Practitionersof Medicine. Fifth edition. By CHARLES PHILLIPSEMERSON, A.B., M.D., Professor of Medicine,Indiana University School of Medicine. Londonand Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Company.1921. Pp. 726. 35s.

IN the ten years which have elapsed since the

publication of the last edition of this work much

progress has been made in clinical pathology, neces-sitating a complete revision of the present issue.Dr. Emerson’s book deals exhaustively with allbranches of clinical pathology. Every investigationand all possible techniques are described in detail,and their clinical applications are fully discussed.The result is a volume which must be of great valueto the laboratory worker. In his preface the authordeplores the frequent separation of the laboratory andthe ward, and insists that the clinician has no right toentrust his laboratory examinations entirely to others,but must hold himself personally responsible for allof them. But the super-physicians who can acquireand preserve clinical knowledge, and a practice,while at the same time possessing an active workinginterest in clinical pathology on the elaborate linesherein laid down, must be few. No one will disputethat the ultimate estimation of the value of laboratoryreports must rest with the clinician in charge of thecase, for such reports may often be misleading. Forexample, as Dr. Emerson naively points out on p. 23,there are fallacies even in such a simple test as theexamination of the sputum for tubercle bacilli. Thespecimen may be wrongly labelled, or the sputum cup,slides, or cover-slips, or the hatpin used in spreadingthe film may have been previously contaminatedand imperfectly cleaned. Nevertheless, to expect apractising physician to be an expert in clinicalbacteriology, serology, chemical pathology, and therest, is asking rather much of human powers.The section on the intestinal protozoa is the

weakest in the book. The author appears to be indoubt as to which of the amcebae are pathogenic,and his teaching on this subject bears no relationshipto the knowledge contained in a,ll modern Englishtext-books dealing with this question.

Urinary ,I7aul;sis and Diagnosis by L1Hcroscopicaland Chemical Examination. Fourth edition. BvLouis HEITZMANN, M.D. London: Bailliere,Tindall and Cox. 1921. Pp. 362. 22s. 6d.

THIS book deals efficiently with the chemical andmicroscopical examination of the urine, and should beof value to the medical practitioner as well as to thelaboratory worker. The chemical section is com-

paratively short, but contains lucid descriptions of allthe tests usually employed for the detection andestimation of the inorganic salts, the nitrogen com-pounds, the protein and carbohydrates, and the othersubstances occurring in pathological conditions. Thesecond section, dealing with the microscopic diagnosisof the urinary sediment, is more elaborate, and iscopiously illustrated with rough drawings whichelucidate quite successfully the text. Possibly theauthor claims more for this method of diagnosis thanmany workers would allow ; and his teaching is notalways correct, as where, for example, he describes theoccurrence of waxy epithelial cells in the urine inlardaceous disease, and states (p. 239) that " not onlythe epithelia, but also the connective tissue, andsimultaneously the walls of the blood-vessels, mayundergo waxy degeneration." But his attempt todifferentiate and diagnose lesions in different portionsof the urinary tract by the microscopic examinationof the urine is logical and praiseworthy.

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For this edition Dr. Walter T. Daunreuther haswritten a special chapter on the determination of thefunctional efficiency of the kidney.

Essentials of Laboratory Diagnosis. Seventhedition. By FRANCI ASHLEY FAUGHT, M.D.Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. 1921.Pp. 523.$4.50.

THIS text-book on clinical pathology fulfils itspurpose well; it is an adequate guide to the variouslaboratory procedures which are essential and helpfulto the making of the diagnosis. The book is wellbalanced, the descriptions are lucid and succinct, andthe author exhibits commendable restraint in notclaiming too much for his subject. An unusualfeature in a book of this kind is the inclusion of achapter on sphygmomanometry and sphygmography ;and a useful novelty is an alphabetical list of diseasesin which laboratory tests are of especial value,with the appropriate examinations indicated, thoserequiring the services of a laboratory specialist beingprinted in particular type.

Clinical pathologists with the experience of thewar behind them cannot fail to be struck by theweakness of the protozoological sections in recentAmerican works. For example, Dr. Faught diagnosesthe E. histolyUca by observing its amaeboid movements,and pays no attention to the structure of its cysts.

AN INDEX OF TREATMENT.

By Various Writers. Eighth edition. Edited byROBERT HUTCHISON, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physicianto the London Hospital; and JAMES SHERREN,C.B.E., F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the London Hospital.Bristol: John Wright and Sons, Ltd. 1921.Pp. 1021. 22 2s.AFTER an interval of six years the eighth edition

of this well-known Index of Treatment has beenproduced. Opportunity has been taken to re-writesome of the articles, such as those on diabetes,hysteria, and neurasthenia, and among the additionsare sections dealing with encephalitis, kala-azar, andblood transfusion. For the most part prescriptionsare given in detail, a matter of great importance.The value of the work would be increased if thiswere the rule in every case in which a drug is recom-mended, for the practitioner may find that informationis missing o.n just that point on which he is seekinghelp. For instance, in the treatment of dysphagia dueto tuberculous laryngitis a cocaine spray is advised,but the strength of the solution and its method ofprescription are not given. In the consideration ofasthma no mention is made of the cutaneous testsfor hypersensitiveness to proteins or of treatment byde-sensitisation. The omissions, however, are for themost part unimportant, and the articles of real value.The Index of Treatment can be recommended as anadmirable book of reference.

EMISSION OF ELECTRICITY FROM HOT BODIES.Second edition. By 0. W. RICHARDSON, F.R.S.,Wheatstone Professor of Physics, King’s College,London. London : Longmans, Green and Co.1921. Pp. 320. 16s.

THIS book impresses the reader not only with thecomplex nature of the processes by which electricityis liberated from hot bodies, but with the large sharewhich its author has had in establishing the subjectupon a firm basis. From the fact, known for nearly200 years, that air in the neighbourhood of hot solidsis able to conduct electricity to an appreciable extent,has sprung up the widely growing subject of thermionicemission. The conductivity of the air referred to isdue to the fact that solids, when hot, shower outelectricity. Whether they will emit positive or

negative electricity depends entirely upon circum-stances ; but the outstanding feature of electricalemission from a hot solid is that negative electricityin the form of electrons leaves the body and may bedetected in the surrounding space. If an electrical

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field be applied to these electrons, they may be directed- at will, and their speed may become so high that they-constitute a radiant stream exactly analogous to thecathode rays which are the prime movers in theproduction of X rays.The study of this electronic emission is best carried

out in high vacua so as to eliminate the presence, andavoid the disturbances, of gases which may have somechemical action upon the glowing solid. As the wholephenomena become increasingly marked at hightemperatures, it will be seen that very exactingconditions have to be satisfied for researches on thissubject. The book deals in an exhaustive fashionwith practically the whole range of phenomena ofthis kind ; mathematical treatment occurs with somefrequency through these pages, but the purely experi-mental’ work can be grasped by any reader who iscontent to leave the mathematical proofs as essentialto the subject but not necessary for himself. Theapplications in scientific apparatus of thermionicprinciples are numerous. The Coolidge X ray tubeowes its origin to these discoveries, and the thermionicvalves now used so largely in wireless telephony andin other directions have the same basis of action.The book is a valuable one, clearly and attractively

written and containing a vast amount of informationon a subject upon which research has been particularlyfruitful.

OTOLOGY.

Diagnostik und Therapie der Ohrenkrankheiten.Ein Hilfsbuch fiir den praktischen Arzt. ByDr. CONRAD STEIN, Privatdozent for Otology inthe University of Vienna. Bonn: A. Marcus andE. Weber. 1922. Pp. 276. M.48.

Dr. Stein is so impressed by the large number ofstudents who go out into practice without havinglearnt to see the drum of the ear, or without being ableto interpret what they see, that he has set out a guideto the diagnosis and treatment of ear disease based onsymptoms and signs other than those afforded byotoscopy. It is obvious that in many diseases of theear it is highly dangerous to undertake the manage-ment of the case without the ability to make a properexamination, but Dr. Stein shows that he is aware ofthis by mentioning various occasions in which theassistance of a specialist is essential. In remotecountry districts, which are doubtless more numerousin Austro-Hungary than in England, the generalpractitioner must undertake the treatment of cases ofear disease ; the proper course is to learn how toexamine the ear, but to the many who are unable todo so this book should be a help in the understandingof their cases and in a recognition of the variousdanger signals. The author has found that he couldnot go very far without describing the appearance ofthe drum, but in general the signs elicited by otoscopyare kept in the background.About two-thirds of the book is occupied with

diagnosis, the remainder with treatment. With aview presumably to rendering the subject-matter moreaccessible to the unskilled, Dr. Stein has arranged hismaterial entirely on a basis of symptomatology, underthe headings, pain, discharge, deafness, giddiness,swelling, fever, and so forth, and this order is repeatedin the later section on treatment. The result dis-credits the method, for there is much clumsinessand unnecessary repetition, especially in the partdevoted to treatment ; for instance, the treatmentof eczematous swelling cannot conveniently be dis-cussed in a separate section from that of eczematousdischarge. But the book contains much soundpractical advice ; for example, the recommendationof early paracentesis in acute inflammation ofthe drum. This little operation can ordinarily beperformed by the practitioner, and if done more,frequently would save much pain and prevent agreat mass of the all too common chronic auralsuppuration. It is a pity, however, that the authorstates that no special cleaning of the operation area 1

is required, for secondary infection through the -4

meatus is a powerful cause of chronic otorrhcea. Thereminder that cessation of discharge does not implycure of the disease, unless at the same time all theother symptoms disappear, is sound. The bookwould have been the better for a good index.

The Submucous Resection of the N asrtl Septum. ByW. MEDDAUGH DUNNING, M.D., Consulting Otolo-gist, Fordham Hospital, N.Y.C., &c. New York:Surgery Publishing Company. 1921. Pp. 97.SuBMUCOUS resection of the septum is a most

valuable operation, the good effects of which canperhaps only be fully appreciated by those who werefamiliar with intranasal surgery before its introduction.The operation is beset with considerable technicaldifficulty, and although good descriptions are accessiblein all the standard text-books of rhinology, a mono-graph on its performance, on the choice of position,of methods of anaesthesia, of instruments and tech-nique might well be useful to the younger rhinologists.It is therefore to be regretted that Dr. Dunning hasso completely failed to provide a useful account ofhis subject. The first chapter contains an incompletedescription of the anatomy, dealing mostlv with theouter wall of the nose, only one page being devoted tothe septum. The second chapter is occupied by a.

totally inadequate account of the physiology ; theimportant functions of warming, moistening, andfiltering the air are recorded in one short sentence,and no mention is made of the general effects of nasalobstruction. In the third chapter septal deviationsare classified, but only into S- and Z-shaped defor-mities, and the interesting problems of their aetiologyare disposed of in the statement that the majority aretraumatic. The fourth and fifth chapters describethe technique of the operation ; the sitting postureand local anesthesia by surface application of cocaineand adrenalin are the only methods mentioned ; a

few instruments are figured but none are described,and the account of the actual technique of the opera-tion is confused and unhelpful. The illustrations,though numerous, do not make good the deficiencies ofthe text, the frontispiece giving an indistinct view ofthe outer wall of the nose, which is a curious enoughbeginning for a work on the septum.

ACUTE EPIDE1BHC ENCEPHALITIS.

(Lethargic Encephalitis.) An Investigation bythe Association for Research in Nervous and MentalDiseases. Prepared under the direction of WALTERTiMME, M.D., and others. New York : Paul B.Hoeber. 1921. Pp. 258.$2.50.THE first report of the newly-formed Association

for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases containsan account of the papers and discussions at themeeting of the Association held in New York onDec. 28th and 29th, 1920, when the subject for con-sideration was acute epidemic encephalitis in all its

aspects. Some 35 contributors dealt in detail withquestions of setiology, symptomatology, morbidanatomy, pathogenesis, and experimentation-theresult being a compendium of expert knowledge ofgreat theoretical and practical value. It is difficultto summarise succinctly the conclusions reached bythe Commission of the Association since they cover avery wide field, but some of them may be brieflyalluded to. The disease, in Achard’s words, isundoubtedly

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polymorphous and acyclic." Some tendiffering clinical forms are recognised, so diverse,indeed, that their essential unity might appear improb-able were it not for pathological confirmation. Thetruth is simply that the encephalitis may affect anypart of the encephalon, not to mention the meninges,cord, and roots or nerves. Among these types thesomnolent-ophthalmoplegic, the paralytic, the amyo-static (Parkinsonian), and the hyperkinetic are thecommonest. Notwithstanding the attention devotedto the pathology of the condition, it is still doubtfulwhether there is complete specificity in the process, andthe results of experimental pathology are not as yetconclusive. The work of a number of investigators,

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however, not only in America, but also in England andon the Continent, points to epidemic encephalitis beingcaused by a living specific infective agent, differentfrom that of poliomyelitis, and there is little doubt thatere long the problem will be completely elucidated.Apart from the intrinsic value of this report, we

should not like to let the opportunity pass of emphasisingits significance as a fine example of what can beaccomplished by team-work. The very admirablepresidential address by Dr. Walter Timme whichintroduces the volume lays stress on coordination ofeffort as necessary to medical advance, and theAssociation is to be congratulated on the success withwhich their programme has been inaugurated.

LETTERS TO A NURSE.

By a MIDLAND DOCTOR. London : John Bale,Sons and Danielsson. 1921. Pp. 99. 5s.

IF every nurse in training had a mentor as kindly,humorous, and sane as the midland doctor whoseletters to his niece form the substance of this littlebook, her life as a probationer would be less harassedand more useful. Dr. F. G. Layton-we assume theauthor of the preface to be the author of the book-shows her where to conform, when to rebel, and howto retain an intellectual humility without loss ofself-respect. Moreover, besides a heartening com-mentary on most of the professional aspects, as well ason the minor joys and grievances of her first year’straining, the nurse who reads these pages will obtaina sounder conspectus of normal and abnormal physio-logical processes than she is likely to acquire from atext-book. On p. 30 this valuable uncle writes :" The mechanism of circulatory failure is not reallyquite so simple as I have explained it, but for allpractical purposes what I have’ told you is true,"and this applies also to the teaching on the pathologyof various infective processes, the principles governingasepsis-in fact, to all the dogmatic chapters in thebook. And when he touches on the psychology ofmatrons, the despotism of the ward-sister, and theabuses maintained by the survival of the conventualatmosphere in hospitals, he shows a piercing insightinto the everyday life of the nurse Do members of thehonorary staffs of hospitals realise that nurses areoften expected " to put up with a dietary which wouldcause a self-respecting housemaid to throw up herjob " ? And do many of them envisage as clearly asthe author the factors determining the 11 hoursworking day still demanded of nurses in some institu-tions ? Dr. Layton has some hard words for nursesalso, which ill conceal his affectionate regard for theirwelfare. He has no use for the ward-nurse who scornsthe " neurotic " patient, nor for the probationer whostrives to placate her superior by small gifts ; more-

over, he affects to have lost all patience with a professionwhich puts up with obsolete conventions and condi-tions without an attempt at collective protest. Dr.Layton pleads throughout for more humanity andimaginative understanding in hospital life-in the lifeof patients as well as nurses. Every page of the bookcontains a trenchant argument, a lucid explanation,or an inspiring word, and no medical man who picks upone copy will be able to refrain from buying anotheras a gift for a nursing colleague.

THE COLLOIDS.An Introduction to the Physics and Chemistry of theColloids. Fourth edition. By EMIL HATSCHEK.London: J. and A. Churchill. 1922. Pp. 172.7s. 6d.THE properties of colloids play such a large part

in modern physiology, biochemistry, and pathologythat a short intelligible account of them will bewelcomed by many readers. So much nonsense andquackery has resulted from ignorance in this directionthat it is high time that something was done to restorea sane outlook on the subject. We know of no bookbetter fitted for this salutary purpose than the one nowunder review. It deals only with the chemical and phy-

sical properties of colloids. That is all we need. Thetime is certainly not yet ripe for extensive and decisiveapplication of colloid problems to medicine, but oncethe haze of mystery is removed, and the subjectpresented in a rational way, an intelligent use ofphysiological and pathological data will in timeautomatically do the rest. The author is a recognisedauthority on colloid chemistry and physics; his trainingand experience qualify him pre-eminently to producesuch a book as this, and he has done it extremelywell. Very little mathematics is introduced, andanyone with an ordinary " intermediate

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acquaint-ance with physics and chemistry can read the bookwith ease. Where there are real gaps in our know-ledge the author points them out. A feature of thework, remarkable in one of such small bulk, is thatit stimulates the reader to propound fresh problems ofhis own accord ; later on in the volume these questionsanswer themselves. He thus gains the impressionthat he has really grasped something, and has gothold of it by the right end ; the feeling of confidenceso engendered is very valuable.

JOURNALS.

BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL. Vol. XV., No. 6. 1921.-Note on the Fermentation of i-Inositol, by J. A.Hewitt and D. B. Steabben.--The Metabolism ofCarbohydrates : Part II., On the Possible Occurrenceof Stereo-Chemical Changes in Equilibrated Solutionsof Reducing Sugars introduced into the Circulation,by J. A. Hewitt and D. H. de Souza. Equilibratedsolutions of d-glucose, d-fructose, and d-galactose oninjection intravenously into rabbits or dogs undergono stereo-chemical changes and the equilibrium isunaltered in the urine excreted.--A Contribution tothe Study of the Interconversion of Carbohydrate andLactic Acid in Muscle, by D. L. Foster and D. M.Moyle. Direct chemical determinations show thereconversion of a large fraction of the lactic acidliberated during a muscular contraction into glucose.Evidence for synthesis of hexose-phosphate was alsoobtained.-Blood Enzymes : I., On the Occurrenceof Maltase in Mammalian Blood, by A. Compton.Maltase occurs in the bloods of some animals, e.g.,dog, but is completely absent from the bloods of rabbitand man, an important fact to be kept in mindduring investigations of carbohydrate metabolism.-Urochrome as a Derivative of Chlorophyll, by H. E.Roaf. Chlorophyll, but not carotene, increases theoutput of urochrome.-The Estimation of Carnosinein Muscle Extract (Preliminary Note), by G. Hunter.-A Study of the Combined Action of Raw Cow’s Milkand Orange-Juice as Anti-scorbutic Substances, byS. Wright. It appears that when the mixture ofanti-scorbutic substances is administered the combina-tion might be somewhat more potent than whenproportionate amounts of the same substances areadministered separately.-The Origin of Milk-Fat andits Relation to the Metabolism of Phosphorus, byE. J. Sheehy. The milk-fat arises from phosphatidstransported by the blood to the mammary glands ;of the phosphoric acid liberated from these compoundssome is also secreted in the milk, while the remainderis reabsorbed into the blood-stream.-Studies of theCoagulation of the Blood : Part I., Some Physico-Chemical Aspects of Coagulation. Many of the recog-nised facts relating to blood coagulation can beexplained in terms of the physico-chemical phenomenaof the precipitation of colloids. It is suggested thatcoagulation commences as a reversible process ofgel formation, and that this is followed by a chemicalreaction in which fibrin and thrombin are produced.--The Distribution of Carnosine in the Animal Kingdom,by W. M. Clifford.-A Note on the Physiology of the;Ship-worm, by C. R. Harington.

RONTGEN SOCIETY.-The SiLvanus Thompsonmemorial lecture will be delivered by Sir Oliver J. Lodge,.F.R.S., on March 21st, at 8.15 P.M., at the Institution ofElectrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment,London, W.C. 2, the subject being Magnetism and the Ether,